Cell Division

Cell cycle
• Total or sum of changes that occur between
one mitosis to another mitosis cell division.
OR
• It is all those changes which occur during cell
growth and cell division.
• Eg. bacterial cell has 20 min, epithelial cell has
8-10min etc.
• It is divided into: Interphase, Karyokinesis and
cytokinesis.
1.Interphase
It is longest phase. Also known as preparatory phase.
Divided into 3 sub-phases:
a. Gap one(G1 phase):Cell size increases .
Carbohydrate, lipids ,structural and functional
protein are formed. RNAs are formed.
b. Synthetic phase(S-phase):DNA replicates. Histone
protein are formed .Each chromosome has two
chromatid with centromere.
c. Gap two(G2 phase):Duplication of cell organelles
takes place, cell store energy, protein for spindle
fibre are formed.
2.Karyokinesis:Division of nucleus.
3.Cytokinesis:Division of cytoplasm.
 Cell Division
The process of formation of more than one
daughter cells from pre-existing mother cell is
called cell division. It occurs by three ways.
1. Amitosis
2. Mitosis
3. Meiosis
 Amitosis(Direct cell division)
• Cell division by simple cleavage of the nucleus
and division of the cytoplasm without spindle
formation or appearance of chromosomes.
• Discovered by Robert remak (1841), described
by Flemming (1882).
• Cell division in protozoa, bacteria and
cyanobacteria.
 Mitosis
• Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides
into two identical daughter cells have same
number of chromosomes.
• Also known as Somatic cell
division/Equational/Indirect cell division.
• Observed by Strasburger (1870) in plant cells and
Boveri and Flemming (1879) in animals.
• It occurs only in Vegetative/Somatic cells. Equal
number of chromosomes are formed in daughter
cells as in mother cell.
• Mitosis process is necessary for growth and
development of an organism.
 It is completed in three stages:
1.Interphase 2.Karyokinesis 3.Cytokinesis

1.Interphase:
• Preparatory phase
• Replication of chromosome, formation of
proteins etc.
• Appear in thread like structure called
chromatin fibre.
2.Karyokinesis(Karyon:nucleus,kinesis:movement)

It is completed in four phases:

a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
a. Prophase
• Shortening and thickening of chromosome.
• Each chromosome has two chromatids joined by
common centromere.
• Chromosome are arranged irregularly in
nucleoplasm.
• Nuclear membrane, nucleolus start to disappear
and spindle fibre start to appear.
b. Metaphase
• All chromosomes are arranged at equatorial
plane.
• Formation of spindle fibre is complete and
attached to centromere from opposite pole.
• Chromosomes lies close to each other so form
apparent plate called metaphasic plate.
c. Anaphase:
• The centromere of each chromosome divide so
chromatid have its own chromosome.
• Spindle fibre contracts so each chromatid move
towards opposite pole.
• During anaphasic movement centromere leads the path
and limb trail behind. So, it attains V,U,L,J,I shaped
structure.
• True chromosome is appeared in anaphase.
d. Telophase:
• Two groups of chromosomes are organized into two
nuclei.
• The chromosomes elongate and overlap each other to
form chromatin.
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to reappear.
3.Cytokinesis (Gr.kytos :hollow, kinesis :movement)

Division of cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.

Cell organelles are equally distributed in both
cells. It takes place by two methods:
a. Cell plate method: In plant cell
b. Cleavage or constriction method: In animal cell
Mitosis cell division
 Significance of Mitosis(IMP)
• Responsible for growth and development of
multicellular organism.
• Mitosis produce genetically identical cells.
• It maintain number of chromosomes in cells.
• Repair and regeneration of cells. Regeneration
of lost body parts is also possible due to
mitosis.
• Replace old or worn out cells.
• Wound or injury is healed by repeated mitosis
division.
 Meiosis
• Cell division in which a mother cell divide into
four daughter cells having half number of
chromosomes.
• Also known as reductional cell division as
number of chromosome is reduced to half.
• Cells in which meiosis takes place are called
meiocytes.
• First studied by Van Benedin (1887).Term was
coined by Farmer and Moore in 1905.
• Meiosis takes place only in reproductive cells
for gamete formation.
• It is also completed in 3 stages:
1. Interphase

2. Karyokinesis
*Meiosis I-Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I , Telophase I
Interkinesis
*Meiosis II-Prophase II, Metaphase II,
Anaphase II , Telophase II
3. Cytokinesis
1. Interphase:
• All necessary cell organelles are formed.
• Chromosomes replicates in S-phase.
• S-phase of meiosis is longer than mitosis.
• Long thread like chromatin fibre are present.
2. Karyokinesis:
Meiosis I
First nuclear division. Homologous chromosomes
are separated into two nuclei.
Divided into 4 phases:
a. Prophase I:It is complicated and longest
phase. Has 5 sub phases(IMP):
i. Leptotene
ii. Zygotene
iii. Pachytene
iv. Diplotene
v. Diakinesis
i. Leptotene:
• Size of nucleus increases.
• Shortening and thickening of chromosome.
• Chromosome posses swollen area called
chromomeres.
• Replicated chromosomes appear in single chromatid
due to presence of nucleoprotein between two
sister chromatids.
ii. Zygotene
• Homologous chromosomes start pairing along their
length.
• Pairing of homologous chromosome is called
Synapsis (1 mark).
• Paired chromosomes are called as bivalents.
• Bivalents are held together by ribonucleoprotein
forming synaptonemal complex.
iii. Pachytene:
• Nucleoprotein between sister chromatids dissolves
so it appears as 4 chromatids called tetrad.
• The exchange of genetic materials between non-
sister chromatids of homologous chromosome
takes place. The process is called as crossing over.
• Shortening and thickening of chromosomes takes
place.
iv. Diplotene:
• Synaptonemal complex start to dissolve so non-
sister chromatids start separating.
• They start to separate except at the point of
attachment called Chaismata.
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to
disappear.
v. Diakinesis:
• Chaismata slide towards end of the
chromosome and finally disppear separating
non-sister chromatids.The process is called
terminalisation.
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus finally
disppear.
• Spindle fibre start appearing.
b. Metaphase I:
• Formation of spindle fibre is complete and
converse towards opposite end called poles.
• Bivalents are arranged at equatorial plane in
two planes.
• Metaphasic plates are formed.
• Centromere attaches with spindle fibre by
tractile fibrils.
C. Anaphase I:
• Homologous chromosomes gets separate
from one another and move towards
opposite poles by the process called
disjunction that forms two haploid group of
chromosomes.
• Centromeres donot break so each
chromosome bears two chromatids called
dyads.
• They attains different shape like V,U,L,J,I.
• Centromere lead path and arms
trail behind.
D. Telophase I
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear at
two groups of chromosomes on the opposite
poles.
• Chromosomes elongates.
• Two haploid nuclei are formed from single
diploid nucleus (In some cases Telophase is
totally absent).
Interkinesis: similar to Interphase between Meiosis I
& Meiosis II but DNA synthesis donot occur.

Meiosis II
Number of chromosomes remain same as in
meiosis I, similar to mitosis. So, called as Meiotic
mitosis or homotypic division. It is also completed
in 4 phases:
a. Prophase II
b. Metaphase II
c. Anaphase II
d. Telophase II
a. Prophase II:
• Shortening and thickening of
chromosomes.
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
disappear and spindle fibre appear.
b. Metaphase II:
• Dyad chromosomes arrange
themselves in an equatorial plane.
• Centromere attaches with spindle
fibre,with one metaphasic plate
c. Anaphase II:
• Centromere of dyad chromosome
break
down so two chromatids are
separated.
• They move towards opposite pole.

d. Telophase II:
• Four groups of chromosomes
arrange
themselves into four haploid nuclei.
• Reappearance of nuclear
membrane and nucleolus.
• Length of chromosome elongates.
3.Cytokinesis:Formation of four haploid daughter cells
by division of cytoplasm.

a. Successive method: In this method each karyokinesis

is followed by cytokinesis. So, after meiosis I two
haploid cells are formed.
b. Simultaneous method: In this method, cytokinesis
take place once after meiosis II. Four haploid cells are
formed at last.
 Significance of Meiosis: (IMP)
1. Responsible for gamete formation.
2. Maintain fixed number of chromosome in
sexually reproducing organism.
3. Crossing over takes place during meiosis
produce new combination of genes. It lead to
variation.
4. Meiosis is also important for production of
spores in many organisms.
5. Sometimes mutation may occur due to
irregularities in meiosis during Anaphase I.
 Mitosis Meiosis (IMP)

1.Division of a mother cell into two 1.Division of a mother cell into four
daughter cells having same number of daughter cells having half number of
chromosomes. chromosomes.

2.It may take place in haploid or diploid 2.It take place only in diploid reproductive
somatic cells. cells.

3.Produce genetically identical cells. 3.Produce different cells due to crossing

over.
4.Nucleus divide once. 4.Nucleus divide twice.

5.Help in multiplication of cells for growth 5.Involves in production of gametes.

and development.

6.Doesnot cause variation. 6.It cause variation.

•Thank you!!!