Chapter 1. Basic concept_Rev

Recall basic concepts
Van Su Luong
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Contents
• Electrical & Electronic Engineering

• Charge, Current, Voltage
• Power and Energy
• DC & AC
• Circuit: Open and Short Circuits
• Circuit Elements
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Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• Example:
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Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• The headlight
circuit. (a) The
actual physical
layout of the
circuit. (b) The
circuit diagram.
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Charge
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Current
• Current: The movement of charges
• Thus, we always note the direction of the equivalent

positive charges, even if the moving charges are
negative.
• Current, i, is measured as charge moved per unit time
through an element.
• Unit is Ampere (A),
is 1 Coulomb/second
I= q/t = 1A = 1C/1s
The charge of 5 C moves past

a given point in 1 s. How
much is the current? (5A)
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Direction of current
• The sign of the current indicates the direction in which the charge is
moving with reference to the direction of interest we define.
• We need not use the direction that the charge moves in as our
reference, and often have no choice in the matter.
• A positive current through a component is the same as a negative
current flowing in the opposite direction.
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Voltage
• Electrons move when there is a difference in charge between two locations.
• This difference is expressed at the potential difference, or voltage (V).
• It is always expressed with reference to two locations
• It is equal to the energy needed to move a unit charge between the locations.
• Positive charge moving from a higher potential to a lower yields energy.
• Moving from negative to positive requires energy.
We can say that the potential difference between two points is one volt when one joule of energy
is expended in moving one coulomb of charge between those two points. Expressed as a formula,
1 V = 1 J/1 C
The general equation for any voltage can be stated as V = W/Q
where V is the voltage in volts, W is the work or energy in joules, and Q is the charge in coulombs.
What is the output voltage of a battery that expends 3.6 J of energy in moving 0.5 C of charge?
(7.2 V)
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Power and Energy
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Conservation of Energy
• In a circuit, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

• Thus, power also must be conserved
• The sum of all power supplied must be absorbed by the other elements.
• Energy can be described as watts x time.
W=pxt
• Power companies usually measure energy in watt-hours
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DC vs. AC
• Direct Current (DC) flows in only one direction, and remains
constant with time
• Such current is represented by the capital I, time varying
current uses the lowercase, i.
• A common source of DC is a battery.
• Alternating Current (AC) periodically reverses direction, varies
as sinusoidal shape with time
• Civil electric is an example of AC
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What is a circuit?
• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

• It may consist of only two elements or many more:
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Close, Open and Short Circuits
• When a current path is broken (incomplete) the circuit is said

to be open. The resistance of an open circuit is infinitely high.
There is no current in an open circuit.
• When the current path is closed but has little or no
resistance, the result is a short circuit. Short circuits can result
in too much current.
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Circuit Elements
• Two types:
• Active
• Passive
• Active elements can
generate energy
• Generators
• Batteries
• Operational Amplifiers
• Passives absorb energy
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Inductors
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Ideal Sources
• Ideal Voltage Source:

• An ideal voltage source has no internal resistance.
• It also can produce any amount of current needed
to establish the desired voltage at its terminals.
• Thus, we can know the voltage at its terminals, but
we don’t know in advance the current.
• Ideal Current Source:

• Current sources are the opposite of the voltage
source:
• They have infinite resistance
• They will generate any voltage to establish the
desired current through them.
• We can know the current through them in advance,
but not the voltage.
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Dependent Sources
• A dependent source has its output controlled by an input
value.
• Represented as a diamond
• Four types:
✓ A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
✓ A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
✓ A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
✓ A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
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Multimeters
• A multimeter (VOM/DMM) is a device used to measure

the voltage, current, or resistance in a circuit.
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Chapter 1. Questions and Exercices
Discussion: Application of electric elements in your work
Problems in Chapter 1:
Albert Malvino, David J. Bates (2016), Electronic principles, McGraw-Hill Education,
978-0-07-337388-1.
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Chapter 1. Basic concept_Rev

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Recall basic concepts

• Electrical & Electronic Engineering

• Thus, we always note the direction of the equivalent

The charge of 5 C moves past

• In a circuit, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

• When a current path is broken (incomplete) the circuit is said

• Ideal Voltage Source:

• Ideal Current Source:

• A multimeter (VOM/DMM) is a device used to measure

Discussion: Application of electric elements in your work

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