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Research

Research notes papers

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30 views32 pages

Research

Research notes papers

Uploaded by

ahtasham ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Research
Muhammad Nasar Iqbal
Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences
The University of Lahore
Teacher Expectations
• Active Participation • Effort and Dedication

• Respectful Behavior • Respect for Deadlines

• Punctuality and Attendance • Collaboration and Teamwork

• Preparation and Responsibility • Honesty and Integrity

• Curiosity and Openness to • Far from the use of Mobile phone


Learning during the class
Course Goals
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of research characteristics and
the role of a researcher in conducting rigorous studies.
2. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative research
methodologies, including their unique features and applications.
3. Master the complete research process, from conceptualization to
reporting findings.
4. Conduct thorough literature reviews to identify research gaps, critically
evaluate sources, and synthesize relevant research articles.
Course Goals
1. Formulate clear and researchable problems, questions, and hypotheses.
2. Understand various research designs and data collection methods.
3. Thoroughly understand the unique features of Qualitative research
designs.
4. Adhere to professional ethics in conducting a research and publishing
results.
5. Master the APA-7 formatting style for scholarly writing and
presentation of research work.
What is Research
• Whether we are aware of it or not, we are surrounded by research.
• Educators, Administrators, Government Officials
• Business Leaders, Human Service Providers
• Health Care Professionals and many more.
Research can be used to:
• Raise Children, Reduce Crime, Improve Public Health
• Sell Products, Improve Workers’ Efficiency, or understand one’s life.
What is Research
General image of the research is:
• Something to do with the laboratory where scientists are
supposedly doing some experiments.
• Somebody who is interviewing consumers to find out their
opinion about the new packaging of milk is also doing research.
• So, what will be the definition of Research?
Definition of Research
• Research is considered as an organized, systematic, data based,
critical, and scientific investigation into a specific problem.

• Research is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem


after through study and analysis of the situational factors.

• It is gathering information needed to answer a question, and


thereby help in solving a problem.
Why we do Research?

• Rejection of something

• Changing or Adding something


Characteristics of a
Research
Characteristics of Research
• From these definitions it is clear that research is a process for collecting,
analyzing and interpreting information to answer questions.

• But to qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics:


• Controlled
• Rigorous
• Systematic
• Valid and verifiable
• Empirical and critical.
Characteristics of Research
Control: You set up your study in a way that minimizes the effects of
other factors affecting the relationship.

Rigorous: You must be trustworthy in ensuring that the procedures


followed to find answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and
justified.

Systematic: This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an


investigation follow a certain logical sequence.
Characteristics of Research
Valid and verifiable: whatever you conclude on the basis of your
findings is correct and can be verified by you and others.

Empirical: any conclusions drawn are based upon hard evidence


gathered from information collected from real-life experiences or
observations.

Critical: The process adopted and the procedures used must be able to
withstand critical scrutiny.
Characteristics of a
Researcher
• Rational • Rigor

• Flexibility • Committed

• Creativity • Critical thinking

• Open-minded • Evidence based knowledge

• Energetic • Command

• Passionate • Focus

• Strong observation • Decision maker


Classification of Research
• Before a researcher begins to conduct a study, he or she must decide on a
specific type of research.

• Good researchers understand the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

• For classification of research we shall look from four dimensions:


1. The purpose of doing research
2. The intended uses of research
3. The time dimension in research
4. The research (data collection) techniques used in it.
1. Purpose based 2. Uses bases
a. Exploratory Research a. Basic Research
b. Descriptive Research
b. Applied Research
c. Explanatory Research

3. Time based 4. Data collection based


a. Cross-sectional Research a. Quantitative (Experiments, Surveys etc.)
b. Longitudinal Research b. Qualitative (Case study, focus group etc.)
Purpose Base
Research
Exploratory Research
• This is when a study is undertaken with the objective either to explore
an area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of
undertaking a particular research study.

• When a study is carried out to determine its feasibility it is also called


a feasibility study or a pilot study.

• Exploratory studies are conducted to develop, refine and/or test


measurement tools and procedures.
Descriptive Research
• Descriptive research is a type of research that is used to describe the
characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.

• Without studying “why, when and How”.

Examples of Descriptive research methods:


• Observational method

• Case study method

• Survey method
Explanatory Research
• Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a
relationship between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon.

• This type of research attempts to explain, for example:

• Why stressful living results in heart attacks?

• How the home environment affects children’s level of academic


achievement.

• How family support enhance self-esteem in a child


Uses Base
Research
Basic Research
• Basic research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of
thinking about the world.

• It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory.

• Basic research generates new ideas, principles and theories, which may
not be immediately utilized.
Applied Research
• Applied research is a research which is used to solve a specific or
practical issues affecting an individual or a group.

• Applied research is frequently a descriptive research, and its main


strength is its immediate practical use.

• Applied research is conducted when decision must be made about a


specific real-life problem.
Time Base
Research
Cross-sectional Research
• In cross-sectional research, researchers observe at one point in time.

• Cross-sectional research is usually the simplest and least costly


alternative.

• Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the change processes.

• Cross-sectional research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory,


but it is most consistent with a descriptive approach to research.
Longitudinal Research
• Researchers using longitudinal research examine features of people or
other units at more than one time.

• It is usually more complex and costly than cross-sectional research but it


is also more powerful, especially when researchers seek answers to
questions about change.
Data
Collection
Base Research
Data collection base Research
Quantitative:

• Data in numeric values i.e. Experiments, Surveys etc.

Qualitative:

• Data is a subjective way i.e. Case study, focus group etc.


Correlational Research
• Is a type of research in which we find relationship in two or more
variables, phenomenon and constructs.

• In correlational research, three types of relationship we can find.


1. Positive correlation
2. Negative correlation
3. No correlation
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation

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