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    Cellular-Respiration

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    natashaanne15baraoidan
    General Biology Cellular Respiration 11 Stem

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    Cellular-Respiration

    Uploaded by

    natashaanne15baraoidan
    1 views17 pages
    General Biology Cellular Respiration 11 Stem

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    General Biology Cellular Respiration 11 Stem

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1 views17 pages

    Cellular-Respiration

    Uploaded by

    natashaanne15baraoidan
    General Biology Cellular Respiration 11 Stem

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    CELLULAR RESPIRATION

    CELLULAR RESPIRATION
    - It is the respiration process in which organisms
    combine oxygen with food molecules to produce
    energy in the form of ATP which takes place in the
    mitochondria of cells.
    -This process occurs in presence of oxygen and
    releases carbon dioxide and water as waste
    products.
    Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
    GLYCOLYSIS
    GLYCOLYSIS
    - the first step in the breakdown
    of glucose to extract energy
    for cell metabolism.
    - takes place in the cytoplasm
    of most prokaryotic and all
    eukaryotic cells.
    GLYCOLYSIS

    High energy molecule

    Substrate-level phosphorylation
    GLYCOLYSIS
    A summary of the process of
    glycolysis can be written as follows:
    KREBS CYCLE
    KREBS CYCLE
    -is also known as Citric Acid Cycle or
    the tricarboxylic acid cycle
    - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
    and generates a pool of chemical
    energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2)
    from the oxidation of pyruvate, the
    end product of glycolysis.
    KREBS CYCLE
    Results of the KREBS CYCLE

    - The original glucose


    molecule has been broken
    down completely.
    - All six of its carbon atoms
    have combined with
    oxygen to form carbon
    dioxide.
    - The energy from its
    chemical bonds has been 410ATP (including 2 from glycolysis)
    NADH(including 2 from glycolysis)
    stored in a total of 16 2FADH2
    energy-carrier molecules .
    GROUP ACTIVITY

    Modelling Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

    Arrange the beads on the string according


    to the sequence of reactions in each
    pathway and create index cards with short
    descriptions of each step and attach them to
    the corresponding beads.
    Assessment Questions

    1) What are the major molecules


    involved in glycolysis?

    2) Describe the sequence of


    reactions in Krebs cycle.

    3) Explain the significance of ATP


    production in glycolysis and
    Krebs cycle.
    ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
    ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
    - the final stage of cellular respiration.
    - In this stage, energy from NADH and
    FADH2, which result
    from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, is
    transferred to ATP.
    TRANSPORTING ELECTRONS

    High-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH2, and they move along electron transport
    chains, like those used in photosynthesis. The electron transport chains are on the inner membrane
    of the mitochondrion. As the high-energy electrons are transported along the chains, some of their
    energy is captured. This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions (from NADH and FADH2) across the
    inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space.
    The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the
    ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This chemiosmotic gradient causes the ions to
    flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower. ATP synthase acts
    as a channel protein, helping the hydrogen ions to cross the membrane. It also acts as an enzyme,
    forming ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. After passing through the electron transport chain,
    the “spent” electrons combine with oxygen to form water. This is why oxygen is needed; in the
    absence of oxygen, this process cannot occur.
    How much ATP is produced? The two NADH produced in the cytoplasm produces 2 to 3 ATP each
    (4 to 6 total) by the electron transport system, the 8 NADH produced in the mitochondria produces
    three ATP each (24 total), and the 2 FADH2 adds its electrons to the electron transport system at a
    lower level than NADH, so they produce two ATP each (4 total). This results in the formation of 34
    ATP during the electron transport stage.

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