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3 Forces and Motion 2022

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19 views37 pages

3 Forces and Motion 2022

Uploaded by

05titonduati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Forces

and
Motion
What is Force?

• A push or pull that acts on an object


• Can cause a resting object to move
• Can accelerate a moving object
– By changing its speed or direction
Force Measurement
• Torque meters
• Tensile testers
• Peel testers
• Compression testers
• Spring scale: Stretch of the spring
depends on the mass of the object acting
on it
• Unit of Force : Newton (N)
Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces

• Balanced force:
– Combine to produce a net force of zero
– No change in the object’s motion
• Unbalanced force:
– Net force equals the size of the larger
force minus the size of the smaller force
– Net force does not equal zero
– Causes an object to accelerate
Representing Forces
Friction force

• Force that opposes the motion of


objects that touch as they move past
each other
• Acts at the surface where objects are
in contact
• 4 types of friction
Types of Friction
• Static friction
– Force that acts on objects
that are not moving
– Always acts in the direction
opposite to that of the
applied force
• Sliding friction
– Force that opposes the
direction of motion of an
object as it slides over a
surface
Types of Friction
• Rolling friction
– Change in shape at the point
of rolling contact

• Fluid friction
– Opposes the motion of an
object through fluid
– Increases the speed of the
object moving through the
fluid
– Fluids (gas and liquids)
Gravity
• Force that acts between
two masses
• Attractive force
– Pulls objects together
• Earth’s gravity
• Acts downwards towards
the center of the earth
Gravity and Falling Objects
• Gravity causes objects to
accelerate downward
• Air resistance (fluid
friction) acts in the
direction opposite to the
motion and reduces
acceleration
Gravity and Falling Objects
• Terminal velocity
– Constant velocity of a
falling object when force of
resistance equals gravity
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
• Law of inertia
– Inertia:
– Tendency of an object to resist change
in its motion; or,
– inability of objects to move on its own
or change its state of motion
• State of an object does not change as long
as the net force acting on it is zero.
Every object continues to be in the state of
rest or of uniform motion (constant velocity)
unless there is external force acting on it
Newton’s 1 st Law of Motion
• Depending on the circumstances, there can
be three types of inertia:
• Inertia of rest: When a stationary bus
starts to move, the passengers experience
a sudden backward push
• Inertia of motion: When the bus is
in motion, and if the brake is applied
suddenly, passengers move forward
and hit against the front seat.
• Inertia of direction: When a stone
attached to a string is in whirling motion, and if
the string is cut suddenly,
the stone will not continue to move in
circular motion.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
The force acting on an object is equal to the
rate of change of its momentum

• The momentum of the object is defined as p = mv


• In most cases, the mass of the object remains
constant during the motion.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
• The acceleration of an object is always in
the same direction as the net force
• Net forces in the opposite direction of
object’s motion
– Force produces deceleration and reduces speed
– Ex. Seat belts
• Units for Acceleration are equivalent
– N/kg=m/s2
Weight and Mass
• Weight & Mass are Different
• Weight
– The force of gravity acting on an object
– Product of the mass and acceleration due
to gravity
– Unit is Newtons (N)
Weight and Mass
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
1.A boy pushes forward a cart of groceries with a
total mass of 40.0 kg. What is the acceleration of
the cart if the net force on the cart is 60.0 N?
a=F/m
= 60.0 N/40.0 kg
= 1.50 m/s2
• 2.What is the upward acceleration of a helicopter
with a mass of 5000 kg if a force of 10,000 N acts
on it in an upward direction?

a=F/m
= 10000 N/5000 Kkg
= 2 m/s2
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
3.An automobile with a mass of 1200 kg accelerates
at a rate of 3.0 m/s2 in the forward direction.
What is the net force acting on the automobile?
(Hint: Solve the acceleration formula for force.)
a=F/m F=ma
= 1200 kg(3.0 m/s2)
= 3600 N
4.A 25-N force accelerates a boy in a wheelchair at
0.5 m/s2 What is the mass of the boy and the
wheelchair? (Hint: Solve Newton's second law for
mass.) a=F/m m=F/a
= 25 N/0.50 m/s2
= 50 k/=g
Section 2 Practice Problems
6.A bicycle takes 8.0 seconds to accelerate at a
constant rate from rest to a speed of 4.0 m/s. If
the mass of the bicycle and rider together is
85 kg, what is the net force acting on the bicycle?
(Hint: First calculate the acceleration.)

a=(vf-vi)/t
= (4.0 m/s) / 8.0 s
= 0.50 m/s2
F=ma
= 85 kg x 0.50 m/s2
= 43 N
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
“For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction”.

• It means that when the object 1 exerts force on the


object 2, the object 2 exerts equal and opposite force
on the body 1 at the same instant.
• Demonstration of Newton’s third law
o Hammer and the nail
o Ball bouncing off the wall
o Walking on the floor with friction
Law of Conservation of Momentum
• If no net force acts on a system, then the
total momentum of the system does not
change
• In a closed system, loss of momentum of one
object equals the gain in momentum of
another object
Universal Forces
• Electromagnetic force – associated with
charged particles.
• Electric force and magnetic force are the
only forces that can both attract and repel.
– Electric forces act between charged objects or
particles such as electrons or protons.
– Magnetic forces act on certain metals, on the
poles of magnets, and on moving charges.
Universal Forces
• Nuclear forces – one strong and one weak –
hold the nucleus of atoms together and keep
the positive protons from repelling each
other and destroying the atom
– Strong nuclear force acts only on neutrons and
protons in a nucleus – holds them together. Acts
at a longer range than weak nuclear forces.
– Weak nuclear force acts only over a short range
Universal Forces
• Gravitational Force – an attractive force
acting between any two masses
– Gravitational force depends on two factors:
mass and distance apart
– More mass or less distance = more gravity
– Gravity acts over LARGE distances
– Weakest universal force
Universal Forces
• Centripetal force – center-directed force
that continuously changes the direction of
an object to make it move in a circle
• Centrifugal force (centrifuge) doesn’t
actually exist in science!
• Earth’s gravitational attraction keeps the
moon in an orbit around the Earth. This
gives us tides. Similarly to how the moon
orbits Earth, satellites are able to orbit!
Examples
Exercise
Gravitational
Law
A General Expression for the
Gravitational Force
More generally,
 m1m2
F G 2 (This force is always Attractive)
r

G  6.67 10 11 Nm 2 /kg 2


Revisiting Gravitational Force
 
F  mg
More Specifically,
 
FFrom Earth on an Object  mobject g
At the surface of the Earth
 Mm
F G 2
R
where M is the mass of Earth,
m is the mass of the object
R is the Radius of the Earth

   Mm
But since F  mg with F  G 2
R
 GM
g  2 (acceleration due to gravity on the earth)
R
Characteristics of the Gravitational
Force
 m1m2
F G 2 r
r
•The force is always attractive.
•There is a Newton’s third law force pair involved.
•It acts along a line connecting the centers of the two objects (called
a Central Force)
•It is inversely proportional to r2
•Experimental measurement show us that it is a conservative force.
Defining the Potential Energy
Associated with this Force
U  U b  U a  Wab
Wab   Fds   F dr
b b

a a

 m1m2
F G 2
r
POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Choose U = 0 at r = 

U    F dr
r

GMm
U 
r

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