CONTENTS

1. Title............................................................... 1

2. CERTIFICATE .............................................. 2

3. ACKNOWLDGEMENT ................................... 3

4. CONTENTS …………………………………….. 4

5. OBJECTIVES .............................................. 5

6. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 5-6

7. THEORY …………………………………….. ....... 7-13

8. APP ARAT US REQUIRED …………………. 14-15

9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED ............... 16

10. Applications ........................................ 17

11. PRECAUTION ...............................18

12. REFRENCES ........................ 19…

4
 OBJECTIVES…

To investigate the relation between the

ratio of:–
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of
a self made transformer .

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-

versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

according to this principle, the amount of magnetic f lux

2
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the

neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

changing the A. C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used

device in both low and high current circuit.

As such transformers are built in an am azing strength of

sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,

transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few

tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may

weight hundred of tones.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up

transformer. A transformer which decreases the A. C. voltages is

called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

high and low current circuits.

3
THEORY…

Fig: - 1

4
 Fig: - 2

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the prim ary coil p1p2,

an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering

current in the prim ary produces a changing magnetic flux,

which induces altering voltage in the primar y as well as in

the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic

f lux linked with prim ary is also linked with the secondary,

and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the

secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the

primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the

e.m.f induced in the primar y and the secondary and Np and

Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the

transformer and

dɸ
dt
= rate of change of f lux in each turnoff the coil at this

instant.

A n d then

dɸ
Ep = -N p dt
……………………………….. (1)

dɸ
Es = -N s dt
……………………………….. (2)

5
Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.

Ns = No. of turns of the secondary coil.

Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil.

Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil

From the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get;

Es / Ep = - N s / N p .................................................... (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primar y coil

is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of

the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,

p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary

coil is given by :

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = I p Rp

When the resistance of the prim ary is small, Rp I p can be

neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

6
Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / N p = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER …

Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p

If I p = value of prim ary current at the same instant

A n d I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep I p and

Output power at the same instant = Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or

7
Es / Ep = I p / I s = K

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER…

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the

same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same

8
ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the curre nt.

EFFICIENCY …
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output

power to the input power .i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,

η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore

the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

9
ENERGY LOSSES …
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of

conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron

core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy

currents in iron core. It is minim iz ed by taking laminated

cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when

A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation- i.e. hum ming noise of a transformer.

10
APPARATUS REQUIRED…

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12
PROCEDURE …
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper

(say 60). This constitutes prim ary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primar y coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper

wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down

transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A. C main and measure the input voltage

and current using A. C voltmeter and amm eter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

s1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A. C main and again measure

voltage and current through prim ary and secondary coil of

step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by

changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

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 USES OF TRANSFORMER...
A transformer issued in almost all a.c.

operations -
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,

air conditioner, etc.

 A step down transformer is used for welding

purposes.

 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of

X-Rays and N E O N advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.

over long distances.

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,

telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

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SOURCES OF ERROR…
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings .

CONCLUSION …
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/ Np) with respect to the input

voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio ( Ns/ N p) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

PRECAUTIONS…
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

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 REFRENCES …

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