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PHY 101 - Lecture - 14 - 2024

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25 views22 pages

PHY 101 - Lecture - 14 - 2024

Uploaded by

Kush Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHY101: Introduction to Physics I

Monsoon Semester 2024


Lecture 14

Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences,


Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR

Dr. Binson Babu ([email protected])


Previous Lecture

Restoring forces
Inverse square forces

This Lecture

Work Energy theorem


Path dependent work
Work done under frictional force!

S is total length of path

Question: Let 𝑭 = 𝐴 𝑥𝑦𝚤̂ + 𝑦 !𝚥̂ .


Show that work done under this
force in taking an object from
(0,0) to (0,1), first along path 1
and then along path 2, as shown in
the figure, is path dependent.
𝑭 = 𝐴 𝑥𝑦𝚤̂ + 𝑦 ! 𝚥̂
Path independent work Conservative force

Consider a particle of mass m moving in a force field 𝐹⃗ 𝑟⃗ that


depends only on the position 𝑟⃗ .

⃗ 𝑑𝑟
𝑊+ = 0 𝐹.
+

⃗ 𝑑𝑟
𝑊, = 0 𝐹.
,

If for arbitrary paths (a) and (b) always 𝑾𝒂 = 𝑾𝒃 we name the


integral path-independent and the force field 𝐹⃗ 𝑟⃗ conservative.
Equipotential Surfaces:

𝑈! 𝑈"
B
𝑊!" = 𝐹. 𝑑𝑠
A

𝐹 = |𝐹|𝑟̂
ds = 𝑑𝑟𝑟̂ + 𝑟𝑑θθ,
𝑊!" = |𝐹|𝑑𝑟

Work is done only if you move along the radius vector


Equipotential Surfaces:
C
𝑊!!!#"!" = 𝑊!$" 𝑈!
A
𝑈"
B
B’

D
A’

Work is done only if you move along the radius vector


Work is independent of the path
Equipotential Surfaces:
Assume any of the forces at a distance we studied

and a region where the force is effective (Field of F)

Can you draw a surface in the field


where force is always
Perpendicular to the surface:

Electric Field due to a charge


Equipotential Surfaces:
Equipotential Surfaces:
Equipotential Surfaces:

What is the work done by the


force of the field if a mass move Zero WHY ?
On one of the Equipotential Surface ?

𝑩 л
W= ∫𝑨 𝑭. 𝒅𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟎
𝟐
Potential energy function
Work done by a conservative force depends only on the end
points, not on the path between them.

𝑼(𝒓) is called the potential energy function.


ü Work done by the force on the body to move it from point A to B
equals the difference of the potential energies in these two points.

ü The negative sign provides the convention that work done against
a force field increases potential energy (𝑊 < 0, ∆𝑈 > 0).

On the other hand, work done by the force field decreases


potential energy (𝑊 > 0, ∆𝑈 < 0).
When a ball is thrown upward:
Work is done against gravity, 𝑊 < 0 ( 𝑊 = −𝑚𝑔ℎ, see last class):
à potential energy increases.

When the ball falls, work is done by gravity, 𝑊 > 0.


à potential energy decreases.
Mechanical energy
Work-energy theorem:
𝑊 = 𝐾! − 𝐾" = −𝑈! + 𝑈"
𝐾" + 𝑈" = 𝐾! + 𝑈!
LHS depends only on the position and velocity at A.
RHS depends only on the position and velocity at B.

𝐾" + 𝑈" = 𝐾! + 𝑈! = 𝐸 (constant)


𝑬 is called the total mechanical energy of the particle.
It remains constant i.e. independent of the position of the
particle ------> Energy (mechanical) is conserved.
Now you see why forces for which work done are path
independent, are called conservative.
Points to note

ü Only the difference in potential energy is defined, not the


potential energy itself. The value of total energy E of any
particle is arbitrary to within an additive constant.

ü Conservation of mechanical energy is derived directly


from Newton’s laws. It is just a special case of more
general law of energy conservation.
Reserved Slides
Example 1: Uniform force field
Take a particle moving from 𝑟⃗0 to 𝑟⃗2 . The work done is:
2 2
⃗ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹 𝑛B . 0 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹 𝑛B . 𝑟⃗0 − 𝑟⃗2
𝑊 = 0 𝐹.
0 0
For a constant force, the work is path independent .
𝑈2 − 𝑈0 = −𝑊
E
In case of uniform gravitational field, 𝐹 = −𝑚𝑔𝑘.
The change in potential energy is:
3"

𝑈2 − 𝑈0 = − 0 −𝑚𝑔 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑚𝑔 (𝑧2 − 𝑧0 )
3!

Considering 𝑈 = 0 on ground (𝑧 = 0), 𝑈 ℎ = 𝑚𝑔ℎ.


E
A mass is thrown upward with a velocity 𝑣4 = 𝑣45 𝚤̂ + 𝑣46 𝚥̂ + 𝑣43 𝑘.
The speed at height can be found easily:

𝐾7 + 𝑈7 = 𝐾 ℎ + 𝑈 ℎ
1 ! 1
𝑚𝑣7 + 0 = 𝑚𝑣(ℎ)! + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2 2
𝑣 ℎ = 𝑣7! − 2𝑔ℎ

Same result can be obtained directly from Newton’s 2nd law.


𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎,
⃗ but need to solve three equations for three components!
The source of the kinetic energy of the particle is the work that
has been done in throwing it. When it reach the highest point, it
has the potential to possess kinetic energy, but it does not do so
until it is allowed to fall. Hence, we call the energy storage
mechanism before the particle is released potential energy.
Example 2: Central force
𝐹⃗ = 𝑓(𝑟)𝑟.̂
Change in potential energy:
9⃗" 9"
𝑈2 − 𝑈0 = − 0 ⃗ 𝑑𝑟 = − 0 𝑓 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝐹.
9⃗! 9!
𝐴
For an inverse square force: 𝑓 𝑟 = ! (gravitational, Coulomb)
𝑟
9"
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑈2 − 𝑈0 = − 0 ! 𝑑𝑟 = −
9! 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟0
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
General potential energy function: 𝑈 𝑟 = + 𝑈0 − = +C
𝑟 𝑟0 𝑟
𝐴
Or, 𝑈 𝑟 =
𝑟
Taking C = 0, which corresponds to 𝑈 ∞ = 0.
The spring force is also a central force:

𝐹⃗ = −𝑘(𝑟 − 𝑟7)𝑟̂
9
1
𝑈 𝑟 − 𝑈 𝑟7 = − 0 −𝑘 𝑟 − 𝑟7 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑘(𝑟 − 𝑟7)!
2
9#

1
𝑈 𝑟 = 𝑘(𝑟 − 𝑟7)!+ 𝑈 𝑟7
2
1
= 𝑘(𝑟 − 𝑟7)!
2
Choosing potential energy to be zero at equilibrium.

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