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Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 hours
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B
contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D
contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions
of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one
question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

MCQ -
Assertion & Picture Multiple Choice Subjective
Chapter Name - Reason Based Question Question Total

Electronic Devices - - 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 4 (7)

1 (3)

Current Electricity - - - 1 (1) 1 (3) 2 (4)

Ray Optics and Optical - - - 2 (1) - 2 (2)

Instruments

Magnetism and Matter - - - 2 (1) 1 (2) 3 (4)

Electrostatic Potential and - 1 (1) - 1 (1) - 2 (2)

Capacitance

Moving Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Wave Optics - 1 (1) - 1 (1) 1 (3) 3 (5)

Electric Charges and - - - 1 (1) - 1 (1)

Fields

Dual Nature of Radiation - 1 (1) - - 1 (3) 2 (4)

and Matter

Alternating Current - 1 (1) - - - 1 (1)

Electromagnetic Waves - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

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Atoms - - - - 1 (2) 2 (5)

1 (3)

Nuclei - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)

Electromagnetic Waves (4)

(5 Grouped Questions) 1 - - - - 1 (4)

Electric Charges and (4)
Fields

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (2) 1 (2)

Moving Charges and
Magnetism
Moving Charges and
Magnetism

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (3) 1 (3)

Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Ray Optics and Optical
Instruments
Wave Optics

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance
Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance

(1 Internal Choice) - - - - 1 (5) 1 (5)

Alternating Current
Alternating Current

Total 2 4 (4) 1 (1) 11 (11) 15 (46) 33

(8) (70)

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 Series ARSP/08 Set ~ 8
Roll No. Q.P Code 15/8/8
Candidates must write the Q.P Code
on the title page of the answer-book.

 Please check that this question paper contains 06 printed pages.

 Q.P. Code given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written
on the title page of the answer-book by the candidate.
 Please check that this question paper contains 33 questions.
 Please write down the serial number of the question in the answer-book
before attempting it.
 15 Minute times has been allotted to read this question paper. The question
paper will be distributed at 10:15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m to 10.30 a.m, the students
will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the answer –
book during this period.

PHYSICS

Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

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General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

3. All the sections are compulsory.

4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one

question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. For the forward biasing of a p-n junction diode, which of the following statements is not correct? [1]

a) Forward current is due to the diffusion of b) Minority carrier injection occurs.

both holes and electrons.

c) The potential barrier decreases. d) Width of depletion layer increases.

2. Drift speed of electrons is of the order of: [1]

a) 105 cm/sec b) 100 cm/sec

c) 10-2 cm/sec d) Zero

3. A fish looking up through the water sees the outside world, contained in a circular horizon. If the refractive [1]
index of water is 4/3 and the fish is 12 cm below the water surface, the radius of this circle (in cm) is:
– –
a) 36/√7 b) 36√5

– –
c) 4√5 d) 36√7

4. Two similar magnets of magnetic moments M1 and M2 are taken and vibrate in a vibration magnetometer with [1]

their
i. like poles together
M1
ii. unlike poles together. If the ratio of the time periods is 1

2
, then the ratio of M1 and M2 ( i.e., M2
) is

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 a) 0.5 b) 5

c) 2 d) 1

5. A 4 μ F capacitor is charged to 400 V. If its plates are joined through a resistance of 2kΩ then heat produced in [1]
the resistance is:

a) 0.16 J b) 0.64 J

c) 0.32 J d) 1.28 J
6. Two long parallel wires kept 2 m apart carry 3A current each, in the same direction. The force per unit length on [1]
one wire due to the other is

a) 4.5 × 10-5 Nm-1, attractive b) 9× 10-5 N/m, attractive

c) 9× 10-7 N/m, repulsive d) 4.5 × 10-7 N/m, repulsive

7. A square shaped coil of side 10 cm, having 100 turns is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field which is [1]
increasing at 1 T/s. The induced emf in the coil is

a) 0.5 V b) 0.1 V

c) 1.0 V d) 0.75 V
8. A bar magnet has magnetic dipole moment M⃗ . Its initial position is parallel to the direction of uniform magnetic [1]
field B⃗ . In this position, the magnitudes of torque and force acting on it respectively are

a) 0 and MB b) ⃗ ⃗
|M × B| and 0

c) 0 and 0 d) MB and MB
9. The necessary condition for an interference by two sources of light is that: [1]

a) two light sources must have the same b) two point sources should have the same
wavelength amplitude and same wavelength

c) the two point sources should have a d) two sources should have the same
randomly varying phase difference wavelength, nearly the same amplitude and
have a constant phase angle difference
10. What is the flux through a cube of side a if a point charge q is at one of its corners? [1]
2q q
a) ε0
b) ε0

q q
c) 8ε0
d) 2ε0

11. Two identical p-n junctions may be connected in series with a battery in three ways as shown. The potential [1]
drops across the two p-n junctions are equal in

a) circuit 1 and 2 b) circuit 2 and 3

c) circuit 3 only d) circuit 1 only

12. In the figure given below there are two convex lenses L1 and L2 having focal lengths F1 and F2 respectively. The [1]

distance between L1 and L2 will be:

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 a) F1 b) F1 + F2

c) F1 - F2 d) F2

13. Assertion (A): Matter has nature. [1]

Reason (R): Light has dual nature.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Capacity of a conductor is independent on the amount of charge on it. [1]
Reason (R): Capacitance depends on the dielectric constant of surrounding medium, shape and size of the
conductor and the distance between them.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): Thin film such as soap bubbles or a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful colors when [1]
illuminated by white light.
Reason (R): It happens due to the interference of light reflected from the upper and lower face of the thin film.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. A resistor, a capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. The combination is connected across an ac source [1]
of frequency 50 Hz.
Assertion: Peak current through each remains same.
Reason: Average power delivered by source is equal to average power developed across resistance.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
Section B
17. Distinguish between any two types of propagation of electromagnetic waves based on [2]
i. the frequency range over which they are applicable and
ii. communication systems in which they are used.

18. A sample of paramagnetic salt contains 2.0 × 1024 atomic dipoles each of dipole moment 1.5 × 10-23 J T-1. The [2]
sample is placed under a homogeneous magnetic field of 0.64 T, and cooled to a temperature of 4.2 K. The

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 degree of magnetic saturation achieved is equal to 15%. What is the total dipole moment of the sample for a
magnetic field of 0.98 T and a temperature of 2.8 K? (Assume Curie’s law)

19. A semiconductor has the electron concentration of 8 × 1013 cm-3 and hole concentration of 4 × 1013 cm-3. Is [2]
the semiconductor p-type or n-type? Also calculate the resistivity of this semiconductor. Given electron mobility

= 24,000 cm2 V-1 s-1 and hole mobility = 200 cm2 V-1 s-1.
20. The energy of the electron, in the ground state of hydrogen, is - 13.6 eV. Calculate the energy of the photon that [2]
would be emitted, if the electron were to make a transition corresponding to the emission of the first line of the
(i) Lyman series (ii) Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum.
21. Which one of the following will experience maximum force, when projected with the same velocity v [2]
perpendicular to the magnetic field : (i) α-particle, and (ii) β-particle ?
OR
An electron moves in a circle with uniform speed in a stationary magnetic field normal to the circle. If the field
magnitude is made to increase with time, will the electron speed up or speed down? Will it continue to revolve in the
same circle?
Section C
22. In the circuit shown in Figure, find the potential difference across the capacitor. [3]

23. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier. Explain its working showing its input and output waveforms. [3]
24. i. Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light? Give reasons. [3]
ii. Write the basic features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein's photoelectric
equation is based.
25. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations. Mark the regions where [3]
the nuclear force is
i. attractive and
ii. repulsive.
Write any two characteristic features of nuclear forces.

26. i. State Bohr's quantization condition for defining stationary orbits. How does de-Broglie hypothesis explain [3]
the stationary orbits?
ii. Find the relation between the three wavelengths λ 1, λ2 and λ from the energy level diagram shown below:
3

27. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of width 0.2 mm. If the resulting [3]
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 1 m away, find the distance of
a. first minimum, and

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 b. second maximum, from the central maximum.
28. The current flowing through an inductor of self-inductance L is continuously increasing. Plot a graph showing [3]
the variation of:
i. Magnetic flux versus the current
ii. Induced emf versus dI/dt
iii. Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current.
OR
A coil of number of turns N, area A, is rotated at a constant angular speed ω , in a uniform magnetic field B, and
connected to a resistor R.
Deduce expressions for: (i) maximum emf induced in the coil. (ii) power dissipation in the coil.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
All the known radiations from a big family of electromagnetic waves which stretch over a large range of
wavelengths. Electromagnetic wave include radio waves, microwaves, visible light waves, infrared rays, UV
rays, X-rays and gamma rays. The orderly distribution of the electromagnetic waves in accordance with their
wavelength or frequency into distinct groups having widely differing properties is electromagnetic spectrum.
(a) Which wavelength of the Sun is used finally as electric energy?
radio waves, infrared waves, visible light, microwaves

a) microwaves b) visible light

c) radio waves d) infrared waves

(b) Which of the following electromagnetic radiations have the longest wavelength?
X-rays, γ -rays, microwaves, radiowaves

a) γ -rays b) microwaves

c) radiowaves d) X-rays
(c) Which one of the following is not electromagnetic in nature?
X-rays, gamma rays, cathode rays, infrared rays

a) gamma rays b) infrared rays

c) X-rays d) cathode rays

OR
The decreasing order of wavelength of infrared, microwave, ultraviolet and gamma rays is

a) gamma rays, ultraviolet, infrared, b) microwave, gamma rays, infrared,

microwave ultraviolet

c) microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, d) infrared, microwave, ultraviolet,

gamma rays gamma rays.
(d) Which of the following has minimum wavelength?
X-rays, ultraviolet rays, γ -rays, cosmic rays

a) X-rays b) cosmic rays

c) ultraviolet rays d) γ -rays

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]

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 Gauss's law and Coulomb's law, although expressed in different forms, are equivalent ways of describing the
relation between charge and electric field in static conditions. Gauss's law is ε 0ϕ = qend , when qend is the net

charge inside an imaginary closed surface called Gaussian surface. ϕ = ⃗

∮ E ⋅ dA
⃗
gives the electric flux through
the Gaussian surface. The two equations hold only when the net charge is in vacuum or air.

(a) If there is only one type of charge in the universe, then (E⃗ → Electric field, ds ⃗ → Area vector)

a) ∮ E⃗ ⋅ ds ⃗ ≠ 0 on any surface b) ⃗
∮ E ⋅ ds ⃗ could not be defined

c) ∮ E⃗ ⋅ ds ⃗ = 0 if charge is outside, d) ⃗
∮ E ⋅ ds ⃗ = ∞ if charge is inside
q
⃗
∮ E ⋅ ds ⃗ =
ε0
if charge is inside
(b) What is the nature of Gaussian surface involved in Gauss law of electrostatic?

a) Magnetic b) Scalar

c) Vector d) Electrical
(c) A charge 10 μ C is placed at the centre of a hemisphere of radius R = 10 cm as shown The electric flux
through the hemisphere (in MKS units) is

a) 20 × 105 b) 10 × 105

c) 6 × 105 d) 2 × 105

(d) The electric flux through a closed surface area S enclosing charge Q is ϕ . If the surface area is doubled,
then the flux is
ϕ
a) b) ϕ
4

ϕ
c) d) 2ϕ
2

OR
A Gaussian surface encloses a dipole. The electric flux through this surface is
q q
a) ε0
b) 2ε0

2q
c) zero d) ε0

Section E
31. An angular magnification of 30X is desired using an objective of focal length 1.25 cm and an eyepiece of focal [5]
length 5 cm. How will you set up the compound microscope?
OR

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 A small transparent slab containing material of μ = 1.5 is placed along AS2 (Figure). What will be the distance from
O of the principal maxima and of the first minima on either side of the principal maxima obtained in the absence of
the glass slab?

AC = CO = D, S1C = S2C = d << D

32. a. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C when charged up to [5]
voltage V. How is this energy stored in the capacitor?
b. A capacitor of capacitance 1 μ F is charged by connecting a battery of negligible internal resistance and emf
10 V across it. Calculate the amount of charge supplied by the battery in charging the capacitor fully.
OR
Two isolated point charges A and B are separated by a distance of 30⋅ 0 cm, as shown in fig.

The charge at A is +3⋅ 6 × 10-9 C. The variation with distance x from A along AB of the potential V is as shown in
fig.

i. State the value of x at which the potential is zero.

ii. Use your answer in (i) to determine the charge at B.
iii. A small test charge is now moved along the line AB from x = 5⋅ 0 cm to x = 27 cm. State and explain the value of
x at which the force on the test charge will be maximum.
33. A 2 µF capacitor, 100 Ω resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an AC source. [5]
i. What should be the frequency of the source such that current drawn in the circuit is maximum? What is this
frequency called?
ii. If the peak value of emf of the source is 200 V, find the maximum current.
iii. Draw a graph showing a variation of amplitude of circuit current with changing frequency of applied voltage
in a series L-C-R circuit for two different values of resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2).

iv. Define the term 'Sharpness of Resonance'. Under what condition, does a circuit become more selective?
OR

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In the following circuit, calculate:
i. the capacitance of the capacitor, if the power factor of the circuit is unity,
ii. the Q-factor of this circuit. What is the significance of the Q-factor in ac circuit? Given the angular frequency of
the ac source to be 100 rad/s. Calculate the average power dissipated in the circuit.

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 Section A
1.
(d) Width of depletion layer increases.
Explanation: Width of depletion layer increases.
2.
(c) 10-2 cm/sec
Explanation: v d =
1

2
(
eE

m
)(
λ

μ
)

−19 −9
1.6×10 10
or v d =
1

2
E[
−31
][
5
]
9.1×10 10

= 0.8 × 10-3 E = 8 × 10-4E

If E = ( ) V/m, then vd = 10-4(m/s)
1

or vd = 10-2 cm/s
–
3. (a) 36/√7

Explanation:

From the figure it is clear that:

r
tan C =
h

Therefore, the radius of the circle is given by

r = h tan C,
where C is critical angle at the water-air interface and h, the depth of the fish below the water surface.
Now, sin C = = 1
= 0 ⋅ 75
μ
1

4/3

or C = 48 ⋅ 6 ∘

Thus, r = 12 tan 48.6o = 13 ⋅ 6 = 36/√7 cm

–

4.
5
(b) 3
2 2
M1 T +T
Explanation: M2
=
2

2
1

2
T −T
2 1
2
T
1
1+( ) 1
T
1+
5
=
2 4
= =
2 1
T1 3
1−
1−( ) 4
T
2

5.
(c) 0.32 J
Explanation: Heat produced in the 2 kΩ resistor
= Energy stored in the charged capacitor
× (400) J = 0.32 J
1 2 1 −6 2
= CV = × 4 × 10
2 2

6.
(c) 9× 10-7 N/m, repulsive
Explanation: 9× 10-7 N/m, repulsive
7.
(c) 1.0 V
Explanation: using Faraday's law

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 8.
(c) 0 and 0
Explanation: Torque = τ = MBsin θ
Since, M and B are parallel, then θ = 0 and hence,
τ =0
Torque is 0. So, in this case force is also zero since the distance is not equal to zero.
9.
(d) two sources should have the same wavelength, nearly the same amplitude and have a constant phase angle difference
Explanation: Two sources should have the same wavelengths, nearly the same amplitude and have a constant phase difference.
If the phase difference between two interfering waves does not remain constant, interference pattern will not be sustained.
10.
q
(c) 8ε0

Explanation: When the charge q is placed at one corner of the cube, only one-eighth of the flux emerging from the charge q
passes through the cube.
q
∴ ϕE =
8ε0

11.
(b) circuit 2 and 3
Explanation: The potential drop across the two p-n junctions, connected in series, are equal in circuit 2 and circuit 3. These
two circuits are either forward biased or reverse biased in terms of the p-n junctions.

In circuit 1, the two p-n junctions are such that one is forward biased and the other is reverse biased.
12.
(b) F1 + F2
Explanation: F1 + F2

13.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Aε0
Explanation: C = d

In the expression, there is no involvement of charge. So, capacitance is independent of charge. Hence, the assertion is true.
It depends on permittivity of the surrounding medium, the area of the plates and the distance between them. So, reason is also
true. Reason also explains the assertion.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
16.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Section B
17. i. X-rays and Gamma Rays: 5 × 1019Hz
Infrared Rays: 3 × 1013Hz
ii. Microwaves: Long distance telephone communication system.
Radiowaves: used in transmission of TV signals.

18. A sample of paramagnetic consist of Number of atomic dipoles is, n = 2.0 × 1024
Dipole moment of each atomic dipole, M = 1.5 × 10-23 JT-1
When the magnetic field, B1 = 0.64T

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 The sample is cooled to temperature, T1 = 4.2oK
The total dipole moment of the atomic dipole, Mtot = n × M
24 −23
= 2 × 10 × 1.5 × 10

= 30 JT-1
Magnetic saturation is achieved at 15%.
Hence, effective dipole moment, M = 1
15

100
−1
× 30 = 4.5JT

When the magnetic field, B2 = 0.98T

Temperature, T2 = 2.8oK
Its total dipole moment = M2
According to Curie's law, we have the ratio of two magnetic dipoles as:
M2 B2 T1
= ×
M1 B1 T2

B2 T1 M1
∴ M2 =
B1 T2

=
0.98×4.2×4.5

2.8×0.64
= 10.336 JT
Therefore, 10.336 JT-1 is the total dipole moment of the sample for a magnetic field of 0.98 T and a temperature of 2.8 K.
19. Since ne > nh, the semiconductor is n-type. The conductivity of the semi conductor is e(neμe +nhμh)

= 1.6 × 1019 ((8 × 1013)(24000) + (4 × 1013)(200))mho/cm

= 0.32 mho cm-1
=320 m mho cm-1
20. Given: E1 = - 13.6 eV
Now,
13.6
En = − eV
2
n

For n = 2,
E2 = −
13.6

2
eV = -3.4 eV
2

For n = 3,
E3 = −
13.6

2
eV = - 1.5 eV
3

i. For Lyman series, E = E2 - E1 = (- 3.4)- (- 13.6) = 10.2 eV

ii. For Balmer series, E = E3 - E2 = (- 1.5)- (- 3.4) = 1.9 eV
21. Force, F = qvB sin 90 = qvB ∘

For α -particle, q = 2e, ∴ F = 2evB α

For β -particle q = e ∴ F = evB β

Thus the a-particle will experience maximum force.

OR
As B increases with time, Lorentz force F = Bev, on the electron increases. As this force provides the necessary centripetal force
2

(F = mv

r
), therefore, the electron must speed up. Also, some energy is spent up in increasing B with time. The electron, therefore,
should have higher energy by speeding up. Further, from
2
mv
F = = Bev
r

r= mv

Be

The electron will not continue to revolve in a circle of the same radius, as rates of increase of B and v (with time) may be
different.
Section C
22. In the steady-state (when the capacitor is fully charged), no current flows through the branch CEF. The given circuit then reduces
to the equivalent circuit shown in Figure.

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 The equivalent resistance of the circuit is
R= 6 × 3
+ 3 = 5Ω
6 + 3

Current drawn from the battery,

I= 15 V

5Ω
=3A
Current through the branch BCD,
I1 = 3

6 + 3
× I = × 3 = 1 A
3

Current through the arm DF = I = 3 A

P.D. across the capacitor = P.D. between points C and F
= P.D. across CD + P.D. across DF
= 3 × 1 + 3 × 3 = 12V

23.

The circuit diagram of full wave rectifier is as shown above. During first half cycle of the input a.c. signal, only diode 1 is forward
biased and conducts.
During the 2nd half cycle of the input ac signal only diode 2 is forward biased and conducts.
However, due to the use of the centre tapped transformer, the current in the load flows in the same direction during both these half
cycles. The current through the load is therefore unidirectional.

24. i. The photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light because wave nature of radiation cannot
explain the following:
a. The instantaneous ejection of photoelectrons.
b. The existence of threshold frequency for a metal surface.
c. The fact that kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of light and depends upon its frequency.
ii. Photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein's photoelectric equation is based on particle nature of light Its
basic features are given as below:
a. In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles called photons.
b. Each photon has energy E (= hν = hc

λ
) and momentum p(= E/c).
c. All photons of light of a particular frequency ν or wavelength λ have the same energy E (= hν = hc

λ
) and momentum p (=
E/c) whatever the intensity radiation may be.
d. By increasing the intensity of light of given wavelength, there is only an increase in the number of photons per second
crossing a given area with each photon having the same energy. Thus, photon energy is independent of the intensity of
radiation.
25. The following graph shows the variation of potential energy with the separation of nucleons

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 1. Part BC of the graph shows the attractive force.
2. Part AB of the graph shows the repulsive force.
The characterstic features of the nuclear force are as under:
1. ​Nuclear forces are attractive and stronger than the electrostatic force.
2. Nuclear forces are charge-independent and short range forces.
26. i. Only those orbits are stable for which the angular momentum, of revolving electron, is an integral multiple of h/2π. L = nh

2π

i.e., angular momentum of orbiting electron is quantized.

According to de-Broglie hypothesis
Linear momentum
h
p =
λ

And for a circular orbit, L = rnp where 'rn‘ is the radius of nth orbit
rn h
=
λ
nh
Also, L = 2π
rn h nh
∴ =
λ 2π

⇒ 2πrn = nλ

∴ Circumference of permitted orbits are integral multiples of the wave-length λ

hc
ii. E C − EB =
λ1
...(i)
ℏc
EB − EA =
λ2
...(ii)
hc
EC − EA =
λ3
...(iii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
EC − EA =
hc

λ1
+
hc

λ2
...(iv)
Using equation (iii) and (iv)
hc hc hc
= +
λ3 λ1 λ2

1 1 1
⇒ = +
λ3 λ1 λ2

27. a. Using the theory of diffraction fringes sin θ = nλ

a
x nλ
=
D a

n=1
a = 0.2 × 10-3 m
D=1m
λ = 600 × 10-9 m
−9
1×600× 10 ×1
x= −3
0.2×10

= 3 mm ; so the distance of first minima is 3 mm.

b. sin θ = (n − 1

2
)
λ

x 1 λ
= (n − )
D 2 a

n=2
x= 3λD

2a

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 −9

= 3×600× 10

−3
×1

2×0.2×10

= 4.5 mm
28. i. As ϕ ∝ I, so the graph of ϕ versus I is a straight line as shown in the figure.

ii. As ε = −L dI

dt
, the graph of ε versus dI

dt
is a straight line with ε on the -ve side.

iii. Magnetic energy stored,

1 2
U = LI
2

2
⇒ U ∝ I

So the graph of U versus I is a parabola as shown in

OR
i. Suppose initially the plane of coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field B. When coil rotates with angular speed ω , then after
time t, the angle between magnetic field vector B and normal to plane of coil is

θ = ωt

∴ At this instant magnetic flux linked with the coil ϕ = BAcosωt . If coil contains, N-turns, then emf induced in the coil.
If coil contains, N-turns, then emf induced in the coil
dϕ d
ε = −N = −N (BA cos ωt)
dt dt

= +N BAω sin ωt

∴ For maximum value of emf ε,

sin ω t = 1
∴ Maximum emf induced, ε = N BAω max

ii. If R is resistance of coil, the current induced, I = ε

∴ Instantaneous power dissipated,

2
ε ε
P = εI = ε ( ) =
R R

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 2 2 2 2 2
N B A ω sin ωt
=
R

(Average power dissipated in a complete cycle is obtained by taking average value of sin2ω t over a
1
but, (sin 2
ωt)
av
=
2

complete cycle which is 1

2
)
2 2 2 2
N B A ω
∴ Average power dissipated P av =
2R

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
All the known radiations from a big family of electromagnetic waves which stretch over a large range of wavelengths.
Electromagnetic wave include radio waves, microwaves, visible light waves, infrared rays, UV rays, X-rays and gamma rays. The
orderly distribution of the electromagnetic waves in accordance with their wavelength or frequency into distinct groups having
widely differing properties is electromagnetic spectrum.
(i) (d) infrared waves
Explanation: Infrared rays can be converted into electric energy as in solar cell.
(ii) (c) radiowaves
Explanation: Radiowaves have longest wavelength.
(iii) (d) cathode rays
Explanation: Cathode rays are invisible fast moving streams of electrons emitted by the cathode of a discharge tube
which is maintained at a pressure of about 0.01 mm of mercury.
OR
(c) microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, gamma rays
Explanation: λ micro > λinfra > λultra > λgamma

(iv) (d) γ -rays

Explanation: γ -rays have minimum wavelength.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Gauss's law and Coulomb's law, although expressed in different forms, are equivalent ways of describing the relation between
charge and electric field in static conditions. Gauss's law is ε ϕ = q , when qend is the net charge inside an imaginary closed
0 end

surface called Gaussian surface. ϕ = ∮ ⃗

E ⋅ dA
⃗
gives the electric flux through the Gaussian surface. The two equations hold only
when the net charge is in vacuum or air.

q
(i) (c) ∮ ⃗
E ⋅ ds ⃗ = 0 if charge is outside, ∮ ⃗
E ⋅ ds ⃗ =
ε0
if charge is inside
Explanation: If there is only one type of charge in the universe then it will produce electric field somehow. Hence
Gauss's law is valid.
(ii) (c) Vector
Explanation: Vector
(iii) (c) 6 × 105
Explanation: According to Gauss's theorem,
q
Electric flux through the sphere = ε0
q
∴ Electric flux through the hemisphere = 1

2 ε0

= 0.56 × 106 N m2 C-1

−6

= 10×10

−12
2×8.854×10

≈ 0.6 × 106 Nm2 C-1 = 6 × 105 N m2 C-1

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 (iv) (b) ϕ
Explanation: As flux is the total number of lines passing through the surface, for a given charge, it is always the
Q
charge enclosed ε0
. If area is doubled, the flux remains the same.
OR
(c) zero
Explanation: As net charge on a dipole is (-q + q) = 0
Thus, when a gaussian surface encloses a dipole, as per Gauss's theorem, electric flux through the surface.
Section E
31. In normal adjustment, image is formed at least distance of distinct vision,
d = 25 cm
D
Angular magnification of eyepiece = (1 + fe
)

25
= (1 + ) = 6
5

Since the total magnification is 30, magnification of objective lens,

30
m = = 5
6
v0
Now, m = − u0
= 5 or v 0 = −5u0

As 1

v0
−
1

u0
=
1

f
0

1 1 1
∴ − =
−5u0 u0 1.25

6 1
− =
5u0 1.25

6×1.25
u0 = − = −1.5cm
5

i.e. object should be held at 1.5 cm in front of objective lens.

As v0 = -5u0
∴ v0 = −5 (−1.5) = 7.5cm

Now, 1

ve
−
ue
1
=
f
1

1 1 1 1 1 6
= − = − = −
ue ve fe −25 5 25

25
ue = − = −4.17cm
6

Separation between the objective lens and eyepiece = |u e| + |v0 |

= 4.17 + 7.5 = 11.67 cm

OR
As is clear from figure and difference between waves reaching P1 from A is
= 2d sin θ + (u − 1)l

For principal maximum, path difference = 0

i.e., 2d sin θ + (μ − 1)l = 0
−1
2d = sin θ + (1.5 − 1) = 0, sin θ = d

4 16

1
∴ O P1 = (C O) tan θ ≅D (− )
16

For the first minimum, an angle θ , say, 1

path difference = 2d sin θ + 0.5l = ±λ/2 1

±λ/2−0.5l
sin θ1 =
2d

As diffraction occurs when d = λ ,

±λ/2−λ/8 1 1
∴ sin θ1 = = ± −
2λ 4 16

on the positive side, sin θ 1

= +
1

4
−
1

16
=
3

16
, on the negative side,
1 1 −5
′
sin θ = − − =
1 4 16 16

The first principal maximum on the positive side is at distance (above O)

sin θ1 D.3/16
= D than θ 1 = D = =
3D

√1−9/256
√1−sin2 θ √162 − 32
1

On the negative side, the distance of first principal maximum (below O) will be

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 ′
sin θ D(−5/16) −5D
1
′
= Dθ = D = =
1 2
2
√1−sin θ1 √1−(5/16) √162 − 52

32. a. Work done in adding a charge dq = dW

= Vdq
q
= dq c

∴ Total Amount of work(W) in charging a capacitor

Q
W=∫ dW =
1
∫
0
qdq
C
2
Q
W= 2C
2
(CV )
= =
1

2
CV
2

2C

The electrostatic Energy/ potential energy is stored in the electric field between the plates.
b. C = 1μF = 1 × 10-6 F; V = 10 volt
Q = CV
= 1 × 10-6 × 10
= 10-5 coulomb
hence, the amount of charge supplied by the battery in charging the capacitor fully is 10-5 coulomb.
OR
i. At x = 18 cm, the potential is zero.
ii. Now, at x = 18 cm, net potential due to the two charges A and B is zero i.e.
1 QA 1 QB
⋅ + ⋅ = 0
4πε0 x 4πε0 r−x

where r is the distance between the two charges.

Here, QA = 3⋅ 6 × 10-6 C, x = 18 cm = 0.18m and
r - x = 30 - 18 = 12cm = 0⋅ 12m
−9 Q
9 3⋅6×10 9 B
∴ 9 × 10 × + 9 × 10 × = 0
0⋅18 0⋅12

or QB = - 2⋅ 4 × 10-6 C
iii. Force on the test charge at any point = - potential gradient at that point × charge
From the graph, it follows that the potential gradient (i.e. slope of the graph) and hence the force on the test charge is
maximum at the point x = 27 cm.
33. i. To draw maximum current from a series L-C-R circuit, the circuit should have the lowest impedance that means X L = XC
1
⇒ ωL =
ωC

2 1
⇒ ω =
LC
1
⇒ ω =
√LC

1
⇒ 2πf =
LC
1 1
⇒ f = = = 39.80Hz
−6
2π √LC 2×3.14√8×2×10

This frequency is known as the series resonance frequency.

V 200
ii. I = =
0 = 2A
R 100

iii.

iv. The sharpness of resonance is the defined as Q factor, which relates how fast energy is decayed in an oscillating system.
−
−
1 L
Q = √
R C

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 It may also be defined as the ratio of resonance angular frequency to the bandwidth of the circuit,
ωr
Q =
2Δω

If the resonance is less sharp, not only is the maximum current less, the circuit is close to resonance for a larger range ∆ω of
frequencies and the tuning of the circuit will not be good. So, less sharp the resonance, less is the selectivity of the circuit or
vice versa. Thus, we see that if quality factor is large, i.e., R is low or L is large, the circuit is more selective.
OR
i. Calculation of Capacitance
As power factor is unity,
∴ XL = XC also L=200mH and R= 10 Ω

1
⇒ ω =
√LC

100 = 1

√200× 10−3 ×C

104 × 2 × 102 × 10-3 × C = 1

hence ca[pacitance is given by ,C = 1

3
F
2×10

= 0.5 × 10-3 F
= 0.5mF
ii. Q-factor of circuit and its importance Calculation of average power dissipated
−
−
Quality factor, Q = 1

R
√
L

C
−−−−−−−
−3
1 200×10
= √
10 −3
0.5×10

=
1

10
× 20 = 2
Significance: It measures the sharpness of resnance.
Average Power dissipated,
P = Vrms Irms cos ϕ
50
= 50 ×
10
× 1W
= 250 watts

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