Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

Prepared by Dr Phil Stephenson (March 2022)

SECTION A
Answer all six questions from this section (60 marks in total).

Question 1
Suppose that the function f is given by
f(x) = x6 – 6x5 + 6x4 + 8.
Show that f has three critical points. Determine whether each critical point is a local maximum,
local minimum or inflexion point.

Question 2
The function f is defined by
f(x, y) = x2 + 7x + 8xy + xy2 + x2y.
Find the critical points of f and determine, for each, whether it is a local maximum, a local
minimum or a saddle point.

Question 3
Express the following system of equations in matrix form, and solve it using row operations.
4x – y – 3z = 7
2x – 3y – z = 7
3x – 5y + z = 16.

Question 4
Determine the following integrals:
6𝑥+4
∫ 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 , ∫(𝑥 + 1)[ln⁡(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8)]2 𝑑𝑥

Question 5
An arithmetic progression has the following properties:
* the sum of the first twelve terms is –840;
* the twelfth term is five times the second term.

Determine the first term and the common difference.

Question 6
The demand equation for a good is q(3p + 2) = 34 and the supply equation is q – 2p + 8 = 0
where p is the price and q is the quantity. Determine the equilibrium price and quantity.
Sketch the supply and demand functions for p  0.

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

SECTION B
Answer both questions from this section (20 marks each).

Question 7
(a) The market value of an asset, if it is sold at time t  0, is assumed to be V(t) = (t + 2)2.
The present value P(t) of money raised if it is sold at time t is V(t)e–0.1t.
Show that there is one critical point for P(t) for t  0.
Use the second derivative test to show that P(t) is maximised at the critical value of t.
Determine the maximum value of P(t), expressing your answer in terms of e.

(b) A company’s production function is given by

Q = 100[0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]2/5
and input limitations mean that 16K + 3L = 134. Use the Lagrange multiplier method
to find the values of K and L that maximise the production function subject to the given
constraint.

Question 8
(a) A firm is a monopoly for the good it produces.
Its marginal cost function is MC = 2q2 + 3, where q is the quantity it produces, and it
has fixed costs of 15. The demand equation for its good is given by 2p + q = 48, where
p is the price. Find expressions, in terms of q, for the total cost, total revenue and profit.
Determine the production level q that gives maximum profit.

(b) The population of a village is 6000 at the start of 2022. Each year, 2% of the population
leave the village, and 300 new residents move in. Find an expression, in as simple a
form as possible, for the population of the village N years after the start of 2022. What
happens to the population of the village in the long run?

END OF PAPER

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

Solutions

1. f(x) = x6 – 6x5 + 6x4 + 8

f (x) = 6x5 – 30x4 + 24x3
= 6x3(x2 – 5x + 4)
= 6x3(x – 1)(x – 4)
 f (x) = 0  x = 0 or x = 1 or x = 4
So, there are three critical points: x = 0, x = 1, x = 4.
Method 1
f (x) = 30x4 – 120x3 + 72x2, since f (x) = 6x5 – 30x4 + 24x3
f (1) = 30 – 120 + 72 < 0, so local maximum at x = 1
f (4) = 30(4)4 – 30(4)4 + 72(4)2 = 72(4)2 > 0, so local minimum at x = 4
f (0) = 0, so second derivative test fails. Therefore, use first derivative test:

x<0 x=0 0<x<1

6x3 – 0 +
(x – 1) – – –
(x – 4) – – –

f (x) = 6x3(x – 1)(x – 4) – 0 +

Shape of graph
So, local minimum at x = 0
Method 2
x<0 x=0 0<x<1 x=1 1<x<4 x=4 x>4
6x3 – 0 + + + + +
(x – 1) – – – 0 + + +
(x – 4) – – – – – 0 +

f (x) = 6x3(x – 1)(x – 4) – 0 + 0 – 0 +

Shape of graph

So, local minimum at x = 0, local maximum at x = 1, local minimum at x = 4

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

2. f(x, y) = x2 + 7x + 8xy + xy2 + x2y

f
= 2x + 7 + 8y + y2 + 2xy
x
f
= 8x + 2xy + x2
y
f f
Critical points occur when = 0 and =0
x y
f
= 0  x(8 + 2y + x) = 0  x = 0 or x = –2y – 8
y
f
Put x = 0 into = 0: 7 + 8y + y2 = 0  (y + 1)(y + 7) = 0  y = –1 or y = –7
x
f
Put x = –2y – 8 into = 0: 2(–2y – 8) + 7 + 8y + y2 + 2y(–2y – 8) = 0
x
 –4y – 16 + 7 + 8y + y2 – 4y2 – 16y = 0
 –3y2 – 12y – 9 = 0
 y2 + 4y + 3 = 0
 (y + 1)(y + 3) = 0
 y = –1 or y = –3, where x = –2y – 8
Hence, the critical points are (0, –7), (0, –1), (–6, –1) and (–2, –3)
2 f 2 f 2 f
= 2 + 2y , = 2x , = 8 + 2y + 2x
x 2 y 2 xy
2
2 f 2 f 2 f  2 f   2 f   2 f 
(x, y) H =  2   2  –  
x 2 y 2 xy  x   y   xy 
(0, –7) –12 0 –6 0 – 36 = –36

(0, –1) 0 0 6 0 – 36 = –36

(–6, –1) 0 –12 –6 0 – 36 = –36

(–2, –3) –4 –4 –2 16 – 4 = 12

(0, –7), (0, –1) and (–6, –1) are saddle points since H < 0.
2 f
(–2, –3) is a local maximum since < 0 and H > 0.
x 2
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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

3.

4 −1 −3  x  7
In matrix form: (2 −3 −1)  y  = ( 7 )
3 −5 1  z  16
4 –1 –3 7 R1 – R3
Augmented 2 –3 –1 7 3R2 – 2R3
matrix: 3 –5 1 16 R3 – R2

1 4 –4 –9
→ 0 1 –5 –11
1 –2 2 9 (R1 – R3)/6

1 4 –4 –9 R1 – 4R3
→ 0 1 –5 –11
0 1 –1 –3 (R3 – R2)/4

1 0 0 3
→ 0 1 –5 –11 R2 + 5R3
0 0 1 2

1 0 0 3
→ 0 1 0 –1
0 0 1 2

Hence, x = 3, y = –1, z = 2
Note: You need to finish with back substitution if you stop row-reducing when there
are any non-zero values above the main diagonal.

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

4. (a)

Method 1 (partial fractions using cover-up rule)

6𝑥+4 6𝑥+4
∫ 2𝑥 2+5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
7 −14
( ) ( )
3.5 −7
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥−1 𝑥+3
2 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥−1 𝑥+3
= ln|2x – 1| + 2ln|x + 3| + C

Method 2 (partial fractions using substitution)

6𝑥+4 6𝑥+4
∫ 2𝑥 2+5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵
= + so that A(x + 3) + B(2x – 1) = 6x + 4
(2𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 2𝑥−1 𝑥+3

1
Sub x = : 3.5A = 7  A = 2
2

Sub x = –3: –7B = –14  B = 2

6𝑥+4 2 2
∫ 2𝑥 2+5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = ln|2x – 1| + 2ln|x + 3| + C

Method 3 (partial fractions using equating coefficients)

6𝑥+4 6𝑥+4
∫ 2𝑥 2+5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵
= + so that A(x + 3) + B(2x – 1) = 6x + 4
(2𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 2𝑥−1 𝑥+3

So, (A + 2B)x + (3A – B) = 6x + 4

Equating coefficients of x: A + 2B = 6
Equating constant terms: 3A – B = 4
Solving, we obtain A = 2 and B = 2
6𝑥+4 2 2
∫ 2𝑥 2+5𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
= ln|2x – 1| + 2ln|x + 3| + C

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

du 1
(b) Let u = x2 + 2x + 8  = 2x + 2  (x + 1)dx = du
dx 2
1
So, I = ∫(𝑥 + 1)[ln⁡(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8)]2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[ln(𝑢)]2 𝑑𝑢
2
Let f = (ln u)2 , g=1
2ln⁡(𝑢)
 f=
𝑢
, g=u  fg  = fg −  f  g

1
So, I = [u(ln u)2 – 2(ln u)du], using parts
2

Let f = ln u , g=1
1
 f= , g=u
𝑢
1
So, I = u(ln u)2 – [u(ln u) – (1)du], using parts again
2

1
= u(ln u)2 – u(ln u) + u + C
2

1
= (x2 + 2x + 8)[ln(x2 + 2x + 8)]2 – (x2 + 2x + 8)ln(x2 + 2x + 8)
2

+ x2 + 2x + K (you may replace x2 + 2x + K by x2 + 2x + 8 + C)

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n
5. S12 = –840 and Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2

So, 6(2a + 11d) = –840

So, 2a + 11d = –140 ……………………..………... (1)
The terms in an arithmetic sequence are:
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, a + 5d, a + 6d, ...
12th term = 5 × 2nd term, so a + 11d = 5(a + d)
So, a + 11d = 5a + 5d, so 4a = 6d
So, 2a = 3d ………………………………………… (2)
Put (2) into (1): 3d + 11d = –140
So, 14d = –140
So, d = –10
From (2), 2a = –30, so a = –15
Hence, the first term is –15 and the common difference is –10.

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

6. At equilibrium, qS(p) = qD(p)

34
 2p – 8 =
3𝑝+2

 (3p + 2)(2p – 8) = 34
 6p2 – 20p – 50 = 0
 3p2 – 10p – 25 = 0
 (p – 5)(3p + 5) = 0 or use quadratic formula
 p* = 5 (since p  0)
 q* = 10 – 8 = 2
Hence, the equilibrium price and quantity are p* = 5 and q* = 2

q
Sketch for p  0 (which means q can be negative):

17

Supply

2 Demand

0 4 5 p

–8

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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

7. (a) P(t) = (t + 2)2e–0.1t

P (t) = 2(t + 2)e–0.1t – 0.1(t + 2)2e–0.1t
= 0.1(t + 2)e–0.1t[20 – (t + 2)]
= 0.1(t + 2)e–0.1t(18 – t)
P (t) = 0  t = 18 (we cannot have t = –2 since t  0)
There is one critical point, occurring at t = 18.
P(18) = (20)2e–0.1(18) = 400e–1.8
P (t) = –0.1(t + 2)(t – 18)e–0.1t
= –0.1e–0.1t(t2 – 16t – 36)
P (t) = 0.01e–0.1t(t2 – 16t – 36) – 0.1e–0.1t(2t – 16)
= 0.01e–0.1t[t2 – 16t – 36) – 10(2t – 16)]
= 0.01e–0.1t(t2 – 36t + 124)
P (18) = 0.01e–1.8(324 – 648 + 124) = –2e–1.8
So, P (18) < 0
Hence, P(t) is maximised when t = 18.
The maximum value of P(t) is 400e–1.8
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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

7. (b) Lagrangean: F = 100[0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]2/5 – (16K + 3L – 134)

F
= 0  40[0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]–3/5K3/2 – 16 = 0
K
  = 5 [0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]–3/5K3/2 ……………….. (1)
2

F
= 0  40[0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]–3/5 3 L3/2 – 3 = 0
L 2
  = 20[0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]–3/5L3/2 ……………….. (2)
F
= 0  –(16K + 3L – 134) = 0  16K + 3L = 134 ….. (3)
λ

(1), (2)  [0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]–3/5K3/2 = 20[0.4K5/2 + 0.6L5/2]–3/5L3/2

5
2


5
K3/2 = 20L3/2
2

 K3/2 = 8L3/2
𝐾 3/2
 ( ) =8
𝐿
𝐾
 = 82/3 = (23)2/3 = 22
𝐿
 K = 4L …………………………………………….…… (4)
Put (4) into (3): 64L + 3L = 134  67L = 134  L = 2
From (4), K = 8
Constrained maximum of Q occurs when K = 8 and L = 2.
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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

8. (a) TC =  MC = (2q2 + 3)dq

= 2 q3 + 3q + K
3

TC = FC = 15 when q = 0
 15 = 0 + K  K = 15

 TC = 2 q3 + 3q + 15
3

Demand equation: 2p + q = 48
 2p = 48 – q

 p = 24 – q
1
2

1 1
TR = pq = (24 – q)q = 24q – q2
2 2

 = TR – TC = 24q – 1 q2 – ( 2 q3 + 3q + 15)
2 3

1 2
= 24q – q2 – q3 – 3q – 15
2 3

 = – 2 q3 – 1 q2 + 21q – 15 (profit)
3 2

  = –2q2 – q + 21
  = 0  2q2 + q – 21 = 0
 (2q + 7)(q – 3) = 0 or use quadratic formula
 q = 3 since q ≥ 0
  = –4q – 1
  (3) = –13 < 0
 Profit is maximised when q = 3
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 Mathematics 1 : 2022 Prelim Exam

8. (b)

Year Population at beginning of year Population at end of year

6000
2022 0.98(6000) + 300
= population 0 years after Jan 2022
0.98(6000) + 300
2023 (0.98)26000 + (0.98)300 + 300
= population 1 year after Jan 2022
(0.98)26000 + (0.98)300 + 300 (0.98)36000 + (0.98)2300
2024
= population 2 years after Jan 2022 + (0.98)300 + 300
(0.98)36000
2025 + (0.98)2300 + (0.98)300 + 300
= population 3 years after Jan 2022

In general, the population N years after the start of 2022 is

yN = (0.98)N6000 + 300[1 + 0.98 + (0.98)2 +    + (0.98)N – 1]
300[1−(0.98)𝑁 ] a(1 − r n )
= (0.98)N6000 + Sn =
1−0.98 1− r
= (0.98)N6000 + 15000[1 – (0.98)N]
= 15000 – 9000(0.98)N
0 < 0.98 < 1, so (0.98)N → 0 as N → 
So, yN → 15000 as N → .
In the long run, the population will converge to 15000, increasing.
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