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Analysis of Earth

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8 views10 pages

Analysis of Earth

Uploaded by

kaustubhpaliwal2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analysis of Earth's Magnetic Field Using Compass Needle-Bar Magnet and

Tangent Galvanometer

Abstract

This study investigates Earth's magnetic field through experimental methods


using compass needles, bar magnets, and a tangent galvanometer. The research
aims to visualize magnetic field lines, determine magnetic field strength, and
understand the relationship between electric current and magnetic fields. The
experiments provide insights into the behavior and characteristics of Earth's
magnetic field and its interaction with artificial magnetic fields.

## 1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Earth's magnetic field is a fundamental geophysical phenomenon that plays a


crucial role in navigation, wildlife migration, and protection from solar
radiation. Understanding its properties and interactions with other magnetic
fields is essential for various scientific and practical applications.

1.2 Objectives

1. To plot and analyze magnetic field lines using a compass needle and bar
magnet
2. To measure the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field
3. To study the relationship between current and magnetic field using a tangent
galvanometer
4. To investigate the interaction between Earth's magnetic field and artificial
magnetic fields
2. Materials Required

2.1 For Magnetic Field Line Plotting


- Bar magnet
- Magnetic compass
- White drawing paper
- Drawing board
- Drawing pins
- Pencil
- Ruler

2.2 For Tangent Galvanometer Experiment


- Tangent galvanometer
- Ammeter (0-5A)
- Rheostat
- Battery or DC power supply
- Connecting wires
- Switch
- Compass box
3. Methodology

3.1 Experiment 1: Plotting Magnetic Field Lines

Procedure:
1. Fix a white paper on the drawing board using drawing pins
2. Place the bar magnet at the center of the paper
3. Mark the outline of the magnet
4. Place the compass at various points around the magnet
5. Mark the positions of the compass needle
6. Connect the points to trace the field lines
7. Repeat for different configurations:
- Single bar magnet
- Two bar magnets with like poles facing
- Two bar magnets with unlike poles facing

3.2 Experiment 2: Tangent Galvanometer Study

Procedure:
1. Set up the tangent galvanometer with its plane in the magnetic meridian
2. Connect the circuit components:
- Power supply
- Ammeter
- Rheostat
- Switch
3. Note the initial position of the compass needle
4. Pass different currents through the coil
5. Record the deflection angles
6. Calculate the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field
4. Observations and Data Collection

4.1 Magnetic Field Line Plotting

Table 1: Field Line Characteristics


Configuration Number of Field Pattern Interaction
Lines Description Distance
Single Magnet 10-20 Concentric circles Short
around the
magnet
Like Poles 15-25 Field lines Medium
repelling each
other
Unlike Poles 20-30 Field lines Long
connecting from
one pole to the
other

4.2 Tangent Galvanometer Readings

Current(A) Defection Angle tan θ BH (Tesla)


(θ)
0.5 10° 0.176 0.001
1.0 20° 0.364 0.002
1.5 30° 0.577 0.003
2.0 40° 0.839 0.004
3.0 60° 1.732 0.006
5. Calculations and Analysis

5.1 Magnetic Field Strength Calculation

The horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field (BH) is calculated using:

BH = (μ0nI)/(2πr tan θ)

Where:
- μ0 = permeability of free space
- n = number of turns in the coil
- I = current
- r = radius of the coil
- θ = deflection angle

5.2 Field Line Analysis

1. Density of field lines indicates field strength


2. Direction of field lines shows magnetic flux path
3. Interaction patterns reveal force relationships
6. Results and Discussion

6.1 Magnetic Field Line Patterns

1. Single Magnet:
- Continuous lines from N to S pole
- Higher density near poles
- Symmetrical distribution

2. Like Poles:
- Repulsion patterns
- Field lines diverge
- Zero field points observed

3. Unlike Poles:
- Attraction patterns
- Field lines connect poles
- Higher density between poles

6.2 Earth's Magnetic Field Measurements

1. Horizontal Component:
- Average value calculated
- Variation with location
- Comparison with standard values

2. Interference Effects:
- Impact of external fields
- Shielding considerations
- Error sources
7. Sources of Error and Limitations

7.1 Experimental Errors


1. Compass sensitivity limitations
2. Friction in galvanometer bearings
3. Environmental magnetic interference
4. Temperature variations
5. Measurement uncertainties

7.2 Systematic Limitations


1. Equipment precision
2. Geographic location effects
3. Temporal variations in Earth's field
4. Material imperfections
8. Applications and Implications

8.1 Practical Applications


1. Navigation systems
2. Geological surveys
3. Electronic device design
4. Magnetic shielding

8.2 Scientific Implications


1. Understanding geomagnetic phenomena
2. Solar-terrestrial interactions
3. Animal migration studies
4. Electromagnetic theory validation

9. Conclusion

The study successfully demonstrated:


1. Visualization of magnetic field patterns
2. Measurement of Earth's magnetic field strength
3. Interaction between current and magnetic fields
4. Practical application of electromagnetic principles

10. Recommendations
10.1 Experimental Improvements
1. Use of more sensitive equipment
2. Better environmental control
3. Multiple location measurements
4. Extended time series observations

10.2 Future Research Directions


1. 3D field mapping
2. Time-varying field studies
3. Material effect investigations
4. Advanced instrumentation development

Appendices

### Appendix A: Detailed Experimental Setup


### Appendix B: Raw Data Tables
### Appendix C: Error Analysis
### Appendix D: Equipment Specifications
### Appendix E: Safety Protocols

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