INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

 It is an Indigenous Psychology.  1948 – Estefania Aldaba-Lim sets up the Institute of

 The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and culture Human Relations at Philippine Women’s University.
of a people and the application to psychological practice *The first Filipino to receive a PhD in Clinical Psychology
of indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic  1954 – Joseph Goertz establishes the Psychology
heritage and consciousness Department at University of San Carlos.
 1955 – Alfredo Lagmay receives PhD in Experimental
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (SP) Psychology from Harvard University; chairman of UP
Filipino Psychology, Virgilio Enriquez, 1970 Department of Psychology for 22 years.
 It refers to the psychology born out of the experience,  1960s – Industrial Psychology becomes identified with
thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the personnel work specifically on recruitment and
full use of Filipino culture and language. assessment.
 The approach is one of indigenization from within  The Western approach in research is not being involve
whereby the theoretical framework and methodology and bound by the culture
emerge from the experiences of the people from the  1970’s Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the
indigenous culture. Philippines from Northwestern University USA with a
 It is based on assessing historical and sociocultural Ph.D. degree and lost no time in introducing the concept
realities, understanding the local language, unraveling of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the  He then, together with the chairman of the Department
eyes of the native Filipino (Pe-pua and Protacio, 2000). of Psychology at the University of the Philippines (U.P),
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay embarked on a research into the
experience as understood from a Filipino perspective historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology.
(Enriquez, 1975).  1961 – Fr. Jaime Bulatao establishes the Department of
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino is scientific study of psychology Psychology at the Central Guidance Bureau at the
derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural Ateneo de Manila University
orientation of Filipinos. (Sikolohiyang bunga ng  1962 – The Philippine Psychological Corporation is
karanasan, kaisipan, at oryentasyo ng Pilipino, batay sa founded by Aldaba-Lim. The corporation offers
kabuuang paggamit ng kultura at wikang Pilipino.) psychological services and is the main retailer of
 It urged Filipino psychologist to confront social psychological tests.* PAP was founded
problems and national issues as well as to utilize  1963 – First Annual Convention of PAP
indigenous theories and methods.  1968 – PAP establishes its journal, Philippine Journal of
 The use of the Filipino language in SP as means of Psychology (PJP)
understanding Filipino culture was integral, with  1970 – Psychology becomes the most popular
language seen as reflecting indigenous culture and undergraduate major in many colleges and universities
promoting national culture. *Psychological testing flourishes as the overseas
contract workers boom begins.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  Virgilio Enriquez receives PhD in Social Psychology and
begins
Colonization of Spain and the USA  work in Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology); he
 Academic Psychology taught in schools were developed the personality test Panukat ng Ugali at
predominantly Western Pagkatao (PPP) with Alfredo Lagmay.
 Rizal and Mabini showed dissatisfaction regarding  1975 – Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino
pejorative interpretation of Filipino behaviors by the (PSSP) was founded by Virgilio Enriquez.
Western Observers  Subsequently, the research included identifying
 In 1960’s many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were indigenous concepts and approaches in Philippine
already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the psychology and developing creativity and inventiveness
unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to among Filipinos.
psychology.  1982 – The PAP decides the time has come for the
 1926 – Department of Psychology in UP was established quality control in the practice of psychology. It
within the School of Education. Agustin Alonzo is the introduces a bill in the Batasan Pambansa that would
Chairman require practicing psychologists to be licensed
 1930s – Department of Psychology in UST was (Psychology Bill)
established. *UST is the first to offer Bachelor’s,  2010 – Passage of the Psychology Law, RA 10029
Master’s and Doctorate degrees in Psychology.
 1932 – Sinfroso Padilla organizes the Psychological Clinic DR. VIRGILIO GASPAR ENRIQUEZ - Known as Doc E.
at UP. *He is the first person to major in Psychology  He is considered as the Father of Filipino Psychology /
from the undergraduate to the doctorate level. Sikolohiyang Pilipino. He is from Bulacan
 1933 – Jesus Perpinan sets up the FEU Psychological  He pursued post-graduate studies abroad
Clinic.  He returned to the Philippines in 1970
 1938 – Fr. Angel de Blas, sets up the Experimental  He established the Philippine Psychology Research and
Psychology Laboratory in UST Training House (PPRTH)
- He served as the Chair of the UP Department of Psychology  Taong-bahay – a committed person who has a role and
from 1977- 1982. meaning in the household, rather than just a temporary
occupant of the house makikita sa Pilipinas, banyaga
THE SEARCH FOR FILIPINO PERSONALITY man o makapilipino.” / e.g. number of degree programs
and journals, the amount of research conducted.
 The focus of local research on t he Filipino personality
can be understood as a reaction to country’s colonial SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY)
history, first with the Spaniards and then the Americans  It refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s true
(Church, 1987). There is a search for national identity thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must be derived from
and a quest for national development. indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods.
 The product of the Filipino cultural experience,
USAPIN AT USAPANG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO cognition, and orientation.
 Ito ang nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Universality of Psychology Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at
oryentasyong Pilipino. (KKO)
 The use of English language as the medium of  Taumbahay
instruction in psychology made possible the speedy  Later, Enriquez defined it as the study of diwa (psyche),
introduction of American – oriented psychology and which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas
values, Filipinos began learning not only a new referred to by the philosophical concepts of “essence”
psychology, but a new culture. and an entire range of psychological concepts from
awareness to motives to behavior.
 Filipino psychologists have felt the need to re- examine
several of the psychological theories (and their LIMITS OF WESTERN CONCEPT AND METHODS
applications) that were proposed as though they were
universally applicable. A development that has caught ISSUES:
fire among many circles is that of indigenization.
 Indigenization from within is superior to that from  Applicability of the Western theories and principles
without. When culture is the source of indigenous taught as well as the research concepts and methods
knowledge, a model toward global psychology through a used in the Philippine setting.
cross-indigenous perspective becomes more possible.  The limits of applicability of Western concepts, values
and methods in the social sciences to the concrete
 Indigenization from within - It refers to indigenous realities of Asian societies.
research utilizing the local’s own methods to elicit and
study culture-specific social behaviors. Emphasized the SIKOLOHOYANG PILIPINO FROM THE MOVEMENT A
major role of language as a tool for fairly and clearly MOVEMENT TO AN ACADEME DISCIPLINE
bringing out and studying Filipino psychological
constructs and social realities . Principal emphasis in psychology
 Identity and national consciousness
 Indigenization from without - It refers to re search  Social awareness and involvement
studies applying western theoretical models and  Psychology of language and culture
methodologies s to the local setting.  Applications & bases of Filipino psychology (health
practices, agriculture, art, religion)
ANYO NG SIKOLOHIYA SA KONTEKSTONG PILIPINO
Primary area of protests of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (Psychology in the Philippines) It is against
 Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (Psychology of the Filipinos)  a psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)  Filipino mind (Sikolohiyang Malaya)
 a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses
SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS (PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES) (Sikolohiyang Mapagpalaya)
 It refers to a series of events related to the field of  the imposition of psychologies developed in foreign
psychology in the Philippines. countries (Sikolohiya ng pagbabagong—isip)
 Ito ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa
kontekstong Pilipino. – KANLURANIN POSITIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 Tao sa Bahay  conceptualization of psychological practice in a
 It refers to any theories/knowledge on the social Philippine context (industriya vs. kabuhayan; kilinika vs.
psychology o the Filipino nature regardless of source, kalusugan
Western or local. (Lahat ng mga pag aaral, pananaliksik  concerned with folk practices, indigenous techniques of
at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may kinalaman sa mga healing, popular religio-political movements.
Pilipino)
 Ito ang PALASAK NA ANYO sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o
madaling makita.
On science – Humanism issue
 utilizes scientific methodology in the study of PSYCHOLOGY: THE FILIPINO TRADITION
psychological phenomena
 concerned not only with the universal validity of Ethnic psychology
psychological science but also in utilizing such for the  Kinagisnang sikolohiya – the subconscious psychology
purpose of serving the interest of all mankind, affording imbedde in the native language, art, music, culture and
protection to the disadvantaged. religion (one has been born into; unaware). e.g.
kaluluwa at ginhawa.
On Mentalism – Behaviorism issue  Katutubong sikolohiya – psychology worked out by
 uses both phenomenological & behavioristic concepts, Filipinos with indigenous elements as basis (innate to
but lesser emphasis on individual experience and the Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose Rizal,
greater emphasis on the collective experience Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes
 Attaches greater importance to kamalayan (psyche),  Psychology of Filipinos – based on mainly Western
subsidiary importance to ulirat (lower level of physical system of thought e.g. Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite
consciousness. objective observation of the Filipinos in the Visayas
(impressed by them); American: Worcester’s view of the
On Analysis – Wholeness issue Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different from one
 methodologically leans on the side of analysis but another as Christian and non-Christian (pagans and
interprets the result of analysis with a bias for Moros).
wholeness.  Practice of psychology by Filipinos:
 (social context, political implications, cultural meaning a) Indigenous techniques of enculturation/ socialization,
of the study) e.g. myths for social control, or as affected by
Christianity or Islam
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO IS A CALL b) Proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, manghuhula,
 For the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign ancient techniques of group therapy that are still
theories… “uncritical rejection is just as dangerous as present (alternating chants during wakes, poetry,
uncritical acceptance of Western theories” consensus)
 For example: psychological problems are the same  Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive element
anywhere however, the sources of such problems differ and explanation
greatly. a) 1565 – Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of healing;
disease theory, causation, therapy.
FOUR FILIATIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO b) 1650 – Messianic movements
(ZEUS A. SALAZA) c) 1730 – Herbolaryo
 Academic - Scientific Psychology: d) 1900 - Espiritista
Western (Akademiko Siyentipikal na Sikolohiya)  Use as a tool for identifying/ rediscovering indigenous
 Academic - Philosophical Psychology: concepts e. g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the
Clergy (Akademiko-Pilosopiya na Sikolohiya) wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of
 Ethnic Psychology: Indigenous Psychology (Taal na “essence”.
Sikolohiya)
 Psycho-medical system: Religious Psychology – cohesive FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
element and explanation (Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal)
Filipino Language
PSYCHOLOGY THE WESTERN TRADITION  “Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and does his
writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic device, a
Academic-scientific psychology: discovery procedure… returning to the ‘deep structure’
 Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition University of the of the language.... Enriquez worked in an area where
Philippines (1908) and other American traditional Filipinos are most adept, where the language has a rich
schools vocabulary of feeling and sentiment.”

Academic-philosophical psychology: Languange & Knowledge

 Thomistic philosophy and psychology University of System of communication
Santo Tomas (1611)  summing- up our lived experiences
Social interaction
ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY NATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHTS  expressing our thoughts and feelings
 Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and katutubong Spoken language
sikolohiya  from bodily gestures to linguistic acts
 Psychology of Filipinos – perceived ethnic traits, as  specialized speech apparatus
observed by foreigners or as felt and expressed by  primary medium of communication
Filipinos.
 The practice of psychology by Filipinos – techniques of
enculturation, socialization.
Languange, history and socio-economic-cultural life The Development of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge
 Specific historical features and socio-economic-cultural
conditions shape the thinking and language of a people, Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
giving distinctive meanings and value judgments to their  Pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)
words.  Pagka-agham (science)
 Pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)
 Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the innermost
thoughts and intimate feelings of a people bound by a The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
common historical heritage and a specific socio-  Development of indigenous psychological concepts
economic-cultural environment.  Utilization of indigenous research methods
 Creation of authentic and appropriate social scientific
Psychological Concept & Human Behavior psychology
 The formation of psychological concepts is the more
important stage in the entire process of understanding
human behavior. PAGKATAONG PILIPINO:
 These concepts lay the foundation for the formation of INDIGENOUS FILIPINO PERSONALITY
indigenous psychological theories and models of
analysis that correspond more fully to the realities of
the life and culture of a society.

Development of technical termenology in Filipino

Psychology
 The meaning changes because of the use of affixes
(suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes) paki, mang, mapa,
ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka.
 Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
perception (L) persepsyon
psicologia (S) sikolohiya
 Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)
reinforcement – reimporsment Kapwa: Core value
 Grammatical translation (saling-panggramatika)  Unity of the self with others, is the central value that
social interaction – interaksyong sosyal connects all the different Filipino values (Enriquez, 1978)
 Loan translation (saling-hiram)  The English others is actually used in opposition to the
defense mechanism – mekanismong pananggalang self, and it implies the recognition of the self as a
 Word invention (salitang likha) separate identity. In contrast, kapwa is a recognition of
masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos shared identity, Enriquez argues for a Filipino
 Abbreviated words (salitang daglat) psychology that begins with the concept of shared inner
STM – Short Term Memory self, or a self with others (Conaco, 2007)
PUP – Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
 Parallel translation (salitang-tapat) Kapwa, a core concept in filipino Psychology
relationship – pakikisalamuha  The Filipino language provides a conceptual distinction
 Indigenous-concept oriented translation (salitang taal) in several levels and modes of social interaction (antas
kapwa: hindi ibang tao, ibang tao ng pagtutunguhan).
 Almagamated translation (salitang sanib)  Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under two general
mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay categories in Filipino were identified (ibang-tao; hindi
ibang-tao).
Categorization of words and concepts  Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in
 Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga) Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia
Ex: home for the aged Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press:
 Superficial assimilation (paimbabaw na asimilisasyon) Quezon City.
Ex: reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’ Kapwa (Snared identity)
 Labeling (pagbibinyag)  Shared Inner Self, “The other person is also yourself"
utang na loob – reciprocity  The core of Filipino psychology, it is humaneness at the
hiya – shame highest level
pakikisama – comradeship  Implies unique moral obligation to treat one another as
 Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha) equal fellow human beings.
Ex: paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by) Two Categories
 Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda) Ibang Tao/Outsider
gunita – recall ; alaala – memory Hindi Ibang Tao/ One-of-us
Personality personalidad, hindi pagkatao
 Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)
saling-pusa (informal member)
pagka-pikon (to be peeved)
Ibang-tao (Outsider)  Andres (1994) described hiya as "an ingredient in why
 pakikitungo (amenities, civility) Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please
 pakikisalamuha (“act of mixing") their visitors, even to the extent of going into debt"
 pakikilahok (act of joining, participating) pakikibagay • Sense of propriety
(confirming)
 pakikisama (adjusting/getting along with/united) Hiya meanings of the word hiya depending on its form
Hindi Ibang-tao (One-of-us)  nakakahiya (embarrassing).
 pakikipagpalagayang-loob (act mutual trust/rapport) -  napahiya (placed in an awkward position).
pakikisangkot (getting involved/joining others) -  ikinahiya (be embarrassed with someone), etc.
pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion with others)
 With some affixes, it becomes negative, e.g. napahiya;
KAPWA, A CORE CONCEPT IN FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY  With others, positive, e.g., mahiyain (shy); and in still
Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others) others is used in other forms, it can either be positive or negative
opposition to the 'self' implies the recognition of the 'self' depending on the context, e.g., kahihiyan (sense of
'self' as a separate identity propriety, or embarrassment).

Kapwa in Filipino Utang na LOOB

 a recognition of shared identity  was translated by Kaut (1961) as "debt of gratitude".
 an inner self shared with others  Andres (1994, pp. 190-191) defined it, following Kaut's
 the 'ako' (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin' (others) are one and logic, as "the principle of reciprocity incurred when an
the same in kapwa psychology individual helps another.
 Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually replaceable  Hollnsteiner (1961) took this interpretation further by
in taxonomic analysis, either covers the entire lexical claiming that the recipient of the favor is forced to show
domain. his (sic) gratitude properly by returaning the favor with
 Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile concept interest.
when analyzed semantically; much deeper and  Cooking at utang na loob more closely in the context of
profound in its implications as it means accepting and Filipino culture, it actually means "gratitude/solidarity"
dealing with the other person as an equal (Enriquez).
 It is not necessarily a burden as the word "debt"
Pakikiramdam: Pivotal interpersonal value connotes, because in the Filipino pattern of
Knowing Through feeling or Tacit Knowing: Participatory interpersonal relations.
Sensitivity  It is a beautiful element of Filipino interpersonal
 A unique social skill inherent in Filipino personhood relationships that binds a person to his or her home
 A request to feel or to be sensitive to community or home country.
 There is "hesitation to react, attention to subtle cues
and non- verbal behavior in mental role-playing Pakikisama
 Pakikiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation of all  Pakikisama was identified by Cynch (1961, 1973) as a
filipino surface values: pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob Filipino value, giving it the English translation of
 The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is maintaining "smooth interpersonal relations" by going
operative in bahala na lakas ng loob, pakikibaka along with the group or the majority decision, i.e.,
 The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral and conformity.
interpersonal domains: biro-lambing-tampo.  ang saloobin na nakasunod sa nakararami
Banala na (Confrontative Surrace value)
Pakikiramdam - refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity  Has no exact English translation
 'feeling for another'  Dis an expression of determination and risk-taking
 a kind of emotional a priori attitude as they are ready to face the difficult situation
 an active process involving great care and deliberation before them, and will do their best to achieve their
manifested in hesitation to react, inattention to subtle objectives.
cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing  Bostrom (1968) was the first psychologist to analyze this
value by comparing it with American fatalism
Kagandanang LOOD: Shared Humanity (Pagramakalão)  Thomas Andres defines bahala na as "the Filipino
 Genuine acts of generosity, kindness and caring attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems,
leaving everything to God. Bahala na ang Diyos (God will
take care of us)..
Hiya: accommodative Surface value
 Hiya - Sibley (1965), an American scholar, translated Banala Na
hiya as "shame".  Cagmay (1977) explained that bahala na is not
 Cynch (1961) saw hiya as "the uncomfortable feeling "fatalism" but "determination and 'risktaking".
that accompanies awareness of being in a socially  Rather, they are telling themselves that they are ready
unacceptable position, or performing a socially to face the difficult situation before them, and will do
unacceptable action.' their best to achieve their objectives
 Internality and Externality Components or Filipino
 Puri or Dangal
 Personality Indigenizing Psychological Tests
 Puri - refers to honor which is physical, such as that
bestowed through compliments or applause's for a good Philippine Mental Ability Test
performance, thus external  The first attempt at psychological test development by
 Dangal is honor from within - knowledge of one's worth, Sinfroso Padilla
character, achievement and success. Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement
 o Other examples of internality-externality includes saya  Dissertation of Manuel Carreon published in New York
and ligaya for the English word "happiness"; pigil and "Apples to Papayas"
timpi for control"; and dama and damdam for "feel".  An approach to improving test validity modifying test
items to fit Philippine conditions.

Internality and Externality Components or Filipino Research Models

Personality
Models of data collection
Puri or Dangal  Self-orientation
 Puri - refers to honor which is physical, such as that  Experimenter-orientation
bestowed through compliments or applause's for a good  Reactive-orientation
performance, thus external  Mutual-orientation
 Dangal is honor from within - knowledge of one's worth, Self-orientation Model
character, achievement and success.  The data collector and contributors relate to the other
 Other examples of internality-externality includes saya only to the extent of waiting until the other stops
and ligaya for the English word "happiness"; pigil and responding, e.g. laboratory-based studies of memory
timpi for control"; and dama and damdam for "feel". Experimenter-orientation Model
 the data collectors appear to influence while only the
Pakikiramdam: One pivotal aspect or kapwa data contributors appear to be influenced. e.g. Asch's
 Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation of all person perception study
filipino surface values: Reactive-orientation Model
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob  the participants in the data collection are reacting to
 The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is what is currently taking place between them. e.g. verbal
operative in bahala na conditioning research.
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka Mutual-orientation Model
 The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral and  the data collector and contributor give something to,
interpersonal domains: and gain something from the data collection, e.g.
biro-lambing-tampo. Piaget's early research on conservation.

SP: Lapit at Pamamaraan

FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS  In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants,
called kalahok, are considered as equal in status to the
Filipino Psychology, defined by Enriquez researcher. The participants are included in the research
 It takes into account the study of: as a group, and not as individuals – hence, an umpukan,
a. emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and or natural cluster, is required to serve as the
kamalayan), participants, per se.
b. awareness of one's surroundings (ulirat)  The researcher is introduced to a natural cluster by a
c. information and understanding (isip) tulay (bridge), who is a part of the umpukan and is a
d. habits and behavior (another meaning of diwa), well-respected man in the community.
e. soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about
people's conscience Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Features
 Principal emphasis is on identity and national  contextualized;
consciousness, social awareness and involvement,  draws from a broad, diverse sample base;
psychology of language and culture, and applications  uses multiple methods;
and bases of Filipino psychology in health practices,  open to interdisciplinary frameworks and perspectives
agriculture, art, mass media, religion, etc.
Indigenization in the Philippines Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Guiding
 Indigenization from without Principles
Transfer of western (WEIRD) psychological methods 1. Research participants must be treated as equal, if not
 Indigenization from within superior, to the researchers;
Development of methods, concepts, and theories within the 2. Welfare of the participants takes precedence over any
Philippine concepts, and theories and modify it to fit local information taken from them;
culture. 3. Appropriateness (and not its sophistication) to the
intended population should be the primary basis for selecting
methods; and
4. The language of the participants should be the language of
the research.
Santiago-Enriquez Research Model  Pakikiramdam
 Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model  The researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or
 Scale of the Scale of the Relationship or Interaction emotions to justify if his participants or kalahok are
between the Researcher and the Researchee ready to be part of his research or not The term
 Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok damdam literally means 'inner perception of emotions'
 The level of interaction between the researcher and the  The use of pakikiramdam as 'feeling for another'
researchee significantly determines the quality of data (cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher knows
obtained. when to ask or avoid questions, interprets a 'for a 'no'.

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Pagtatanong-tanong

Ibang-tao category Hindi ibang-tao category  Filipino word for "asking questions," the repetition of
(outsider) (one-of-us) tanong to tanong tanong' indicates seriousness of
 pakikitungo (amenities,  pakikipagpalagayang- purpose, one is truly determined to get answers to ones
civility loob (mutual trust) questions

 pakikisalimuha  pakikisangkot (active Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong:

(interaction) involvement 1. Get to know the people, place, lifestyle
 pakikilahok  pakikiisa (full trust) 2. Greet informants, give credentials (name the go between)
(participation, joining) 3. Go tell them the purpose of the study
 pakikibagay 4. Give an estimate of the expected length of the session 5.
(conforming) Guide questions are used when necessary
 pakikisama (adjusting, 6. Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
being along with)
Principle of pagtatanong-tanong
 The issue of reliability, consistency of response

Pakikipagkwentuhan
 The researcher engages in a story telling with an
umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the
facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one
who are to talk The term kwento from the Spanish word
cuento literally means 'to tell a story'
Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan
1. initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before living-in the
community (panunuluyan)
Santiago-Enriquez Research Model 2. introduce yourself to the community
Scale of the Researcher (Iskala ng Mananaliksik) 3. invite yourself to community gatherings
 These are methods used by the researcher in generating 4. initiate a conversation when in a natural cluster
data that are tried and tested and are culturally 5. invest time in story sharing sessions
sensitive and appropriate in doing research with
Filipinos. Worth or value of story produced from the kwentuhan
session kwenta ng kwento
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research Approaches and Techniques  Libangan
 Pakapa-kapa ('groping', a field of method)  linangan ng kaalaman
 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitiveness)  lunas sa karamdaman
 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pakikipagkwentuhan Ginabayang talakayan
 Pagdadalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)  Collective discussion technique
 Panunuluyan  'sama-sama' orientation

Pakapa-kapa Pagdalaw-dalaw
 an approach characterized by groping, an approach  The researcher occasionally visits the house of his host
characterized by groping, searching, probing into an or tulay as opposed to staying in the house The term
unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be dalaw literally means 'visit'.
able to obtain order, meaning, and directions for
research. Panunuluyan.
 can be related to unobtrusive techniques because the  The researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or
actual procedures for collecting information may range participant while he conducts the research with consent
from observation, documentation, intervention, by the host family
participation.  The term tuloy which is the root word of the term
panunuluyan literally means 'to go in'
 From ibang tao to hindi ibang tao
 Panunuluyan kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal
Panunuluyan

Panunuluyan approach
Suliraning etikal
a. Pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
b. Pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
c. Pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
d. Paghingi ng pahintulot
e. Pagtanaw ng utang na loob pamemerwisyo
f. Pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian

Filipino Intellectual Tradition

 Filipino philosophy of science incorporates the demands
of empirical validation from reliability and validity to
affirmability and authenticity.

Levels of validity & scientific standards

a. katatagan (replicability, reliability)
b. katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
c. patibay (certification)
d. patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
e. patunay (authenticity)