Solutions

Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions

1.2 Expressing Concentration of 1.3 Solubility
Solutions Solubility of
Gasin a Liquid (Henry's Law)

Mass Percentage, Mole Fraction, MCO

Malarity, Molality On dissolving ammonium chloride in water at room
temperature, the solution feels cool to touch. Under
MCQ
which of the following conditions does salt dissolve
1 Assertion (A): Molality of a solution in liquid state faster?
changes with temperature. (a) Powdered salt in cold water
Reason (R):The volume of solution changes with the (b) Powdered salt in hot water
change in temperature. (c) Salt crystals in cold water
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct (d) Salt crystals in hot water (2023)
statements, and Reason (R) is the correct 10. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues
explanation of Assertion (A). of people living at high altitude is due to
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct (a) high atmospheric pressure
statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct (b) low temperature
explanation of Assertion (A). (c) low atmospheric pressure
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is (d) both low temperature and high atmospheric
incorrect statement.
pressure. (2023)
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is 11. An unknown gas X is dissolved in water at 2.5 bar
Correct statement. (2020 C) pressure and has mole fraction 0.04 in solution. The
mole fraction of "X gas when the pressure af gas is
2 50 mL of an aqueous solution of glucOse CsHu0s
(Molar mass : 180 g/mol) contains 6.02 x 102 doubled at the same temperature is
(a) 0.08 (b) 0.04 (c) O.02 (d) 0.92
molecules. The concentration of the solution will be (TermI, 2021-22) (An
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.2 M
(c) 1.0M (d) 2.0M (2020) VSA (1 mark)
VSA (1 mark) 12. Why aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold
3. Define the following term: Molality (m) water than in warm water? (1/3, 2018) (Ap
(NCERT, 1/2, Delhi 2017. 1/5AI 2014 C)RL 13. Gas (AJ is more soluble in water than gas (B)at the
same temperature. Which one of the two gases will
4. Define the following term:Molarity (M) have the higher value of K (Henry's constant) and
(NCERT, 12, Delhi 2017, 1/5 AI 2014) (R] whv?
5. Define the following term: (1/2, AI 2016)
Mole fraction (NCERT, 1/5 2014 C)
AI
R SAI (2 marks)
SAI (2 marks) 14. What is Henry's law? Give one application of it.
(2023)
6. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/W solution of
H,SO, if the density of the solution is 1.02 g mL. 15. State Henry's law. Why is air diluted with helium in
(Molar mass of H,SO, = 98g mor) the tanks used by scuba divers? (2/5, 2020) (An
(2/5, Foreign 2014) Ev 16. State Henry's law. Calculate the solubility of CO, in
water at 298 Kunder 760 mm Hg.
7. Differentiate between molarity and molality of a (K, for CO, in water at 298 K is 1.25 x mm Hg)
solution. How can we change molality value of a
10
(2020)
solution into molarity value? (Delhi 2014 C) (An
17. State Henry's law and mention two of its important
SA I (3 marks) applications. (2020 (U
C)

solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol") in

A
18. Give reasons for the following.
water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What would be (a) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold
the molality and molarity of the solution? water than in warm water.
(Density of solution = 12 gml) (b) At higher altitudes people suffer from anoxia
(NCERT, 3/5, Al 2014) resulting in inability to think. (AI 2019) (Ap)
1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Non-ideal Solutions
Solutions MCO
27. Onmixing 20mLofacetone with 30mLofchloroform,
Raoult's Law
the total volume of the solution is
MCQ (a) < 50O mL (b) =50 mL
(c) >50 mL =
(d) 10 mL
19. Which of the following formula represents Raoult's (Term I 2021-22) (Ev)
law for a solution containing non-volatile solute?
(a) Psoluteokute Msolute VSA (1 mark)

(b) p= K*X 28. What happens when acetone is added to pure

(c) Ptoeal =Psolvent ethanol? (1/2, 2020)(E
(d) Psokute p°sahert Nsatvent

I,
SAI (2 marks)
(Term 2021-22)(U 29. What type of deviation from Racoult's law is observed
VSA (1 mark) by mixing chloroform and acetone?
Why is a decrease in a vapour pressure observed in
20. ldentify which liquid will have a higher vapour (2021C)(Ap)
mixing chloroform and acetone?
pressure at 90°C if the boiling points of two liquids A
30. Write two differences between ideal solutions and
and B are 140°C and 180°C, respectiveiy. non-ideal solutions.
(One word, 2020) (U]
(2/3, 2020 C, Delhi 2019, 2/5, AI 2017)
21. Define Raoult's law. (1/5 AI 2014C) 31. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult's
SAI (2 marks) law? Give an example. What is the sign of AmixH for
positive deviation? (Delhi 2015)
22. State Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile
components. What is the similarity between Raoult's OR
law and Henry's law? (2020, Delhi 2014)R What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult's
law? Give an example. What is the sign of Ami for
23. State Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile
negative deviation? (Foreign 2015)
components. Name the solution which follows
Raoult's law at all concentrations and temperatures. 32. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of
ethanol and acetone? Give reason. (2/5, Al 2014)
(2/5, Foreign 2014) A)
Azeotropes
1.5 ldeal and Non-ideal Solutions MCQ

Ideal Solutions 33. An azeatropic solution of two liquids has a boiling

point lower than either of the two when it
MCO (a) shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law
24. Which one of the following pairs (b) shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law
will form an ideal
(c) shows no deviation from Raoult's law
solution?
(d) issaturated. (TermI, 2021-22)
(a) Chlaroform and acetone
(b) Ethanol and acetone VSA (1 mark)
(c) n-Hexane andn-heptane 34. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows
(d) Phenol and aniline (Term I, 2021-22) (Ap) the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes?
(1/2, Al2016)
VSA (1 mark)
35. Some liquids on mixing form 'azeotropes. What are
25. Define the following term: ldeal solution 'azeotropes? (Delhi 2014)
(1/2, Delhi 2017, 1/5. AI 2017C) OR
SAII (3 marks) Define the following term:
26. (a) Non Azeotrope (1/5,Foreign 2014)
Diferentiate between ldeal solution and
ideal solutian. SAI (2 marks)
(b) 30 g of urea is dissolved in 846 g of water. 36. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by
Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this
a
solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify on the
solution if vapour pressure of pure water at basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that
298 Kis 23.8 mm Hg. (2023) develop in the solutian. (AI 2019) [0
37. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is Elevation of Boiling Point
formed by positive deviation from Raoult's law? Give
an example. (Delhi 2015) MCO
38. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed 46. The boiling point of a 0.2 m solution of a non
by negative deviation from Raoult's law? Give an electrolyte in water is
example. (Foreign 2015)
(K, for water =0.52 K kg mol)
(a) 100C (b) 100.52 C
1.6 Colligative Properties and (c) 100.104C (d) 100.26 C
(Term 1,
2021-22)(C
Determination of Molar Mass
47. Assertion (A):Elevationin boiling point isa colligative
Relative Lowering in Vapour Pressure property.
VSA (1 mark) Reason (R) : Elevation in boiling point is directly
proportional to molarity.
39. Define the following term: (a) Both Assertion (A)and Reason (R) are correct
Colligative properties (1/2, Delhi 2017) statements. and Reason (R) is the correct
40. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected explanation of the Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?
(1/2, Delhi 2014C) (U statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
SAI (2 marks) (c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong
statement.
41. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non (d) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct
volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a vapour statement. (2020) (R
pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the
VSA (1 mark)
molar mass of the solute.
(Vapour pressure of pure water at 308 K =
32 mm 48. Define the following term:
Hg) Molal elevation constant (Kal (1/5, Al 2014)
(2023)
(3 marks) SAI (2 marks)
SA I
42. Give reasons: 49. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute
(a) Measurement of osmotic pressure method is have higher boiling point than the pure solvent? Why
preferred for the determination of nolar masses of iselevation of boilingpointa colligative property?
(AI 2015) (An
macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.
(b) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold Depression of Freezing Point
water than in warm water.
(c) Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCIl solution is MCQ
nearly double than that of 1 Msugar solution. (2023) 50. In the following diagram point 'X represents
43. Vapour pressure of water at 293 Kis 17-536 mm Hg.
Calculate the vapaur pressure of aqueous solution
when 20g of glucose (Molar mass = 180 g mol) is Vapour
pressue
dissolved in 500 g of water. (2021 C)
44. 30 g of urea (M= 60 g mol) is dissolved in B46 g Temperature
of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water (a) boiling point of solution
for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at (b) freezing point of solvent
(c) boiling point of solvent
298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. (3/5, Al 2017)
(d) freezing point of solution.
LA (5 marks) (Term I, 2021-22) (Er
45. (a) State Henry's law and mention its twO SAI (2 marks)
applications.
(b) 5% aqueous solution of a non-volatile solute 51. Nisha took twO aqueous solutions - one containing
was made and its vapour pressure at 373 K 7.5 g of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol) and the other
was found to be 745 mm. Vapour pressure of containing 42.75 g of substance Z in 100g of water,
pure water at this temperature was 760 mm respectively. It was observed that both the solutions
Calculate the molar mass of solute. froze at the same temperature. Calculate the molar
(2020C) Ap) mass ofZ (2020) (Ev
52. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing relative lowering in vapour pressure
(c)
60gof glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol) in 250 gof (d) elevation in boiling point. (2023)
water. (K of water = 186 K kgmol) (2018) 63. Assertion(A): A raw mango placed in saline solution
53. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 loses water and shrivel into pickle.
gmol) to be dissolved 75 gof benzene to lower its
in Reason (R): Through the process of reverse osmosis
freezing point by 0.48 K. (K,= 5.12Kkg mol). raw mango shrivel into pickle.
(Delhi2014) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
SA II (3 marks)
statements, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
54. An antifreeze solution is prepared by dissolving 31 g (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
of ethylene giycol (Molar mass 62 g mol) in 600g statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct
of water. Calculate the freezing point of the solution. explanation of the Assertion (A).
(K; for water = 1.86 K kg mol) (2020) (c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is

55. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Molar mass = incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is
176 g mol) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid, to
correct statement.
,
(Term 2021-22) Ap
lower its freezing point by 1.5°C.
(K=3.9 K kg mol-) (NCERT Intext, 2020) 64. Assertion (A): Osmotic pressure is å colligative
56. A 4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M=342 g mol) property.
in water has a freezing point of 271.15 K. Calculate Reason(R):Osmotic pressureisdirectlyproportional
the freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180 g mol) to molarity.
water. (Given : Freezing point of pure water (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
in
= statements, and Reason (R) is the correct
273.15 K) (Delhi 2019) Ev)
explanation of the Assertion (A).
57. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct
of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct
by 0.40K. The freezing point depression constant of explanation of the Assertion (A).
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol1. Find the molar mass of (c) Assertion (A) is correct. but Reason (R) is
the solute. (3/5, Delhi 2019 C) incorrect statement.
58. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has (d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is
freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point correct statement. (2020)
of 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in water if the VSA (1 mark)
freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
[Molecular masses : Glucose C,H,,O,: 180 amu; 65. What happens when a pressure greater than osmotic
Cane-sugar CpH,0,,:342 amu] pressure is applied on the solution side separated
(NCERT, 3/5, Delhi 2019C) Ev) from solvent by a semi-permeable membrane?
59. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has (1/2, 2020o) (Ap)
freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing 66. Give reason for the following:
point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of Measurement of osmotic pressure method is
pure water is 273.15 K. preferred for the determination of molar masses of
(Given: Molar mass of sucrose = 342g mol, macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.
molar mass of glucose= 180 g mol) (Delhi 2017) (Ev)
(1/2, 2018) (U)
60. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 67. Define the following term:
31gof ethylene glycol (C,H,0) is dissolved in 500 g
of water. (K for water = 186 K kg mol) (AI 2015) Osmotic pressure (1/5, Al2017C) (B
61. Some ethylene glycol, HOCH;CHOH, is added to 68. What are isotonic solutions? (Delhi 2014) (R
your car's cooling system along with 5 kg of water. If SAI (2 marks)
the freezingpoint of water-glycol solution is -15.0°C, 69. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol),
what is the boiling point of the solution?
(K = 0.52 K kg mol and K = 1.86 K kg mol1 calculate the osmotic pressure at 300 K.
for wäter) (Delhi 2014 C) [R=0.0821 L atm K
mol] (2020)
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 70. Give reasons:
(a) Cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in
MCQ cooking pan.
(b) Red Blood Cels (RBC) shrink when placed in
62. The colligative property used for the determination
saline water but swell in distilled water. (2019)
of molar mass of polymers and proteins is
(a) osmotic pressure 71. (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one
(b) depression in freezing point has a higher boiling point and why?
 What happens when the external pressure
(ii) SAI (2 marks)
applied becomes more than the omotic pressure
81. Give reasons:
of solution? (2/5, Delhi 2016) (An
() 0.1 M KCI has higher boiling point than 0.1 M
72. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chioride glucose.
solution. What happens if we place blood cells ina (i) Meat is preserved for a longer time by salting.
solution containing (2020) (An
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
SA H (3mark)
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
(2/5, Delhi 2016) Ap 82. (a) Out of 0-1 molal aqueous solution of glucose
SA II (3 marks) and 01 molal aqueous solution of KCI, which
one will have higher boiling point and why ?
73. At 300 30 g of glucose present in a litre of its
K, (b) Predict whether van't Hoff factor, ) is less than
solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If one or greater than one in the following:
the osmotic pressure of a glucose solution is 1.52 (i) CH,COOH dissolved in water
bar at the same temperature, what would be its (ii) CH,COOH dissolved in benzene (2019)
concentration? (AI 2019) a
83. Calculate the boiling point elevation for solution
74. A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = prepared by adding 10 g of CaCI, to 200 g of water.
60gmol} per litre of solution in water has the same (K, for water =0.52 K kg mol,molar mass of CaCla
Osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose -111 gmol) (3/5, Al 2017C, Foreign 2014)
84. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g
(molar mass = 180g mol) in water. Calculate the
mass of glucose present in one litre of its solution. of MgSO, (M = 120 g mol) was dissolved in 100
g of water, assuming MgSO4 undergoes complete
(3/5, AI 2014)
ionization.
75. Define the following terms: (K, for water =0.52 K kg mol) (AI 2016)
(i) Osmotic presSure
(ii) Colligative properties (Foreign 2014) (R LA (5 marks)
85. (i) Why is boiling point of 1 M NaCl solution more
1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses than that of 1 M glucose solution?
(ü) A non-volatile solute X (molar mass = 50g mol)
van't Hoff and Abnormal Molar Mass when dissolved in 78g of benzene reduced its vapour
pressure to 90%. Calculate the mass of dissolved in
X

VSA (1 mark) the solution.

76. Define the following term: (iii) Calculate the boiling point of elevation for a
van't Hoff factor (Delhi 2017) solution prepared by adding 10g of MgCI, to 200gof
77. Define the folowing term: water assuming MgC, is completely dissociated.
(K for water = 0.512 K kg mol molar mass
Abnormal molar mass (Delhi 2017) MgCl, = 95 g mol) (2023)
SAI (2 marks)
vant Hoff and Depression in Freezing Point
78. Predict the state of the solute in the solution in the
following situations : MCO
(a) When'i is found to be more than one. 86. Out of the following 1.0 M aqueous solutions which
(b) When'i is found to be less than one. (2020) one will show largest freezing point depression?
79. What is van't Hoff factor? What types of values can (a) NaCl (b) NaSO4
(c) CoH0s (d) A(SOas (2023)
it have if in forming the solution the solute molecules
underg SAI (2 marks)
(i) dissociation
(2/5, Al 2014 C)(U) 87. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the
(ii) association? expected freezing point of a solution prepared by
van't Hoff and Elevation in Boiling Point dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber's salt, NazS0,-10H,O
in 0.100 kg of water. (K,for water = 1.86 K kg mol,
VSA (1 mark) atomic masses: Na= 23, S = 32, O =16, H = 1)
80. Give reason for the following: (2/5, AI 2014C) (Ap)
Elevationof boiling point of 1 M KCÍ solution is nearly SA II (3 marks)
double than that of 1 M sugar solution. 88. When 19.5 g of F-CH,-COOH (molar mass =
(12, 2018) U) 78gmol )is dissolved in 500g of water, the depression
 in freezing point is observed to be 1°C. Calculate the 96. (a) Write two characteristics of non-ideal solution.
degree of dissociation of FCH,-cOOH. (b) 2g of benzoic (C,H,COOH) dissolved in 25 g of
[Given: K, for water = 1.86 K kg mol] (3/5, 2020) Ev) benzene shows a depression in freezing point
89. The freezing point of a solution containing 5 g of equal to l62 K. Molal depression constant for
benzoic acid (M= 122 g mol} in 35 g of benzene benzene is 4.9 K kg mol.What is the percentage
is depressed by 2.94 K What is the percentage
association of acid if it forms dimer in solution ?
(2019)
association of benzoic acid if it forms a dimer in
solution? (K, for benzene = 4.9K kgmol) (2020) An van't Hoff and Osmotic Pressure
90. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AICI, freezes at
-0.068 °C.Calculate the percentage of dissociation.
SAII (3 marks)

[Given: K, for water = 186 K kg mol] (2020) Ev 97. A solution contains 5.85 g NaCI (Molar mass
58.5 g nol) per litre of solution. It has an osmotic
91. Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of pressure of 4.75 atm at 27°C. Calculate the degree of
MgClh (M= 95 g mol was dissolved in 50gof water,
dissociation of NaCi in this solution.
assuming MgCl, undergoes complete ionization. (3/5, 202o)
(K-for water = 1.86 Kkg mol)
(Given:R=0.082 LatmKmol)
(Delhi 2016)
g was 98. A solution 0.1 Mof Na,SO, is dissolved to the extent
92. When 2.56 of sulphur dissolved in 100 g of CS,.
the freezing point lowered by 0.383= K. Calculate the of 95%. What would be its osmotic pressure at 27°C?
(R =0.0821 L atm Kmol) (2019)
formula of sulphur (S). (K for CS, 3.83 K kg mol.
atomic mass of sulphur =32 gmol) 99. (a) Draw the graph between vapour pressure and
(3/5 Delhi 2016) Cr temperature and explain the elevation in boiling
93. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene point of a solvent in solution.
(b) Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution
shows a depression in freezing point of 162 K.
prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K,SO,
Calculate the van't Hofffactor and predict the nature
in 2 litres of water at 25°C assuming it to
of solute (associated or dissociated).
(Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol, be completely dissociated.
(Atomic masses: K=39u, S= 32u, O= 16u)
K,for benzene= 4.9 Kkg mol) (Delhi 2015) E)
(2019)
94. Calculate the mass of NaCi (molar mass = 58.5
LA (5 marks)
gmol) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of waterto lower the
freezing point by 2°C, assuming that= NaCl undergoes 100. ) What is the value of van't Hoff factor forethanoic
complete dissociation. (K,for water 1.86 Kkgmol) acid in benzene close to 0.5?
(Foreign 2015) (ii) Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution
LA
prepared by dissolving 2.32 x 10* gof SO, in
K

(5 marks)
2 L of solution at 25°C, assuming that K,SO, is
95. (a) Give two differences between ideal and completely dissaciated.
non-ideal solutions. (iii) When 25.6 g of sulphur was dissolved in 1000 g
(b) Calculate the amount of NaCi (M = 58.5 g mol-) of benzene, the freezing point lowered by 0.512
that must be added to 100g of water so that K.Calculate the formula sulphur(S,).
of

freezing point is depressed by 2 K. K, for water is (K,for benzene = 5.12 Kkg mol.Atomic mass of
1.86 K/m. (2020C) sulphur = 32 g mol) (2023)

CBSE Sample Questions

1.2 Expressing Concentration of (a) Both A andR are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Solutions (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A.
MCO
(c) Ais true but Risfalse.
Given below are twa statements labelled as assertion (d) A is false but R is true. (Terml, 2021-22)(A]
(A) and Reason (R).
Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution changes with 1.3 Solubility
temperature.
MCQ
Reason (R): Molarity is a colligative property
Select the most appropriate answer from the options 2. Solubility of gases in iquids decreases with rise in
given below: temperature because dissolution is an
 (a) endothermic and reversible process
1.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
(b) exothermic and reversible process
MCQ
() endother mic and irreversible process
(d) exothermic and irreversible process. In the following question a statement of assertion
(Term I, 2021-22) followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the
In the following question a statement of assertion correct answer out of the following.
(a) Both A and Rare true and Ris the correct explanation
followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the
of A.
correct answer out of the following.
andR are true not the corect
A
(b) Both butR is
(a) Both and Rare true and Ris the correct explanation
A

explanation of A.
of A. (c) A is true but R is false.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct (d) A is false but R is true.
explanation of A.
(c) Ais true but Risfalse. 7 Assertion : Nitric acid and water form maximum
boiling azeotrope.
(d) Ais false butR is true.
Reason :Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the
3. Assertion: Aquatic species are more comfortable in same composition in liquid and vapour phase.
cold waters rather than in warm waters. (2020-21)
Reason: Different gases have different K values at 1.6 Colligative Properties and
the same temperature. (2020-21)
Determination of Molar Mass
SA II (3 marks)
MCO
4 Answer the following questions: 8. Inwhich of the following cases blood cells will shrink?
(a) State Henry's law and explain why are the tanks (a) When placed in water containing more than
used by scuba divers filled with air diluted with 0.9% (mass/ volume) NaCl solution.
helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and (b) When placed in water containing less than 0.9%
32.1%Oxygen)? (mass /volume) NaCl solution.
(b) Assume that argon exerts a partial pressure of (c) When placed in water containing 0.9% (mass/
volume) NaCl solution.
6 bar. Calculate the solubility of argon gas in (d) When placed in distilled water.
water. (Given Henry's law constant for argon (Term l, 2021-22) (An
dissolved in water, K = 40 kbar) (2022-23)
9 How much ethyl alcohol must be added to 1
litre of water so that the solution will freeze at
14 Vapour Pressure of Liquid - 14°C?(K,for water = 1.86°C/mol)
Solutions (a) 7.5 mol (b) 8.5 mol
(c) 9.5mol (d) 10.5 mol
MCQ (Term t, 2021-22)
5
ldentify the law which is stated as 10. Water retention or puffiness due to high salt intake
"For any solution, the partial vapour presSsure of 0CCurs due to
(a) diffusion
each volatile component in the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction (b) vapOur pressure difference
(c) osmosis
(a) Henry's law (b) Raoult's law
(d) reverse osmosis. (Term 1,
2021-22)
(c) Dalton's law (d) Gay-Lussac's Law
(Term I, 2021-22) (Ap 11. Given beloware two statements labelled as assertion
(A) and Reason (R).
6 When 1 mole of benzene is mixed with 1 mole of Assertion (A) : Cryoscopic constant depends on
toluene the vapour willcontain nature of solvent.
(Given:Vapour pressure of benzene 12.8 kPa and Reason (R) : Cryoscopic constant is a universal
vapour pressure of toluene = 3.85 kPa). constant.
(a) equal amount of benzene and toluene as it Select themost appropriate answer from the options
forms an ideal solution given below:
(b) unequal amount of benzene and toluene as it (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
forms a non-ideal solution explanation of A.
(c) higher percentage af benzene (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
(d) higher percentage of toluene. (2020-21) U explanation of A.
 (c) A is true but Ris false. S.No. Mass of the Melting point in C
(d) Ais false but R is true. (2020-21)(U salt used in g Readings Set 1 Readings Set 2
SAI (2 marks) 1 0.3 -1.9 -19
2 0.4 -2.5 -2.6
12. A glucose solution boils at 101.04°Cat 1 atm. What
3 0.5 -3.0 -5.5
will be relative lowering of vapour pressure of an
aqueouS solution of ureawhich is equimolal to given 4 -3.8 -3.8
glucose solution? 5 D.8 -5.1 -5.0
(Given: K, for water is0.52 K kg mo") (2020-21) Ev 6 -64 -6.3
Assuming the melting point of pure water as 0°C,
1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses answer thefollowing questions:
(a) One temperature in the second set of results
Case Based (4 marks) does not fit the pattern. Which temperature is
13. Henna is investigating the melting point of different that? Justify your answer.
salt solutions. (b) Why did Henna collect two sets of results?
(c) In place of NaCi, if Henna had used glucose,
She makes a salt solution using 10 of water with a
m

known mass of NaCi salt. what would have been the melting point of the
She puts the salt solution into a freezer and leaves solution with 0.6 g glucose in it?
it to freeze. She takes the frozen salt solution out OR
of the freezer and measures the temperature when What predicted melting point, if 1.2 gof salt is
is
the frozen salt solution melts. She repeats each added to 10 mLof water? Justify your answer.
experiment. (2022-23)

Detailed SOLUTIONS
6. Mass of solute =9.8 g; Mass of solution = 100g
Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions Density of solution = 1.02 g ml-1
1. (d): Molality of a solution in liquid state does not Volume of solution= Mass of solution
change with temperature as mass does not change with Density of solution
temperature. The volume of solution changes with 100g
=98.039 mL=0.098 L

change in temperature so, does the molarity changes. 1.02 gmL-1

2. (d): 1 mole of glucose =N molecules Number of moles of
solute, n= 9.8 =0.1mol
98
6.02 x 10² molecules =x6.02x 1022 mole =0.1l mole
NA Number of moles of solute 0.1mol
Molarity = =1.02M
Volume of solution (in L) O.098L
Molarity= Number ofmoles of solute x
1000
Volume of solution (mL) Answer Tips (
0.1
1000 -2 mol Lor 2M Remember unit conversion (mL into L), 1 L 1000 mL
50
3. Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the
7.
solute per kilogram of the solvent and is expressed as :
Moles of solute Molarity Molality
Molality (m)=
Mass of solvent (in kg) Number of moles of solute Number of moles of solute
4. Itis the number of moles of the solute dissolved per dissolved in one litre dissolved in one kg solvent
litre the solution. It is denoted by M.
of solution is called molarity. is called molality.
Moles of solute
Molarity=Volume of solution No. of moles of No. of moles
inlitre solute of solute
1000 M=
n2 X 1000=W2x
V(inmij M, x V(inmL) Volume of solution
m=
Mass of solvent
in litre in kg
5 Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of
Molarity depends on Molality is independent
solute or solvent to total number of moles of solution. It temperature as volume
is denoted by x. of temperature as mass
depends on temperature. does not change with
salute
n solvent = Molarity decreases with temperature.
n +n rise in temperature.
If Ma is the molar mass of solute, d is the density of 15. Henry's law states that, the partial pressure of the
solution then molality (m) of a solution can be converted gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction
to molarity (M) by using the formula, M= of the gas () in the solution.
mMg P=kyx where, Ky = Henry's law constant. Different
1+ gases have different Ky values at the same temperature.
1000
To minimise the painful effects of decompression sickness
Commonly Made Mistake (A in deep sea divers, oxygen diluted with less soluble helium
Molarity(mol L-), Molality (mol kg") gas is used as breathing gas.
16. Henry's law states that, the partial pressure of the
8. Given: Mass of solute, W, = 10g gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction
Mass of solvent, W= 90g of the gas (x) in the solution.
Molar mass of solute, M, = 180 g mol1 p= Kx where, K = Henry's law constant. Different
Density of solution = 1.2 g mL gases have different K values at the same temperature.
W,x1000 10x1000 760 -=6.08x10-4
Molality =
MyxW
=0.62 m Solubility of CO, =P
KH 1.25x10
180x90
Mass
= 100 g 17. Henry's law states that, the partial pressure of the
Volume of solution gas in vapour phase lp) is proportional to the mole fraction
Density 1.2 gml-1
Wx1000 of the gas () in the solution.
Molarity =
Mz xV p=Kx where, K,y = Henry's law constant. Different
gases have different K values at the same temperature.
M-10x100010x1000x1.2-067 M

180x
100 180x100 Applications of Henry's law:
12
(i) To increase the solubility of CO, in soft drinks and
9 faster in hot water.
(b): Powdered salt dissolves soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water is an (ü) To minimise the painful effects of decompression
endothermic reaction, hence high temperature will favor sickness in deep sea divers, oxygen diluted with less
the dissolution of ammonium chloride in water. soluble helium gas is used as breathing gas.
10. (c):At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen 18. (a) Increase in temperature decreases the solubility
is less than at the ground level. As a result, there is a low of oxygenin water. As a
resut, amount of dissolved oxygen
concentration of Oxygen in the blood and tissues of the It
decreases. becomes more difficult to breathe as oxygen
people living at high altitudes. is less. Hence, the aquatic species are not comfortable in
=
warm water.
11. la):According to Henry's law, p Kx (b) At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen is
2.5 bar =K x0.04 less than at the ground level. As a result, there is a low
2.5 bar concentration of Oxygen in the blood and tissues of the
0.04=62.5
Ky=
people living at high altitudes. Thus, they feel weak and
When pressure is doubled, then x is are unable to think properly.
5 bar =62.5 xx x=0.08
12. Increase in temperature decreases the solubility
ConceptApplied ()
of oxygen in water. As a result, amount of dissolved Apply concept ofsolubility of gases in liquid.
Oxygen decreases. It becomes more difficult to breathe
as oxygen is less. Hence, the aquatic species are not 19. (c):When a non-volatile solute added to the volatile
comfortable in warm water. liquid, then partial pressure is only due to volatile
component.
13. According to Henry's law, the solubility of a gas is
So, Protal=Psahent
inversely proportional to the Henry's law constant (Kg)
for that gas. Hence. gas (B) being less soluble, would have 20. The liquid with a lower boiling point will vaporise
a higher K, value. first and has a higher vapour pressure. Hence, liquid A will
have a higher vapour pressure.
14. Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in
21. Raoult's law: For a solution of volatile liquids, the
liquid at constant temperature is directly proportional
to the pressure of the gas present above the surface of partial pressure of each component in the solution is
liquid or solution. directly proportional to its mole fraction. Thus, for any
pox or p= Kx component. partial vapour pressure, pX p=pX
Here. p = partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase where, p° = vapour pressure of pure component
x=mole fraction of the gas in the solution X= mole fraction of that component
K=Henry's lawconstant 22. Henry's law: It states that partial pressure of a
Application of Henry's law: volatile liquid (or gas) in a liquid is directly proportional to
Soft drinks and soda water bottle are sealed under high its mole fraction.
pressure to increase the solubility of CO2 PexP= Kx (KH =Henry's constant)
If we compare both equation, we can say that those are HC C

very similar and it seems that Raoult's law is a special

case of Henry's law. When KH=P°. HC
c=0.-H-ca CI

23. Raoult's law : For a solution of volatile liquids, the This decreases the escaping tendency of molecules of
partial pressure of each component in the solution is each component and consequently the vapour pressure
directty proportional to its mole fraction. Thus, for any decreases resulting in negative deviation from Raoult's
law.
component, partial vapour pressure, p xp=p°.x
where, p°=vapour pressure of pure component 30. The differences between ideal solutions and non
x= mole fraction of that component ideal solutions are as follows:
(0 In ideal solutions AVn=O and AHnOwhereas in non
Let a solution consists of two volatile liquids A and B with
x
their mole fractions and x respectively. If p, and Pg are ideal solutions, AV,mi Oand AH 0.
their partial vapour pressures, () In ideal solutions, each component obeys Raoult's
then, Pa X PA påxA and p Kg Pg Pxg law at all temperatures and concentrations whereas in
non ideal solutions, they do not obey Raoult's law.
where pà and pgrepresent the vapour pressures of pure
liquid components Aand B. Pnta -PAtPs 31. Positive deviation : For non-ideal solutions, if the
vapour pressure is higher, than as expected from Raouit's
Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law at all concentrations
law then it is said to exhibit positive deviation.
and temperature.
24. (c):n-Hexane and n-heptane will form an ideal A-B interactions are weaker than A-A or BB
interactions. Due to this, vapour pressure increases
solution. which results in positive deviation.
25. A solution which obeys Raoult's law of vapour
In positive deviation, Vapour pressure of salution
pressure for all compositions is called ideal solution.
intermolecular force decreases, P>p,tp2
For idieal solution AVn=0, AHai=0 volume increases. vapour
A-B interaction = A-A and B-B interactions. pressures increases. enthalpy
26. (a) The differences between ideal solutions and non increases. Therefore, Hmi

tve, AVmi=t ve. e.g, ethanol+ P:

ideal solutions are as follows:
(0) In ideal solutions AV0 and AH=0whereasinnon acetone and carbon disulphide
ideal solutions, + acetone show positive Mole fraction X
deviation.
AVnin
0 and AH0.
Negative deviation : For
(ii)In ideal solutions, each component obeys Raoult's Plot for non-ideal solution
law at all temperatures and non-ideal solution, if the
concentrations whereas in vapour pressure is lower
showing positive deviation
non ideal solutions, they do not obey Raoult's law.
(b) Given, weight of urea (W) =30g than as expected from Vapour pressure of solution
Weight of water (W,) =846g Raoult's law, then it is said to
Vapour pressure of water p= 23.8 mm Hg exhibit negative deviation. pPPz
A-B interactions are
30 B46 stronger than A-A and B-B
=0.5, na =47
18 interactions. Due to this,
= vapour pressure decreases
Mole fraction of water (x,) "A+ig
n which results in negative Mole fraction X=1
47 47 deviation. I
negative K=1
-=0.99 deviation, intermolecular
47+0.5 47.5
0.99 = 23.5 mm Hg force increases, volume Plot for nan-ideal solution
PAPåXX= 23.8 x decreases, vapour pressure shawing negative deviation
27. (a):Acetone and chloroform form H-bonding due decreases and heat is released. Therefore, AHn=
to which molecules come closer to each other and the ve, AV - ve. For example, phenol + aniline and
volume of solution decreases. +
chloroform acetone show negative deviation.
28. A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive 32. A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive
deviation from Raoult's law. When acetone is added deviation from Raoult's law. Pure ethanol possesses
to ethanol, some of the H-bonds between the ethanal hydrogen bonding. Introduction of acetone between the
molecules break down resuiting in an increase in the molecules of ethanol results in breaking of sonme of these
vapour pressure of the mixture. hydrogen bonds. Due to weakening of interactions, the
29. Mixture of chloroform and acetone show's negative solution shows positive deviation from Raoult's law.
deviation from Raoult's law, thus it forms maximum 33. (al: Solutions which show positive deviation
boiling azeotrope. This is because chloroform molecule from Raoult's law are minimum boiling azeotropes
is able to form hydrogen bond with acetone molecule as or have a lower boiling point than either of the two
shown: components.
34. Non-ideal solutions that show negative deviation c) ifor 1 M KCI=2
from Raoult's law form maximum boiling azeotropes. ifor sugar solution =1
=
35. Azeotropes are the binary mixtures of solutions that .AT, K, m=2 K (for KCI)
have the same composition in liquid and vapour phase AT, = K, (for sugar)
and boil at constant temperature AT, of 1 M KCI solution is double than that of 1 M
SUgar solution.
36. Mixture of chloroform and acetone shows negative
deviation from Raoult's law, thus it forms maximum 43. Given, =17.536 mm, P,-2,
boiling azeotrope. This is because chloroform molecule W 20 g. M, = 180g w; 500 g, M = 18 g
mol,
is able to form hydrogen bond with acetone molecule as P -P W2/M2
shown: -=X=
C w/M +w2/ M,
HC
HCC0-H-cg 20 20
17.536-P 180 180 20 S00
This decreases the escaping tendency of molecules of 17.536 500, 20 500 180 18
each component and consequently the vapour pressure 180 18 18
decreases resulting in negative deviation from Raoult's 20
law. 18 X17.536=0070
(17.536-P,)=onX 180 50n
37. Azeotropes are the binary mixtures of solutions that
have the same composition in liquid and vapour phase P. 17.536 -0.070 17.466 mm
and boil at constant temperature.
A minimum boiling azeotrope is formed by solutions Concept Applied ()
sho a large positive deviation from Raoult's law at - Relative lowering of vapour pressure of a solution is
asnecific composition. For example an ethanol-water
mixture containing approximateiy 953% ethanol by equal to mole fraction of solute, ie.,
volume.
38. Azeotropes are the binary mixtures of solutions that 44. Given, weight ofurea (W)= 30 g
have the same composition in liquid and vapour phase Weight of water (W) = 846 g
and boil at constant temperature. Vapour pressure of water p =23.8 mm Hg
A maximum boiling azeotrope is formed by solutions 30 846
showing a large negative deviation from Raoult's law at a
specific composition.
ng=0.5,
n
==47
18

For example, chloroform +t acetone mixture. Mole fraction of water xa) =

ntng
39. Thê properties which depend upon the number of 47 47-099
solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to 47+0.5 475
the total number of particles present in the solution are =
called colligative properties.
PA
Px X= 23.8 0.99 23.5 mm Hg
x

40. When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the 45. (a) Henry's law states that, the partial pressure of
vapour pressure of the solvent decreases as compared to the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole
the vapaur pressure of pure solvent. fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.
41. W, = 10g, W, = 200g, T = 308 K p=Kx where, KH Henrys law constant. Different
gases have different K, values at the same temperature.
P=32 mm Hg. P,=31.84 mm Hg, M, =18, M, =? Applications of Henry's law:
PAPs
22 (Solution is very dilute, n,
t n;= n)
To increase the solubility of CO, in soft drinks and
soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
P (i) To minimise the painful effects of decompression
32-31.84 10x18 sickness in deep sea divers, oxygen diluted with less
32 M2 x 200 soluble helium gas is used as breathing gas.
(b) Given, =5g. W=95 g, P,= 745 mm
W,

M,= 180
42. (a) In osmotic pressure method, pressure can
P=760 mm, M, =?
be measured at room temperature and the molarity of P-P =X= W; /M
the solution is used instead of molality. That is why this
method is used for determination of molar masses of
macromolecules such as proteins as they are generally 760-745 5/M, 5/M,
not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have 760 95/18+5/M, 95/18
poor solubility.
(b) Increase in temperature decreases the solubility of 15?55
760 M,
Oxygen in water. As a result, amount of dissolved oxygen
decreases. It becomes more difficult to breathe as oxygen is
less. Hence, the aquatiC species are notcomfortable in warm M,= 5x760x18 =48 g mor
water. 15x95
46. (c):AT, = K, x m K,= 1.86 Kkg mol". T,=?
T,-T,°=0.52 = I,-0.104 T
x 0.2 +
Using formula, AT, =K X
W,x1000
T,- (0.104+ 100) °C - 100.104°C M, x W,
47. (c):Assertion is correct but reason is wrong as 31x1000K=155K
elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to -186x
62x600
molality not molarity. or T,=T;-AT, =273-1.55=271.45 K
AT,
m
AT, =T-T
AT, = Kym
55. Given, M, 176g mol, AT, - 15°C
g.,
48. Molal elevation constant may be defined as the W-75 K,=3.9 Kkg mol w,?
elevation in boiling point when the molality of the K, xw, x10o00
AT, =
solution is unity (ie., 1 mole of the solute is dissolved in M, xw
1 kg (1000 g) of the solvent). The units of K, are AT, XM, x W
therefore, K/m or °C/m or K kg mol 15x176x75
W2= 5.077g
Kfx1000 3.9x1000
49. The boiling point of the solution is always higher
than that of the pure solvent. As the vapour pressure of 56. Molality of
sucrose solution (m) W2 X1000
the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent and M,XW
4x1000
vapour pressure increases with increase in temperature, -0.121 m
342x96
hence, the solution has to be heated more to make the AT, for sucrose solution = 273.15 - 271.15 -2 K
vapour pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure.
2
Elevation of boiling point is a colligative property K= =16.52K/m
because it depends on number of solute particles present 0.121
in a solution. 5x1000
Molality of glucose solution =0.292 m
50. (d):X represents freezing point of solution. 180x95
=
AT,= K,x m= 16.52 x 0.292 4.82 K
51. Molality (m) of urea:
7.5x1000 Freezing point of glucosesolution =273.15 - 4.82
=1.25 m .)
Molality of substance, 60x100 =268.33K
42.75x1O00 427.5 57. W,-1.00g, W; = 50g. K,=5.12 K kg mol,AT,=040 K

Z= )
Molar massx 100 Molar mass =
K,xW,x1000
AT,
As both the solutions have same depression in freezing MzxW
point so they have same molality. XVW x1000_5.12x1x 100o
From eqn. (i) and (i), we get M, 256g molr

427.5 W,xAT, 50x0.40

1.25=
Molar mass 58. Molality of sugar solution
Molar mass of Z =342 g/mol W x1000 5 1000
342
-0.154 m
52. Massof glucose (CaHO). W,= 60g MxW 95
Mass of water, W, = 250 g AT,-T-T, = 273.15 -271 = 215 K
M, (Mol. mass of C,H0)- 180 g mol-1 =
AT,=K;xm
K,
2.15
K,= 1.86 K kg mol, T,=? 0.154m
„Whx1000 60x1000K Molality of glucose solution
Using formula, AT, =K x =1.86x
M,xW, 180×250 W, x1000 51000 m
AT, -T-T, or T,-T;-AT, =273-2.48 =270.52K M, xW, 180 95 .-0.292
2.15 -x0.292 =4.08K
Key Points
(O
: AT,(Glucose) = K,xm=
0.154
As there is depression in freezing point so,
. Freezing point of glucose solution = 273.15 - 4.08
3 =
269.07K
T,<T: AT,= T;-T=tve
59. Molality (m) of sucrose solution
53. Given: W,=2, M, = 256g mol. AT, = 0.48 K W;x1000_ 101000 -0.325 m

W,-75g. K,= 5.12 K kg mol-1 Xw,

M, 342 90
K,xW,x10o00
AT, AT,forsucrose solution =
T-T,=(273,15 - 269.15) K =4 K
M,xW 4K -=12.308 K/m AT,= K,x m
W,*M, XW_0.48×256x75 -
18g
: K
m 0.325 m
Kx1000 5.12x1000 10 1000
54. Mass of ethylene glycol (C,H,0), W, Molality of glucose solution -0.617 m

31g 180 90
Mass of water, W = 600 g AT,= K,x m
M, (Mol. mass of CzH,O,) =62g mol. AT,= 12.308 K/m x 0.617 m =7.59 = 7.6 K
 Freezing point of glucose solution, not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have
poor solubility.
T-AT,- (273.15 - 7.60) K = 265.55 K
60. Mass of ethyleneglycol (C,H,0,), W,-31g 67. Osmotic pressure is the extra pressure which is
Mass of water, W, 500g applied on the solution to prevent the flow of salvent into
M, (Mol. mass of C,H,C0,) = 62 gmol, the solution through a semi-permeable membrane.
K,=186 K kg mol, T, =? 68. Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a
x1000 given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
W,

Using formula, AT, = Kx

M, xW 69. Molarity (M) of urea solution
60x1000, wx1000 5x1000
=1.86x 180x250 Mx Volume of solvent (mL) =0.833M
60×100
AT,=T;-T, or T,
=1;-AT,=273-248=270.52K Osmotic pressure () =
CRT=0.833 x 0.0821 x 300
61. T,=-15°C, K,= 186 kg mol:1
K - 20.51 atm
=
AT, =T;-T, -0-(-15°C) 15°C 70. (a) When we cook the food inside the pressure
AT,=K, x m cooker, high presSsure is created inside the cooker.
of solute Pressure will increase so, the boiling point will increase.
15- 186 Numberof moles Thus, cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in cooking
pan.
Number of moles of solute = 40.32 moles (b) When red blood cells (RBC) are placed in saline water,
AT, = K,x m water will flow out of the cells (low conc. to high conc.) and
AT, =0.52 x
Moles of solute they would shrink. Such a solution is called hypertonic. On
Mass of solvent (kg) the other hand when red blood cells (RBC) are placed in
distilled water, water will flow into the cell and they would
AT,- 0.52x04.19
5kg
swell. Such solution is called hypotonic.
71. () The elevation in boiling point of a solution is a
AT,-T,-T4.19- T,- 373
colligative property which depends on the number of
+
T,=373 4.19 =377.19 K moles of solute added. Higher the concentration of solute
Key Points added, higher will be the elevation in boiling point. Thus.
2 M glucose has higher boiling point than 1 M glucose
Same moles of solute are used here for the calculation solution.
of boiling point and freezing point. (i) When the external pressure applied becomes more
62. (a): In osmotic pressure method, pressure can be than the osmotic pressure of solution then the solvent
molecules from the solution pas through the semi
measured at room temperature and the molarity of permeable membrane to the solvent side and the process
the solution is used instead of molality. That is why this is called reverse osmosis.
method is used for determination of molar masses of
macromolecules such as proteins as they are generally 72. (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution is hypertonic
not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have with respect to 0.9% sodium chloride solution or
poor solubility. blood cells thus, on placing blood cells in this solution
exosmosis takes place that results in sthrinking of cells.
63. (c):A raw mango shriveled into pickle due to
osmosis. (i) 0.4% sodium chloride solution is hypotonic with
respect to 0.9% sodium chloride solution or blood cells
64. (a):Colligative properties of ideal solutions depend thus, on placing blood cells in this solution endosmosis
only on the number of particles of solute dissolved in a takes place that results in swelling of cels.
definite amount of the solvent and do not depend on the
nature of solute. Concept Applied (©
Answer Tips Exosmosis: The outward flow of solvent (water) from
the cell when placed in more concentrated solution
nCRT where C is Molarity.
thypertonic). Cell shrinks in this case.
Endosmosis: The inflow of solvent (water) intao a cell
65. When the external pressure applied becomes more from outside when cell is placed in distilled water. Cell
than the osmotic pressure of solution then the solvent swells up in this case.
molecules from the solution pass through the semi
permeable membrane to the solvent side and the process
is called reverse osmosis.
73. Tt=cRT, C=W2
M,xV
66. In osmotic pressure method, pressure can be W, weight of solute
measured at room temperature and the molarity of M, molar mass of solute
the solution is used instead of molality. That is why this
method is used for determination of molar masses of R1_GRl, Given, T,-T2
macromolecules such as proteins as they are generally
 30 As elevation of boiling point (or ary colligative property)
4.98_ 180x1 30×1.52 is directly proportional to number of particles in solution,
=0.051 mol/L hence 0.1 M KCI has higher boiling point than that 0.1 M
1.52 180x4.98
glucose.
74. Mass of urea = 15g
Molar mass of urea = 60g mol1 (i) Salting is used because most bacteria, fungi and
Molar mass of glucose - 180g mol other potentially pathogenic organisms cannot survive
Mass of glucose ? in a highly salty environment, due to the hypertonic
For isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, Iureal Tzlgucosel nature of salt. Any living cell in such an environment will
n=n(when volume is same) become dehydrated through osmosis and die or become
temporarily deactivated.
W_W,15
S2 W= 15x180 =45 g Key
M Ma 60 180 60 Points ()
High concentration ofsalt-Hypertonic
Answer Tips(
Low concentration of salt - Hypotonic
W
3I=cRT= V
inL3MwinlxRT 82. (a) ifor 0.1
m
KCl =2
for 0.1 mglucose=1
i

75. () Osmotic pressure is the extra pressure which is AT =i Kgm= 2K, x 0.1 (for KCI)
applied on the solution to prevent the flow of solvent into AT, = 1K, x0.1 (for glucose)
the solution through a semi-permeable membrane. Thus, AT, for KCl will be higher than for glucose solution as
(i) Properties which depend upon the number of solute KClwill undergo dissociation and i is greater than 1.
particles irrespective of their nature relative to the total (b) () i will be greater than 1 when CHCOOH is
number of particles present in the solution are called dissolved in water as it undergoes dissociation.
colligative praperties. CH,COOH +H,0CH,CO0 +H,0*
76. van't Hoff factor : It is defined as the ratio of (i) iwill be less than 1 when CHCOOH is dissolved in
the experimental value of colligative property to the benzene as it undergoes association.
calculated value of the colligative property and is used 2CH,COOH benzene (CH,COOH); (Dimerisation)
to find out the extent of dissociation or association.
Mathematically, it is represented as 83. Mass of CaCl,(W)= 10g
Mass of water (W,) =200g
Experimental (or observed) value of colligative property
Molar mass of CaCl, (M,) = 111g mol-1
Calculated (or normal) value of colligative property Molal elevation constant (K) =0.52 K kg mol-1
77. The molar mass which is either lower or higher mW x1000 10 1000
than the expected or normal value is known as abnormal Im=
111 200 =0450 m
molar mass. MzW
78. (a) When i> 1, solute is in dissociated state in the AT, = K, m=3x0.52x 0.450 =0.702 K
solution. 84. W, = 4 g, M, - 120 g mol
(b) Wheni< 1, solute is in associated state in the solution. W,= 100g, K, =0.52 K kg mol!
79. van't Hoff factor : It is defined as the ratio of For complete dissociation,i= 2
the experimental value of colligative property to the Using formula, AT,= iKm
calculated value of the colligative property and is used AT-xK, xW, x1000 =2x0.52x 4x1000
to find out the extent of dissociation or association. 120x100
-0.34 K
M, xW,
Mathematically. it is represented as :: T,=T+AT, = 100+0.34 - 100,34°C
;Experimental (or observed) value of colligative property

(0)
Calculated (or normal) value of colligative property
van't Hoff factor )> 1 for solutes undergoing
85. 1) The boiling point of 1M NaCl solution is more
than that of 1M glucose solution as the value of ie., ,
van't Hoff factor is 2 for NaCI and it is 1 for glucose. Also,
dissociation AT, =x K, xm
() van't Hoff factor () < 1 for solutes undergoing Hence, from the abave mathematical reaction, it is clear
association
80. ifor 1 M KCI =2
that the increase in boiling point will be more for NaCl
than that of glucose.
ifor sugar solution =1 (i) Let p° be the vapour pressure of pure benzene. The
AT,= iK,m= 2 K, (for KCI)
=
AT, K, (for sugar)
90
vapour pressure of the solution will be 100P=0.9p°.
. AT of 1 M KCl solution is double than that of 1 M sugar
solution. Molar mass of solute (M,) and benzene (M,) are 50 g mol-1
and 78.1g mol- respectively. Mass of benzene (w) is
81. () As KCI is an electrolyte and one formula
unit of KCI dissociates to give two ions (K' and Ci), 78g.
therefore molar concentration of particles in the solution p°-p_ W2
M
=0.1 x 2 M=0.2 M p° M2 W1
p°-0.9p° W2,78.1 Answer Tips
p
50 78 Since AT is the difference between values of
W,-5g temperatures, it is independent of the unit it is
Thus, the mass of X dissolved in the solution is 5 g. measured in Le.,AT= 1°C =1 K.
(ii) Itis given that MgCI, is completely dissociated in the 89. W,=5g. M,= 122 g mol, W, -35g
Given,
solution.
AT,= 2.94 K,= 4.9 Kkg mol
K,
MgCl (og) Mg? o) + 2C (ad W, x1000

i=3, Wg= 10 g; W, = 200 g=0.2 kg AT,=iK,m=jxK* M,xW,

K, =0.512 K kg mol
or 2.94 = jx4,9 x 5x1000 or i= 0.512
ixKy XWB 122x35
=ix K, xm
=
AT,
Mg XWA Asi< 1,solute is associated.
(3)x(0.512Kkg mor )x(10g) 2C,H;COOH (CaH;COOH)2
AT,= K Initial moes
-0.80 Moles at eqm
(95 g mor)x(0.2 kg) /2
Total no. of moles after association: 1- +a/2 =1-o/2
86. (d): NaCi- Na' +CI i=2
Na,SO, 2Na' + SO% i=3
CH,0, (non-ionisable) i=1 1--0.512
Al(SOa)s 2A+3so i-5 or - 0.512)
Greater the number of ions produced on dissociation, a-2x (1 =0.976 or 97.6%
greater is the van't Hoff factor. (G)
Concept Applied
AT,ai For association of solute, i = 1-a+
: AI,(5O), shows largest freezing point depression. here n2, so, i = 1
n

87. Molecular mass of Glauber's salt (Na,SO,; 10H,0)

-[2 x 23 + 32 + 16 x 4+ 10 x (2x 1+ 16)] 90. Given, AT,= 0.068°C or 0.068 K
=
(46+32+ 64 + 180) gmol =322 g mol1 m=0.01 M, K,= 1.86 K kg mol
Na,SO,-1OH,0 ionises as:
m
AT,=iK

Na,sO,10H,02Na' +sO? +1OH,0 0.068 =ix 1.86 x 0.01

0.068
i=3 i 1.86 x 0.01 =3.65
6.00g AICl, dissociates as
m= WA Mg x WA +
322gmol- x0.1kg AlCl, A3 3CI
m Initially 1
=0.186 mol kg- =0.186 At eqm. 1 3o
Also, AT, =iK, m=3 1.86 K m-1 x0.186 * m = 1.04 K Total no. of moles after dissociation =
1-a+a+3=1+3a
- AT,
T= ie 1+3a 3.65
- (273- 1.04) K= 271.9% K 1
1+3= 3.653 =3.65 -1=2.65
88. Givern:W,=19.5g, W, =500g. K=1.86 K kg mol
K = 2.65 -0.883
ATfobs)= 10 3
1000 xk, xW, 1000xL86x19.5 Percentage association =88.3%
Maobs)
W, x ATriobsl 500x1 91. AT, = ik,-m

=72.54 mol1
g ifor MgCi, =3
Molality, m
W,
x10001.9x1000 04 m
Mal
for F-CH,-CoOH=78gmo-1
MxW 95x50
Macal) 78 AT=3x 1.86 x 0.4 = 2.232 K

1.0753
72.54 Freezing point of solution, T,= T- AT, = 273-2.232 K =

F-CH,-COOHFCH,-Coo+H* 270.77K
Initial moles 92. W, =2.56g, W, = 100g, AT, =0.383K
Moles at egm. C-Ca Cu Ca K,=3.83 Kkg mol,AT, - K,x m
Total no. of moles = C-Cu +
Cu+ Ca =C(1 +a) x Wa 1000 M, =
W x 1000
xK
AT, =K M, AT xW,
iCh+a1+a 2.56x 1000 x 3.83 -
W
C 256g mol-i
a=i-1= 1.0753 -1=0.0753 -7.53% 0.383x 100
 Normal atomic mass 32 1 C(1+a) or
i= 1+u or 1+a=1.93
Observed atomic mass 256 8
Sulphur exists as S, i.e., Sa. or a=0.93 or 93%
Concept Applied (G) Concept Applied ((©)
For dissociation, i= 1-a+ Xa+ y
Valueof observedatomic mass is used to calculate the
for NaCl,x= 1,y=1 so,i= 1+a
value ofx here.
98. Given:a=95%,-0.1 M, T- 27°C -300 K.
C

93. W,3.9 g. W, 49 g, AT, = 162 K, M, - 122 gmol1,

R=0.0821 L atm K'mol1
K,= 4.9 K kg mol
W,x1000 For Na,SO, Cyfeociaticn -1
AT,=iK,m= ixk,x n-1
M,xW 95 -1
162=.ix4.9x3.9x1000 1.62x122x49
-=0.506
100 3-1
122x 49 4.9x3.9x1000 I=iCRT
1,
Asi< solute is associated. I=29 x0.1 x 0.0821 x 300=7.14 atm
ixK,xW, x1000 99. (a) Let T is the D Vapour
94. AT,= iK,m = boiling point of pure pressure
Ma xWi Curve
2x1.86xW, x1000 solvent and T, is the Sofvent
2= W,=1.17g boiling point of solution. Boiling
58.5x37.2 Sotution
The increase in the node
point
alealevation
95. (a) The differences between ideal solutions and boiling point
non-ideal solutions are as follows: AT, - T, - Tis known as
(i) In ideal solutions AVmi =0 and AHni=0whereas in non
elevation of boiling point. Temperature (K)
ideal solutions, AVmi+0and AHm 0.
(ii) solutions, each component obeys Raoult's law
In ideal (b) Given, W,25 mg= 25 x 10g
=

at all temperatures and concentrations whereas in non ideal M,= (2 39) 32 + (4x 16) = 174 g mol,
x +

solutions, they do not obey Raoult's law. i=3, V= 2L, T= 25°C=25+ 273= 298 K

25x10-3
XxM,xWx1000
W,
AT,= ik,m= I=iCRT=3% O.0821x 298 = 5.27 x
10* atm
(b) 174x2
100.(i) The value of van't Hoff factor for ethanoic acid in
2x1.86xW, x1000 benzene is close to 0.5 as two molecules of ethanoic acid
2= W,=3.145g
58.5x100 associate to form a dimer in benzene solution.
96. (a) The two characteristics of non-ideal solution 2CH,COOH(CH,CoOH),
are i Number of solute particles in solution
(i) They do not obey Raoult's law over the entire range of Theoretical number of solute particles
concentration. 1
(i) The vapour pressure of non-ideal solution is either "5-05
higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult's law.
(b) Given, w, =2 g, M, = 122 g mol, w, = 25 & (ii) It has been given that K,SO, is completely

AT,= 1.62 K, K= 4.9 kg mol dissociated. When K,SO, is dissolved in water, K' and
SO ions are produced as shown:
AT,=i Km +
SO?
1.62 =ix 4.9 x - 2
-x 1000 K,SO,2K*
122x25 Total number of ions produced =3
..
1.62x122x25 i=3
i= =0.5042 Given,
4.9x2x1000 w= 2.32x 10g: V= 2L; R= 0.082L atm Kmol!
1-0.5042
Casoelation
=0.4958x2=0.9916 T- 25°C (25 + 273) K- 298 K

Molar mass of K,SO, = (2x39) +(1x 32) + (4x 16)

- 174 g mol
%
of association = 0.9916 x 100= 99.16% Applying the following relation,
97. n=iCRT -
iRT =ixM*RT
MV
or 1
4.75 =jx 26
1
x0.082 × 300 or i= 1.93
58.5
NaCI Na + Ci 2.32 x
10-2 1
Initial moles C 0 =3x xo082x298
Moles at eqm. C-Ca Ca Ca 174
= 10- atm
Total no. of moles C(1 + o) 4,8x
(ii) AT,= iK,m 9. (a):AT,- -I,-0- (-14) = 14°C, AT,= K,m

0.512 =
ix5.12x25.6x1000 AT, =K,x2x1000
32x1000 w.
0.512x32x 1000 x1000
14=1.86
5.12x 25.6x1000 1000
n=7.5 mol (0.77)
10. (c) (0.77)
i- -0.125 11. (c):Cryoscopic constant varies with type of solvent
1, therefore S is associated, i.e., 8 moles
hence is not a universal constant. (1)
As'i is less than
of S are associated as shown 8S S
e
Therefore, the molecular formula of sulphur is Sg
12. Given:K, =0.52K kg mol, boiling point of glucose,
AT, = 101.04°C
As AT, -T,- 101.04°C - 100°C= 1.04°C
;=
AT, = K, m
CBSE Sample Questions
m=AT_104-2 (1)
K 0.52
1. (c):Molarity is a mean to express concentration of According to Raoult's law,
solution. It is not a colligative property. (0.77) Relative lowering of vapour pressure= Xs
2. (b): According to Le-Chatelier principle, solubility x
where is mole fraction of solute.
of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature Moles of glucose, n, =2
because dissolution is an exothermic and reversible Moles of water, n 1000
process. (0.77) =55.56
18
3. (b):Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold Relative lowering of vapour pressure
=
(1/2)
water rather than in warm water because the amount n, +n,
of dissolved oxygen in water decreases with rise in the
water's temperature. (1)
22-0.034
2+55.56
57.56 (1/2)

4 :
(a) Henry's law The partial pressure of the gas in 13. The melting point of ice is the freezing point of
vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of water. We can use the depression in freezing point
the gas (x) in the solution. (1) property in this case.
p= Kyx (a) In 3d reading for 0.5 g. there has to be an increase
The pressure underwater is high, so the solubility of gases in depression of freezing point and therefore, decrease in
in blood increases. When the diver comes to surface, the freezing point ie., decrease in melting point, when amount of
pressure decreases and so does the solubility, causing salt is increased but the trend is not followed in this case. (1)
bubbles of nitrogen in blood. To avoid this situation and (b) Two sets of reading help to avoid error in data
maintain the same partial pressure of nitrogen underwater collection and give more objective data. (1)
too, the dilution is done. (1)
(b) Using equation p = Ky xx (c) AT,(glucose) = 1xK,O.6x1000
Mole fraction of argon in water,x=p/Ky = 6/40 x 10 180x10
- 15 x 1o-4 0.6x1000
(o:
x
AT, (NaCl) =2xK,
5. (b):Raoult's law 58.5x10
6. ():Let ys be mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase. 3.8= 2xKx0.6x1000 (1)
Yr=Mole fraction of toluene in vapour phase. 58.5x10
Dividing (i) by (ii)
PBenzene. Prolene
YBenzene Ytoluene AT,
PTotal PTotal
(glucose) 58.5
PlenzenePenvene (MBeuene)Praluene piauene (Ktaluene) 3.8 2x180
Since, pBenzene> Piokuene Psenzene Prokene AT, = 0.62
Hence. yBenzene Ytolhuene (1) T,=-0.62°c (1)
7. (b):Nitric acid and water form maximum boiling OR
azeotrope because they show large deviation from Depression in freezing point is directly proportional to
Raoult's law due to hydrogen bonding. (1) molality (mass of solute when the amount of solvent
8. (a):Fluid inside blood cells is isotonic with 0.9% remains same).
NaCl solution. Hence, it will shrink when placed in water 0.3gof salt causes depression of 1.9 °C.
containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution. 0.6gof salt causes depression of 3.8°C.
(0.77) 1.2gof salt causes depression of 3.8 x 2 = 7.6 9C. (2)