Industrial

Communication
Techniques
 THE NEED FOR STANDARDS or PROTOCOL

• The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

researched various network schemes to address the
problem of networks being compatible and able to
communicate with each other

• Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model to networking /

internetworking functions in wired or wireless

• It is considered the primary Architectural model for

Industrial communications.
 THE Open Systems Interconnect MODEL

• The OSI model breaks down device to device (d2d)

connection, or more correctly application to application
(a2a) connection, into seven layers

• The OSI model is a descriptive network scheme. It

ensures greater compatibility and interoperability
between various types of network technologies.

• The OSI model describes how information or data

makes its way from application programmes through a
network medium to another application programme
located on another network.
 A LAYERED NETWORK MODEL

• The easy way to remember the seven layers using

the sentence
‘All people should tell no lies period.’
 Seven Layer
 The application layer is at the top with the physical
layer at the bottom.
 From the data link layer up the first five layers are
software.
 The physical layer and half of the data link layer are
hardware.
 The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and
physical) are concerned with the flow of data from end
to end through the network.
 The upper three layers of the OSI model (application,
presentation and session) are orientated more toward
services to the applications.
 Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol
information as it moves down the layers before
network transit.
 LAYER 7: APPLICATION
 The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to
the user.

 It provides network services to the user’s applications.

 The application layer talks to other layers below it as it

talks to the application layer on the other end.

 Examples of such applications are PLC, E-mail, bank

terminal
 LAYER 6: PRESENTATION

 The presentation layer ensures the information of

application layer of one system sends out is readable by
the application layer of another system.

 If necessary, the presentation layer translates between

multiple data formats by using a common format.

 Provides encryption and compression of data.

 Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML, Time

format.
 LAYER 5: SESSION

 The session layer defines how to start, control and end

conversations (called sessions) between applications.

 This includes the control and management of multiple bi-

directional messages using dialogue control.

 The session layer offers provisions for efficient data

transfer.

 Examples :- SQL, ASP(AppleTalk Session Protocol),

Printer.
 LAYER 4: TRANSPORT
 The transport layer regulates information flow to ensure
end-to-end connectivity between host applications reliably
and accurately.

 Layer 4 protocols include TCP (Transmission Control

Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
 LAYER 3: NETWORK

 Defines end-to-end delivery of packets.

 Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be

identified. (IP address)

 Defines how routing works and how routes are learned

so that the packets can be delivered.

 Routers operate at network layer.

 Examples :- IP, IPX.

 LAYER 2: DATA LINK
 The data link layer usually is a combination of both
software (device driver) and physical hardware (the
communication port)

 The data link layer provides access to the networking

media and physical transmission across the media and
this enables the data to locate its intended destination on
a network.

 Concerned with network topology, network access, error

notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control.
Examples :- Ethernet
 LAYER 1: PHYSICAL

 The physical layer deals with the physical characteristics

of the transmission medium (cards, modules, and the wire
of the system).
 It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and
functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and
deactivating the physical link between end systems.
 Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage
changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission
distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes
are defined by physical layer specifications.
 Examples :- driver chips, repeater, connectors and wires

RS 232
 Interface Standards

Many different groups contribute to interface standards:

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
(formerly CCITT)
Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
International Organization for Standards (ISO)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
 RS-232

The most popular serial interface is

RS-232.
RS-232 standard was defined by
the American Electronic Industries
Association (EIA) in 1962.
The standard relates to data
terminal equipment (DTE) and data
communications equipment (DCE).
Minimum configuration
of RS-232 connections
 Data Transmission

DCE (data communicating equipment) - Connecting a

device such as a modem to a computer or DTE (data
terminal equipment)
The connections between the DTE and DCE are the
interchange circuits.
 RS-232

For simplest bi-directional link only the two lines (2 & 3) for
transmitted data and received data, with signal ground (7) for
the return path of these signals.
RS-232 is limited concerning the distance (usually 15 m).
The maximum data rate is about 20 kb/s.
Two voltage stage- MARK and SPACE
Data format is asynchronous and duration of pulse is
depends on baud rate. (1/baud rate)
Example-
9600 baud ----- duration 0.104 ms
 RS-232

RS-232 is the serial connection found on IBM-compatible

PCs.

It is used for connecting a mouse, printer, or modem, as

well as industrial instrumentation.

RS-232 is limited to point-to-point connections between

PC serial ports and devices.
 Character frame

Asynchronous is very simple and convenient. An

asynchronous system is one in which each character or byte
is sent within a frame. The receiver does not start detection
until it receives the first bit, known as the start bit.

The asynchronous approach is the more basic one which

operates at a slow speed and large overheads. It is used
because every PC has an RS 232 port and interface chip.
RS 232
 GPIB
GENERAL PURPOSE INTERFACE BUS
or
IEEE 488
 IEEE 488 Bus Concept
•The GPIB bus was invented by H P Corporation in 1965 to simplify
the interconnection of test instruments with computers

•It is parallel interface

•Devices can be linked using a shielded 24-conductor cable.

•The standard IEEE-488 cable has both a plug and receptacle

connector on both ends.

•Special adapters and non-standard cables are available for special

interconnect applications.
 Physical connection
The devices on the GPIB can be connected in one of two ways:

• Star configuration

• Chain (linear) configuration

 Physical connection rules

•All devices are connected to the bus

•No more than 15 devices, including the controller, may be

on the bus with no less than two thirds powered on.

•Cable length between any two devices may not exceed 4

meters (13.33 feet) with an average separation of 2 meters
(6.66 feet) over the entire bus

•Total cable length may not exceed 20 meters (66.66 feet)

 Physical Bus Structure

The IEEE-488 interface system consists of 16 signal lines and 8

ground lines.

The 16 signal lines are divided into 3 groups

•8 data lines,
•3 handshake lines, and
•5 interface management lines
 GPIB Connector

Pin assignment
 Signal Lines

Three groups of signal lines

 Handshake Lines

•Handshaking process guarantees that the bytes on the

data lines are sent and received without any transmission
errors.

•The three handshake lines (NRFD, NDAC, DAV)

NRFD (Not Ready for Data)

Handshake line is asserted by a Listener to indicate it is
not yet ready for the next data or control byte. Note that
the Controller will not see NRFD released until all
devices have released it.
 Handshake Lines

NDAC (Not Data Accepted)

Handshake line is asserted by a Listener to indicate it
has not yet accepted the data or control byte on the
data lines. Note that the Controller will not see NDAC
released until all devices have released it.

DAV (Data Valid)

Handshake line is asserted by the Talker to indicate that
a data or control byte has been placed on the data lines
and has had the minimum specified stabilizing time.
The byte can now be safely accepted by the devices.
 Handshaking Process

•The GPIB uses asynchronous handshaking, so the actual

data transfer rate is determined by the devices themselves.

•When the Controller or a Talker wishes to transmit data on

the bus, it sets the DAV line high (data not valid), and
checks to see that the NRFD and NDAC lines are both low,
and then it puts the data on the data lines.
 Handshaking Process

Handshaking Timing Diagram

 Handshaking Process

•In response each receiver takes NRFD low again to

indicate it is busy and releases NDAC (not data
accepted) when it has received the data.

•When the last receiver has accepted the data, NDAC

will go high and the Controller or Talker can set DAV
high again to transmit the next byte of data.