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Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B
contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D
contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions
of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one
question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

MCQ -
Assertion & Picture Multiple Choice Subjective
Chapter Name - Reason Based Question Question Total

Electronic Devices - - 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 4 (7)

1 (3)

Current Electricity - - - 1 (1) 1 (3) 2 (4)

Ray Optics and Optical - - - 2 (1) - 2 (2)

Instruments

Magnetism and Matter - - - 2 (1) 1 (2) 3 (4)

Electrostatic Potential and - 1 (1) - 1 (1) - 2 (2)

Capacitance

Moving Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Wave Optics - 1 (1) - 1 (1) 1 (3) 3 (5)

Electric Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Fields

Dual Nature of Radiation - 1 (1) - - 1 (3) 2 (4)

and Matter

Alternating Current - 1 (1) - - - 1 (1)

Electromagnetic Waves - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

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Atoms - - - - 1 (2) 2 (5)

1 (3)

Nuclei - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)

Electromagnetic Waves (4)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)

Electric Charges and (4)
Fields

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

Moving Charges and
Magnetism
Moving Charges and
Magnetism

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Ray Optics and Optical
Instruments
Wave Optics

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance
Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Alternating Current
Alternating Current

Total 2 4 (4) 1 (1) 11 (11) 15 (46) 33

(8) (70)

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 Series ARSP/09 Set ~ 9
Roll No. Q.P Code 15/9/9
Candidates must write the Q.P Code
on the title page of the answer-book.

 Please check that this question paper contains 06 printed pages.

 Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written
on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
 Please check that this question paper contains 33 questions.
 Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book
before attempting it.
 15 Minute times has been allotted to read this question paper. The question
paper will be distributed at 10:15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m to 10.30 a.m, the students
will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer –
book during this period.

PHYSICS

Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

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General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

3. All the sections are compulsory.

4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one

question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. The energy required by an electron to jump the forbidden band in silicon at room temperature is about [1]

a) 0.01 eV b) 0.7 eV

c) 1.1 eV d) 0.05 eV

2. The number of electrons flowing through a conductor per second is 3.3 × 1019. The current flowing through the [1]
conductor is:

a) 2.0 A b) 5.3 A

c) 4.8 A d) 3.4 A
3. A split lens has its two parts separated by a and its focal length is f. An object O is placed at a distance
f
on the [1]
2

axis of the undivided lens. The distance between the virtual source is:

a) a b) a

c) 1

2
af d) 2a

4. A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetisation of 8 Am-1 when placed in an external magnetic field of 0.6T [1]

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 at a temperature of 4K. When the same sample is placed in an external magnetic field of 0.2 T at a temperature
of 16K, the magnetisation will be

a) 6 Am-1 b) 2

3
Am
−1

c) 2.4 Am-1 d) 32

3
Am
−1

5. A capacitor of capacitance C is fully charged by a 200 V supply. It is then discharged through a small coil of [1]
resistance wire embedded in a thermally insulated block of specific heat 2. 5 × 10 2 −1
Jkg K
−1
and of mass 0.1
kg. If the temperature of the block rises by 0.4 K, what is the value of C?

a) 500 μF b) 400 μF

c) 300 μF d) 200 μF
6. A current carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field. The torque acting on it does not depend upon the [1]

a) shape of the loop b) magnetic field

c) area of the loop d) value of current

7. A dynamo works on the principle of: [1]

a) Induced magnetism b) Faraday's effect

c) Electromagnetic induction d) Induced current

8. The susceptibility of ferromagnetic material is: [1]

a) inversely proportional to square of b) inversely proportional to temperature

temperature

c) independent of temperature d) directly proportional to temperature

9. Which one of the following phenomena is not explained by Huygens' construction of wavefront? [1]

a) Reflection b) Diffraction

c) Refraction d) Origin of spectra

10. When the distance between two charged particles is halved, the Coulomb force between them becomes [1]

a) one-fourth b) one-half

c) four times. d) double

11. In the circuit shown in the given Fig., if the diode forward voltage drop is 0.3 V, the voltage difference between [1]
A and B is

a) 1.3 V b) 2.3 V

c) 0 d) 0.5 V
12. The graph drawn with object distance along abscissa & image as ordinate for a convex lens is [1]

a) straight b) circle

c) rectangular hyperbola d) parabola

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13. Assertion (A): The photoelectrons produced by a monochromatic light beam incident on a metal surface, have a [1]
spread in their kinetic energies.
Reason (R): The work function of the metal varies as a function of depth from the surface.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Positive charge always moves from a higher potential point to a lower potential point. [1]
Reason (R): Electric potential is a vector quantity.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): The film which appears bright in reflected system will appear dark in the transmitted light and [1]
vice-versa.
Reason (R): The conditions for film to appear bright or dark in reflected light are just reverse to those in the
transmitted light.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): A step-up transformer cannot be used as a step-down transformer. [1]
Reason (R): A transformer works only in one direction.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency [2]

i. 5 × 1019 Hz
ii. 3 × 1013 Hz

iii. 5 × 1011 Hz belong?

18. i. Define the term magnetic susceptibility and write its relation in terms of relative magnetic permeability. [2]
ii. Two magnetic materials A and B have relative magnetic permeabilities of 0.96 and 500. Identify the
magnetic materials A and B.
19. What is meant by energy band gap in a solid? Draw the energy band diagrams for a conductor, an insulator and a [2]
semiconductor.

20. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3× 10-11 m.The atom is excited such that the [2]

radius becomes 21.2× 10-11 m. Find (i) the value of the principal quantum number and (ii) the total energy of the
atom in this excited state.
21. A thick-straight copper wire, carrying a current of 10 A is bent into a semicircular arc of radius 7.0 cm as shown [2]
in the given figure a.

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 i. State the direction and calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the arc.
ii. How would your answer change if the same wire were bent into a semicircular arc of the same radius but in
the opposite way as shown in given figure b?

OR
Deduce an expression for the frequency of revolution of a charged particle in a magnetic field and show that it is
independent of the velocity or energy of the particle.
Section C

22. Two wires made of tinned copper having identical cross-section (= 10-6m2) and lengths 10 cm and 15 cm are to [3]

be used as fuses. Show that the fuses will melt at the same value of current in each case.
23. An a.c. the signal is fed into two circuits X and Y and the corresponding output in the two cases have the [3]
waveforms shown in the figure. Name the circuits X and Y. Also draw their detailed circuit diagrams.

24. Estimating the following two numbers should be interesting. The first number will tell you why radio engineers [3]
do not need to worry much about photons. The second number tells you why our eye can never count photons,
even in barely detectable light.
a. The number of photons emitted per second by a Medium wave transmitter of 10 kW power, emitting radio
waves of wavelength 500 m.
b. The number of photons entering the pupil of our eye per second corresponding to the minimum intensity of

white light that we humans can perceive (∼ 10-10 Wm-2). Take the area of the pupil to be about 0.4 cm2, and
the average frequency of white light to be about 6 × 1014 Hz.

25. a. Depict the variation of the potential energy of a pair of nucleons with the separation between them. [3]
b. Imagine the fission of a 56
26
Fe into two equal fragments of 28
13
Al nucleus. Is the fission energetically possible?
Justify your answer by working out Q value of the process.
Given: m( 56
26
Fe ) = 55.93494 u, m ( 28
13
Al ) = 27.98191 u.
o o

26. A hydrogen atom in its excited state emits radiations of wavelengths 1218 A and 974.3 A when it finally comes [3]

to the ground state. Identify the energy levels from where transitions occur. Given Rydberg constant R = 1.1 ×

107 m-1. Also specify the spectral series to which these lines belong.
27. Briefly explain how bright and dark fringes are formed on the screen in Young's double slit experiment. Hence, [3]
derive the expression for the fringe width.
28. The magnetic field through a single loop of wire, 12 cm in radius and 8.5 ohm resistance, changes with time as [3]
shown in the figure. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Plot induced current as a

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 function of time.

OR
i. A metallic rod of length l is moved perpendicular to its length with velocity v in a magnetic field B acting
perpendicular to the plane in which rod moves. Derive the expression for the induced emf.
ii. A wheel with 15 metallic spokes each 60 cm long, is rotated at 360 rev/min in a plane normal to the horizontal

component of the earth's magnetic field. The angle of dip at that place is 60o. If the emf induced between the rim
of the wheel and the axle is 400 mV, calculate the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field at the place.
How will the induced emf change, if the number of spokes is increased?
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting wires. Microwaves are produced
by special vacuum tubes. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules also known as heat waves.
UV rays are produced by special lamps and very hot bodies like Sun.

(a) Solar radiation is

i. transverse electromagnetic wave
ii. longitudinal electromagnetic waves
iii. both longitudinal and transverse electromagnetic waves
iv. none of these.

a) Option (i) b) Option (iv)

c) Option (iii) d) Option (ii)

(b) What is the cause of greenhouse effect?

a) Ultraviolet rays b) X-rays

c) Infrared rays d) Radiowaves

(c) Biological importance of ozone layer is

a) it stops ultraviolet rays b) none of these.

c) it reflects radiowaves d) It layer reduces greenhouse effect

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 OR
Earth's atmosphere is richest in

a) ultraviolet b) infrared

c) X-rays d) microwaves
(d) Ozone is found in

a) troposphere b) mesosphere

c) ionosphere d) stratosphere
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point
charges is given by
q q
F= 1

4πε0
1

2
2

where F denotes the force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in free space, ε is a constant 0

known as the permittivity of free space. Free space is a vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free
space is replaced by a medium, then ε is replaced by (ε 0 0 k) or (ε 0 εr ) where k is known as dielectric constant or
relative permittivity.
q q
(a) In coulomb's law, F = k 1

r
2
2
, then on which of the following factors does the proportionality constant k
depends?

a) Nature of the medium between the two b) Distance between the two charges
charges

c) Electrostatic force acting between the d) Magnitude of the two charges

two charges
(b) Dimensional formula for the permittivity constant ε of free space is 0

a) [M-1 L3 T2 A2] b) [ML-3T4A2]

c) [M-1 L-3 T4 A2] d) [M L-3 T4 A-2]

(c) The force of repulsion between two charges of 1 C each, kept 1m apart in vaccum is

a) N b) N
1 1

9 12
9×10 9×10

c) 9 × 107 N d) 9 × 109 N

(d) Two identical charges repel each other with a force equal to 10 mgwt when they are 0.6 m apart in air. (g =
10 m s-2). The value of each charge is

a) 2 mC b) 2 × 10-7 mC

c) 2 μ C d) 2 nC
OR
Coulomb's law for the force between electric charges most closely resembles with

a) law of conservation of energy b) Newton's 2nd law of motion

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 c) law of conservation of charge d) Newton's law of gravitation
Section E
31. i. Explain the working principle of an optical fibre with the help of a diagram. Mention one use of a light pipe. [5]

ii. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60o on one face of a prism with the prism angle A = 60o. The ray
passes symmetrically through the prism. Find the angle of minimum deviation (δ m
) and refractive index of
the material of the prism. If the prism is immersed in water, how will δ be affected? Justify your answer.
m

OR
a. State Huygen's principle. Using this principle draw a diagram to show how a plane wavefront incident at the
interface of the two media gets refracted when it propagates from a rarer to a denser medium. Hence verify Snell's
law of refraction.
b. When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following, giving reasons:
i. Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light the same as the frequency of incident light?
ii. Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the light wave?
32. A small sphere of radius a carrying a positive charge q is placed concentrically inside a large hollow conducting [5]
shell of radius b (b > a). This outer shell has charge Q on it. Show that if these spheres are connected by a
conducting wire, charge will always flow from the inner sphere to the outer sphere irrespective of the magnitude
of the two charges.
OR
a. Derive the expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having plate area A and plate separation d.
b. Two charged spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 when connected by a conducting wire acquire charges q1
and q2 respectively. Find the ratio of their surface charge densities in terms of their radii.

33. a. Derive the expression for the current flowing in an ideal capacitor and its reactance when connected to an ac [5]
source of voltage V= Vo sin ωt.
b. Draw its phasor diagram.
c. If resistance is added in series to capacitor what changes will occur in the current flowing in the circuit and
phase angle between voltage and current.
OR
A series of LCR circuit is connected to a variable frequency 230 V source, L = 5.0 H, C = 80μF ,R= 40Ω

i. Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.

ii. Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the resonating frequency.
iii. Determine the rms potential drops across the three elements of the circuit. Show that the potential drop across the
LC combination is zero at the resonating frequency.

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 Section A
1.
(c) 1.1 eV
Explanation: 1.1 eV
2.
(b) 5.3 A
Explanation: 5.3 A
3. (a) a
Explanation: a
4.
(b) 2

3
Am
−1

Explanation: On increasing the temperature magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material decreases or vice versa .
According to Curie law, we can deduce a formula for the relation between magnetic field induction, temperature and
magnetisation.
B( magnetic field induction ) I2 B2 t1
i.e., I (magnetization) ∝ ⇒
I1
=
B1
×
t2
t( temperature in kelvin )

Let us suppose, here I1 = 8 Am-1

B1 = 0.6 T, t1 = 4 K
B2 = 0.2 T, t2 = 16 K
0.2 4 I2
⇒ × =
0.6 16 8
1 2 −1
⇒ I2 = 8 × = Am
12 3

5. (a) 500 μF
Explanation: Given that , voltage = 200V and Specific Heat is =250J/Kg-K and mass= 100g = 0.1 kg
2
Energy stored in the capacitor, U = C V = (200) C = 2 × 10 C J
1

2
2 1

2
4

This is released as heat when the capacitor discharges through the metal block.
The quantity of heat = mass × sp.heat × rise in temperature.
2
Q = m × s × Δθ = 0.1 × 2.5 × 10 × 0.4 = 10J

4
U = Q ⇒ 2 × 10 C = 10

or C = 5 × 10 −4
F = 500μF

6. (a) shape of the loop

Explanation: shape of the loop
7.
(c) Electromagnetic induction
Explanation: Electromagnetic induction, the electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert
mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction.
8.
(b) inversely proportional to temperature
Explanation: Susceptibility of a ferromagnetic material varies inversely with temperature.
9.
(d) Origin of spectra
Explanation: Huygen's construction of wavefront does not apply to origin of spectra which is explained by quantum theory.
10.
(c) four times.
Explanation: four times.

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11.
(b) 2.3 V
Explanation: Let potential across A and B is V, so by Kirchhoff’s loop law
VAB = (5000 × 0.2 × 10-3) +0.3 + 5000 × 0.2 × 10-3
VAB = 1V + 0.3V + 1V
VAB = 2.3 V

12.
(c) rectangular hyperbola

Explanation:

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Electrons being emitted as photoelectrons have different velocities. Actually, all the electrons do not occupy the
same level of energy but they occupy continuous band and levels. So, electrons being knocked off from different levels come
out with different energies. The work function is the energy required to pull the electron out of the metal surface. Naturally,
electrons on the surface will require less energy to be pulled out hence will have lesser work function as compared with those
deep inside the metal.
So, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
14.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: If two points P and Q in an electric field are separated by an infinitesimal distance Δ x and have a potential
difference ΔV
−ΔV
between them, E = Δx
. Here, negative sign implies that E⃗ has got a direction opposite to the potential gradient, i . e, in the
direction of E⃗ , the potential decreases, i. e, positive charge always moves from a higher potential point to a lower potential
point.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2n+1)λ
Explanation: For reflected system of the film, the maxima or constructive interference is 2μt cos r = 2
while the
maxima for transmitted system of film is given by equation 2μt cos r = nλ where t is thickness of the film and r is angle of
refraction. From these two equations we can see that condition for maxima in reflected system and transmitted system are just
opposite.
16.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Step-up transformer cannot be used as a step down transformer or vice versa. The assertion is true. So, the
transformer is a uni-directional device. The reason is also true. But the reason does not explain the assertion.
Section B
17. i. X-rays/γ -rays
ii. infra-red radiation
iii. microwaves

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18. i. Measure of the response of magnetic material to an external magnetic field.
Also, Magnetic susceptibility states the degree of magnetization of a material in respect to an applied magnetic field. The
measure of this ability to form magnetic field is known as permeability.
1
x= H

We have x = μ r−1

ii. 0.96: Diamagnetic for material A

500: Ferromagnetic for material B
19. In a solid-state material, the concept of an energy band gap refers to the energy difference between the valence band and the

conduction band.

20. i. According to the question,

Given, r1= 5.3 × 10-11 m and r2 = 21.2× 10-11 m
n1 = 1
We know that, r ∝ n 2

2
r1 n −11
1 1 5.3×10
= ⇒ =
r2 2 2 −11
n n 21.2×10
2 2

2
⇒ n = 4 ⇒ n2 = 2
2

ii. We know that,

−13.6 −13.6
E = = = −3.4eV
2 4
n

21. i. Magnetic field at the centre of the arc is

μ I
B= 0

4r

Here I = 10 A, r = 7cm = 0.07 m

−7 −1
μ0 = 4π × 10 T mA
−7
4π× 10 ×10
∴ B= 4×0.07

= 4.5 × 10-5 T
The direction of the field is normally outside the plane of the paper.
ii. B = 4.5 × 10-4 T
The field B will point normally into the plane of the paper.
OR
When a particle of mass m and charge q, moves with a velocity v, in a uniform magnetic held B, it experiences a force F where
⃗ ⃗
F = q(v ⃗ × B)

= qvB and sin900 =1

2

∴ Centripetal force, mv

or, r = mv

qB⊥

qB⊥
∴ Frequency, f = 2πr
v
=
2πm

Hence, frequency is independent of the velocity or energy of the particle.

Section C
22. The temperature of the wire increases up to a certain temperature θ where the heat produced per second by the current equals heat
lost (by radiation) per second.
But heat produced by the current
2

= I2R = I2ρ
l I ρl
=
2
A πr

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 If h is heat lost per second per unit surface area of the wire and if we ignore the heat loss from the end faces of the wire, then heat
loss per second by the wire
= h × curved surface area of the wire
= h × 2π rl
When the steady-state temperature is attained,
2
I ρl
h × 2π rl =
πr2
2
I ρ
or h = 2 3
...(i)
2π r

Now h is independent of l and the values of r and ρ are the same for both wires, hence the steady-state temperature θ will depend
only on I i.e., the two fuses will melt at die same values of current.
23. we know that A half-wave rectifier converts an AC signal to DC by passing either the negative or positive half-cycle of the
waveform and blocking the other. A full wave rectifier is defined as a rectifier that converts the complete cycle of alternating
current into pulsating DC
​Here, X, is a half-wave rectifier and Y is a full-wave rectifier.

24. a. P = 104 W
hc
E1 =
λ
−34 8
6.6× 10 ×3× 10
⇒
500

= 3.96 × 10
−28
J
P = NE
4

⇒ n=
10

−28
= 3 × 10
31
photons/s
3.96×10

We see that the energy of a radio photon is exceedingly small, and the number of photons emitted per second in a radio beam
is enormously large. There is, therefore, the negligible error involved in ignoring the existence of a minimum quantum of
energy (photon) and treating the total energy of a radio wave is continuous.
b. I = 10-10 Wm-2
A = 0.4 cm2
E = hν
⇒ 6.6 × 10
−34
× 6 × 10
14
= 3.96 × 10
−19
J
I = nE
−10

n=
10

−19
= 2.52 × 10 m /s
8 2
,
3.96×10

The total number of photons entering the pupil per second is given as:
nA = n × A
8 −4 4 −1
⇒ 2.52 × 10 × 0.4 × 10 = 1.008 × 10 s

Though this number is not as large as in (a) above, it is large enough for us never to sense or count individual photons by our
eye.

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25.

a. At ro the potential energy is minimum. Nuclear forces are attractive for r greater than ro and repulsive for lesser than ro. So
P.E. is increasing when they repel and P.E. decreases as the come close till ro.
b. 56
26
Fe ⟶ 2
28
13
Al

Q = [m(( 56

26
F e) - 2 m( 28

13
A) ] × 931.5 M ev
= [55.93494 - 2 × 27.98191] × 931.5 M ev
= -26.90172 M ev
-ve value of Q represents fission not possible.
∘

26. λ 1 = 1218A
∘

λ2 = 974.3A
7 −1
Rydberg const, R = 1.1 × 10 m

1 7 1 1
= 1.1 × 10 ( − )
−10 2 n2
1218×10 1

2 1
n =
0.2536

2
n = 3.9429 ∴ n = 1.98 ≅2
∘

given λ2 = 974.3A

1 −1 1 1
= 1.1 × 10 ( − )
−10 2 2
974.3×10 1 n

2 1
n =
0.0669

2
n = 14.9411

∴ n = 3.86 ≅4

These lines belong to layman series.

27. Let A and B are two fine slits at a distance of d. Let monochromatic light of wavelength λ is illuminated through these slits. If O
is the centre of slit having width d. Consider a point P at a distance x from C.
Path difference of two waves = BP - AP

In △PBF
BP2 = BF2 + PF2
1

BP = (BF 2
+ PF
2
) 2

2
= (D 2
+ (x +
d

2
)
2

d 2 2
(x+ )

= D[1 + 2

2
]
D

d 2
(x+ )

= D [1 + 1

2 2
2
]
D

Similarly in △PAE
1

AP = (AE 2
+ PE
2
) 2

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 1

2 2
d
= [D 2
+ (x −
2
) ]

2
d
⎡ x− ⎤
1
=D
2
1 + ( )
2 2
D
⎣ ⎦

So, BP-AP
d 2
(x+ )

=D+ 1

2
2

D
− D−
2D
1
(x −
d

2
2
)

= 1

2D
[
4xd

2
]

= xd

For bright fringes,

xd

D
= nλ
x= nλD

n = 0, 1, 2, 3...
n = 0 for central maxima
for dark fringes
xd

D
= (2n − 1) λ

2
λD
x = (2n − 1) 2d
n = 1, 2 ...
by using bright fringes
fringe width = x − x n n−1

= nλD

d
− (n − 1) = λD

d
λD

d
λD
β =
d
dϕ
28. ε = − dt

= −πR 2
×
dB

dt
22 1
=− 7
× (0.12)
2
×
2

ε= -0.023 V,
ε
I= R

= - 2.7 mA for 0 < t < 2s.

Similarly,
0 < t < 2s 2<t<4s 4<t<6s

ε (V) -0.023 0 +0.023

I (mA) -2.7 0 +2.7

The graphical variation of induced current with time is shown in fig. From t = 0 to t = 2s, magnetic field is increasing. Therefore,
induced current opposes the increase. From t = 2s to t = 4s induced current is zero. From t = 4s to t = 6s magnetic field is
decreasing. Therefore, induced current opposes the decrease and flow in the same direction.

OR

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 i.

ϕB = Blx
−dϕ
ε = dt
B

= −Bl dx

dt

= Blv
ii. ω = 360 × 2π

60
= 12π rad/s thus , emf induced is given by:-
ε = 1

2
BH l ω
2

400 × 10-3 = 1 −2 2
∴ × BH × (60 × 10 ) × 12π
2
5
∴ thus the horizontal component of magnetic field BH = 27π
= 0.06 T
No change in emf if no. of spokes is increased.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting wires. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum
tubes. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules also known as heat waves. UV rays are produced by special
lamps and very hot bodies like Sun.

(i) (a) Option (i)

Explanation: transverse electromagnetic wave
(ii) (c) Infrared rays
Explanation: Greenhouse effect is due to infrared rays.
(iii) (a) it stops ultraviolet rays
Explanation: Ozone layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun.
OR
(b) infrared
Explanation: The atmosphere of earth is richest in infrared radiation.
(iv) (d) stratosphere
Explanation: Ozone layer lies in stratosphere.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is given by
q1 q2
F= 1

4πε0 r2

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 where F denotes the force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in free space, ε is a constant known as the
0

permittivity of free space. Free space is a vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free space is replaced by a medium,
then ε is replaced by (ε k) or (ε ε ) where k is known as dielectric constant or relative permittivity.
0 0 0 r

(i) (a) Nature of the medium between the two charges

Explanation: The proportionality constant k depends on the nature of the medium between the two charges.
(ii) (b) [ML-3T4A2]
Explanation: [ML-3T4A2]
(iii) (d) 9 × 109 N
Explanation: 9 × 109 N
(iv) (c) 2 μC
q q
Explanation: F = 1

4πε0
1 2

2
d
9 2

(10 × 10-3) × 10 =
(9× 10 )× q

∴
2
(0.6)

or q2 = = 4 × 10-12
−1
10 ×0.36

9
9×10

or q = 2 × 10-6 C = 2 μC
OR
(d) Newton's law of gravitation
Explanation: Newton's law of gravitation
Section E
31. i. Working Principle - Optical fibre uses the principle of total internal reflection to capture the light transmitted in an optical
fibre and confine the light to the core of the fibre.

Uses: i)Transmission of audio and video signal

ii) Examination of internal organs
iii) Endoscopy
ii. the angle of minimum deviation
δm =i+e-A
δm = 2i - A
δm = 60o
Refractive Index is given by
A+δ
m
sin( )
2
μ=
A
sin
2
120∘
sin
2
μ= ∘
60
sin
2

√3

∘
sin 60 2
μ= ∘
=
sin 30 1

2
–
μ = √3

If the prism is immersed in water μ decreases and consequently angle of minimum deviation decreases. Since δ m depends on
μ through equation given above.

OR

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 a. Law of Reflection: Let XY be a reflecting surface at which a wavefront is being incident obliquely. Let v be the speed of the
wavefront and at time t = 0, the wavefront touches the surface XY at A. After time t, the point B of wavefront reaches the
point B' of the surface. According to Huygens principle, each point of the wavefront acts as a source of secondary waves.
When point A of the wavefront strikes the reflecting surface, then due to the presence of the reflecting surface, it cannot
advance further; but the secondary wavelet originating from point A begins to spread in all directions in the first medium with
speed v. As the wavefront AB advances further, its points A1, A2, A3 K etc. strike the reflecting surface successively and send
spherical secondary wavelets in the first medium.

First of all the secondary wavelet starts from point A and traverses distance AA' (=vt) in the first medium in time t. In the
same time t, the point B of wavefront, after travelling a distance BB', reaches point B' (of the surface), from where the
secondary wavelet now starts. Now taking A as centre we draw a spherical arc of radius AA' (= vt) and draw tangent A' B' on
this arc from point B'. As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets start from points between A and B¢,
one after the other and will touch A' B' simultaneously. According to Huygens principle wavefront A' B' represents the new
position of AB, i.e., A' B' is the reflected wavefront corresponding to incident wavefront AB. Now in right-angled triangles
ABB' and AA' B'
∠ ABB' = ∠ AA'B' (both are equal to 90o)
side BB' = side AA' (both are equal to vt) and side AB' is common i.e., both triangles are congruent.
∴ ∠ BAB' = ∠ AB'A

i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront A' B' make equal angles with the reflecting surface XY. As the rays are
always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and the reflected rays make equal angles with the normal drawn on the
surface XY, i.e., angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r
This is the second law of reflection. Since AB, A' B' and XY are all in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendiculars dropped
on them will also be in the same plane. Therefore we conclude that the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point
of incidence, all lie in the same plane. This is the first law of reflection. Thus Huygens principle explains both the laws of
reflection.
b. i. If the radiation of a certain frequency interacts with the atoms/molecules of the matter, they start to vibrate with the same
frequency under forced oscillations. Thus, the frequency of the scattered light (Under reflection and refraction) equals to
the frequency of incident radiation.
ii. No, the energy carried by the wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, but not on the speed of the wave.
32. Let small sphere has charge q and radius 'a' is placed inside a outer shell of charge +Q and radius b.

Electric potential on the small sphere due to its own charge q

q
V =
1 ...(i)
4π ϵ0 a

where, q = charge on the smaller sphere

a = radius of smaller sphere
Similarly, electric potential on the outer sphere due to its own charge
Q
V2 =
4π ϵ0 b
...(ii)
where, Q = charge on the outer shell
b = radius of the outer shell.
Also, same potential V2 exists at every point inside outer shell due to its own charge, +Q.
Now, net electric potential at inner sphere of radius a.

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 Vi = V1 + V2
q Q
∴ Vi =
4πε0
1

a
+
4πε0
1

b
....(iii)
Net electric potential at outer sphere due to charge on the both spheres
q Q
Vo =
1

4πε0
⋅
b
+
4πε0
1
⋅
b
...(iv)
q
∴ Vi − Vo =
4πε0
(
1

a
−
1

b
) ...(v) [We get this using Eqs. (iii) and (iv)]
1 1
∵ a < b, ∴ >
a b

∴ Vi - Vo > 0
Thus, inner sphere has net potential higher than potential of outer sphere for any value of q and Q.
Therefore, when they are connected by a wire, positive charge will always flow from higher to lower potential i.e. from inner
sphere to outer sphere (irrespective of the magnitude of charge).
OR
a. Parallel plate capacitor consists of two thin conducting plates each of area A held parallel to each other at a suitable distance d.
One of the plates is insulated and other is earthed. Say, there is vacuum or air between the plates. Structure of a parallel plate
capacitor is shown below:

Suppose, the plate X is given a charge of +q coulomb. By induction, -q coulomb of charge is produced on the inner surface of
the plate Y and +q coulomb on the outer surface. Since, the plate Y is connected to the earth, hence the relatively weak charge
+q residing far away i.e. on the outer surface flows to the earth. Thus, the plates X and Y have equal and opposite charges +q
and -q respectively
Suppose, the surface density of charge on each plate is σ , We know that the intensity of electric field at a point between two
plane parallel sheets of equal and opposite charges is = − (− ) = σ/ε , where ε is the permittivity of free space. The
σ

2ϵ0
σ

2ϵ0
0 0

intensity of electric field between the plates will be given by, E = σ

ε0

The charge on each plate is q and the area of each plate is A. Thus electric field is given by ,
q q
σ = and E =
A
............(i) ε0 A

Now, let the potential difference between the two plates be V volt. Then, the electric field between the plates is given by
V
E =
d
or V = Ed .....(ii)
Substituting the value of E from equation (i) into equation (ii), we get
qd
V =
ε0 A

Now capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by ;

q q ε0 A
C = = =
V qd/ε0 A d

Where, ε = 8.85 × 10 C − Nm is the permittivity of vacuum or air.

0
−12 2 −2

b. Surface charge density of a spherically charged body is given by

q
σ =
2
4πR

After connecting both the conductors, their potentials will become equal, V1 = V2 .Hence,
q1 q2 q
⇒
R
=
R2
[For a spherically charged conductor with charge q potential is given by, V =
1

4πε0 R
]
l

q1 R1
⇒ =
q2 R2

2
σ1 q1 /4π R

Now, σ2
=
1

2
q2 /4π R
2

2 2
q1 R2 R1 R2 R2
= ( ) = × ( ) =
q2 R1 R2 R1 R1

33. a. We have V= Vo sin ω t.

q
Also, v = ; q = charge on capacitor
c
q
v0sinωt = c

or, q = cv0sinωt

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 dq
∴ I= dt
= d

dt
(CV0sinωt) = cv0sinωt ⋅ ω
vo
∴ I= 1
sin(ωt +
π

2
)

ωc
vo π
Max. current, Io = 1
× 1 when sin (ωt + 2
) =1
ωc

∴ I = Io sin (ωt + π

2
)

vo
Comparing with ohm's law: I = V

R
to equation Io = 1

ωc

We have, capacitive reactance, xC = 1

ωc

b. Phasor diagram:

c. A resistor is now connected with the capacitor in series:

Peak voltage drop across R is i0R

Peak voltage drop across C is i0 XC.
Voltage a cross R is in phase with the current.
Voltage across C lags the current by 90o.
So, the voltage drops across R and across C are not in phase. They are out of phase by 90o.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
So, ε =√(i
0 0 R) + (i0 XC )

V0
∴ i0 = 2 2
√R + X
C

The phase angle is

Phase Angle = ϕ = tan-1

XC

OR
Here, L = 5.0 H, R = 40Ω
−6
C = 80μF = 80 × 10 F

Ev = 230 volt
– –
E0 = √2Ev = √2 × 230V

i. Resonance angular frequency,

1
ωr =
√LC

=
1
=
1

−7
= 50 rad/sec
√5×80×10−6 2×10
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
1
ii. Impedance, Z = √R 2
+ (ωL −
ωC
)

At resonance, ωL = 1

ωC
−
−−
2
Z = √R = R = 40Ω

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 Amplitude of current at resonating frequency,
E0 √2×230
I0 =
Z
=
40
= 8.13 A
I0
Iv = =
8.13
= 5.75 A
√2 √2

iii. Potential drop across L,

VL = Iv ωr L = 5.75 × 50 × 5.0 = 1437.5 V
Potential drop across R,
VR = Iv × R = 5.75 × 40 = 230 V
Potential drop across C,
1
VC = Iv ( )
ωr C

1
= 5.75 ×
−6
50×80×10

=
5.75

4
× 10
3
= 1437.5 V
Potential drop across LC circuit,
VLC = ​​VL − VC = 0

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