REST

REST (Representational State Transfer) is a software architectural style that was created to guide the design and development
of the architecture for the World Wide Web. REST defines a set of constraints for how the architecture of a distributed,
Internet-scale hypermedia system, such as the Web, should behave. The REST architectural style emphasises uniform
interfaces, independent deployment of components, the scalability of interactions between them, and creating a layered
architecture to promote caching to reduce user-perceived latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems.[1]

REST has been employed throughout the software industry to create stateless, reliable web-based applications. An application
that adheres to the REST architectural constraints may be informally described as RESTful, although this term is more
commonly associated with the design of HTTP-based APIs and what are widely considered best practices regarding the "verbs"
(HTTP methods) a resource responds to while having little to do with REST as originally formulated—and is often even at odds
Hypermedia, an extension of
with the concept.[2] hypertext, is a nonlinear medium of
information that includes graphics,
audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks.
Principle This designation contrasts with the
broader term multimedia, which may
The term representational state transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by computer scientist Roy Fielding in his
include non-interactive linear
doctoral dissertation. It means that a server will respond with the representation of a resource (today, it will most often be an
presentations as well as hypermedia.
HTML, XML or JSON document) and that resource will contain hypermedia links that can be followed to make the state of the
The term was first used in a 1965 article
system change. Any such request will in turn receive the representation of a resource, and so on.
written by Ted Nelson. Hypermedia is a
typeneeds
An important consequence is that the only identifier that of tomultimedia that
be known is the features
identifier of the first resource requested, and
interactive
all other identifiers will be discovered. This means that elements, such
those identifiers as hypertext,
can change without the need to inform the client
buttons, client
beforehand and that there can be only loose coupling between or and
interactive
server. images and
videos, allowing users to navigate and
engage with content in a non-linear
History manner.

The Web began to enter everyday use in 1993–1994, when websites for general use started
to become available.[3] At the time, there was only a fragmented description of the Web's
architecture, and there was pressure in the industry to agree on some standard for the Web
interface protocols. For instance, several experimental extensions had been added to the
communication protocol (HTTP) to support proxies, and more extensions were being
proposed, but there was a need for a formal Web architecture with which to evaluate the
impact of these changes.[4]

The W3C and IETF working groups together started work on creating formal descriptions
of the Web's three primary standards: URI, HTTP, and HTML. Roy Fielding was involved
in the creation of these standards (specifically HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, and URI), and during the
next six years he created the REST architectural style, testing its constraints on the Web's
protocol standards and using it as a means to define architectural improvements — and to
identify architectural mismatches. Fielding defined REST in his 2000 PhD dissertation
"Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures"[1][5] at UC
Roy Fielding speaking at OSCON
Irvine. 2008

To create the REST architectural style, Fielding identified the requirements that apply when
creating a world-wide network-based application, such as the need for a low entry barrier to enable global adoption. He also
surveyed many existing architectural styles for network-based applications, identifying which features are shared with other
styles, such as caching and client–server features, and those which are unique to REST, such as the concept of resources.
Fielding was trying to both categorise the existing architecture of the current implementation and identify which aspects
should be considered central to the behavioural and performance requirements of the Web.
By their nature, architectural styles are independent of any specific implementation, and while REST was created as part of the
development of the Web standards, the implementation of the Web does not obey every constraint in the REST architectural
style. Mismatches can occur due to ignorance or oversight, but the existence of the REST architectural style means that they
can be identified before they become standardised. For example, Fielding identified the embedding of session information in
URIs as a violation of the constraints of REST which can negatively affect shared caching and server scalability. HTTP cookies
also violated REST constraints[4] because they can become out of sync with the browser's application state, making them
unreliable; they also contain opaque data that can be a concern for privacy and security.

Architectural properties
The REST architectural style is designed for network-based applications, specifically client-server applications. But more than
that, it is designed for Internet-scale usage, so the coupling between the user agent (client) and the origin server must be as
loose as possible to facilitate large-scale adoption.

The strong decoupling of client and server together with the text-based transfer of information using a uniform addressing
protocol provided the basis for meeting the requirements of the Web: extensibility, anarchic scalability and independent
deployment of components, large-grain data transfer, and a low entry-barrier for content readers, content authors and
developers.

An entity-relationship model of the concepts expressed in the REST architectural style

The constraints of the REST architectural style affect the following architectural properties:[1][6]

Performance in component interactions, which can be the dominant factor in user-perceived performance and network
efficiency;[7]
Scalability allowing the support of large numbers of components and interactions among components;
Simplicity of a uniform interface;
Modifiability of components to meet changing needs (even while the application is running);
Visibility of communication between components by service agents;
Portability of components by moving program code with the data;
Reliability in the resistance to failure at the system level in the presence of failures within components, connectors, or
data.[7]

Architectural constraints
The REST architectural style defines six guiding constraints.[6][8] When these constraints are applied to the system
architecture, it gains desirable non-functional properties, such as performance, scalability, simplicity, modifiability, visibility,
portability, and reliability.[1]

The formal REST constraints are as follows:[9]

 Client/Server – Clients are separated from servers by a well-defined interface
Stateless – A specific client does not consume server storage when the client is "at rest"
Cache – Responses indicate their own cacheability
Uniform interface
Layered system – A client cannot ordinarily tell whether it is connected directly to the end server, or to an intermediary
along the way
Code on demand (optional) – Servers are able to temporarily extend or customize the functionality of a client by
transferring logic to the client that can be executed within a standard virtual machine

Uniform interface
The uniform interface constraint is fundamental to the design of any RESTful system.[1] It simplifies and decouples the
architecture, which enables each part to evolve independently. The four constraints for this uniform interface are:

Resource identification in requests: Individual resources are identified in requests using URIs. The resources themselves
are conceptually separate from the representations that are returned to the client. For example, the server could send data
from its database as HTML, XML or as JSON—none of which are the server's internal representation.
Resource manipulation through representations: When a client holds a representation of a resource, including any
metadata attached, it has enough information to modify or delete the resource's state.
Self-descriptive messages: Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the message. For
example, which parser to invoke can be specified by a media type.[1]
Hypermedia as the engine of application state (HATEOAS) – Having accessed an initial URI for the REST application—
analogous to a human Web user accessing the home page of a website—a REST client should then be able to use server-
provided links dynamically to discover all the available resources it needs. As access proceeds, the server responds with
text that includes hyperlinks to other resources that are currently available. There is no need for the client to be hard-coded
with information regarding the structure of the server.[10]

Classification models
Several models have been developed to help classify REST APIs according to their adherence to various principles of REST
design, such as

the Richardson Maturity Model

the Classification of HTTP-based APIs[11]
the W S3 maturity model[12]

See also
Clean URL – URL intended to improve the usability of a website
Content delivery network – Layer in the internet ecosystem addressing bottlenecks
Domain application protocol (DAP)
List of URI schemes – Namespace identifier assigned by IANA
Microservices – Collection of loosely coupled services used to build computer applications
Overview of RESTful API Description Languages – descriptions of computer network interfaces
Resource-oriented architecture – Architectural pattern in software design
Resource-oriented computing – Architectural pattern in software design
Service-oriented architecture – Architectural pattern in software design
Web-oriented architecture – Architectural pattern in software design
Web services – Service offered between electronic devices via the internet

References
1. Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). "Chapter 5: Representational State Transfer (REST)" (http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/d
issertation/rest_arch_style.htm). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.).
University of California, Irvine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210513160155/https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pu
bs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm) from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2004-08-17.
 2. Fielding, Roy T. (2008-10-20). "REST APIs must be hypertext driven" (http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be
-hypertext-driven). roy.gbiv.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100318060707/http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/200
8/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven) from the original on 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
3. Couldry, Nick (2012). Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice (https://books.google.com/books?id=
AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2). London: Polity Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780745639208. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202402
27165043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false) from the original on 2024-
02-27. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
4. Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). "Chapter 6: Experience and Evaluation" (https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/e
valuation.htm). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of
California, Irvine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022001/https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertatio
n/evaluation.htm) from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
5. "Fielding discussing the definition of the REST term" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151105014201/https://groups.yahoo.c
om/neo/groups/rest-discuss/conversations/topics/6735). groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original (https://groups.yaho
o.com/neo/groups/rest-discuss/conversations/topics/6735) on November 5, 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
6. Erl, Thomas; Carlyle, Benjamin; Pautasso, Cesare; Balasubramanian, Raj (2012). "5.1". SOA with REST: Principles,
Patterns & Constraints for Building Enterprise Solutions with REST. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
ISBN 978-0-13-701251-0.
7. Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). "Chapter 2: Network-based Application Architectures" (http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/d
issertation/net_app_arch.htm). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.).
University of California, Irvine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141216114322/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pub
s/dissertation/net_app_arch.htm) from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
8. Richardson, Leonard; Ruby, Sam (2007). RESTful Web Services (https://archive.org/details/restfulwebservic00rich_0).
Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-52926-0.
9. "What is REST API?" (https://www.visual-paradigm.com/guide/development/what-is-rest-api/). www.visual-paradigm.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240224173920/https://www.visual-paradigm.com/guide/development/what-is-rest-
api/) from the original on 2024-02-24. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
10. Gupta, Lokesh (2 June 2018). "REST HATEOAS" (http://restfulapi.net/hateoas/). REST API Tutorial. RESTfulAPI.net.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407073345/https://restfulapi.net/hateoas/) from the original on 7 April 2019.
Retrieved March 10, 2019.
11. "Classification of HTTP APIs" (http://algermissen.io/classification_of_http_apis.html). algermissen.io. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20230129022641/http://algermissen.io/classification_of_http_apis.html) from the original on 2023-01-29.
Retrieved 2023-01-29.
12. Ivan Salvadori, Frank Siqueira (June 2015). "A Maturity Model for Semantic RESTful Web APIs" (https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/281287283). Conference: Web Services (ICWS), 2015 IEEE International Conference OnAt. New York.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240227165042/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281287283_A_Maturity_
Model_for_Semantic_RESTful_Web_APIs) from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2020-12-14 – via Researchgate.

Further reading
Pautasso, Cesare; Wilde, Erik; Alarcon, Rosa (2014), REST: Advanced Research Topics and Practical Applications (https://
www.springer.com/engineering/signals/book/978-1-4614-9298-6), Springer, ISBN 9781461492986
Pautasso, Cesare; Zimmermann, Olaf; Leymann, Frank (April 2008), "Restful web services vs. "big"' web services",
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web (http://www.jopera.org/docs/publications/2008/restw
s), pp. 805–814, doi:10.1145/1367497.1367606 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1367497.1367606), ISBN 9781605580852,
S2CID 207167438 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207167438)
Ferreira, Otavio (Nov 2009), Semantic Web Services: A RESTful Approach (https://otaviofff.github.io/restful-grounding/),
IADIS, ISBN 978-972-8924-93-5
Fowler, Martin (2010-03-18). "Richardson Maturity Model: steps towards the glory of REST" (https://martinfowler.com/article
s/richardsonMaturityModel.html). martinfowler.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.

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