ation components of a particle b

e equa}
, l>ro.,e
. [l(l]_ 201
:vmg a constant acceleration in a d • . 5,
. irection • .
. Show that t h e curve 18 an equiangu1 . lnchn...,
ar sp1ra1. -..:q

• f part· l
o a
·
ic e movmg along a cir cle of r d.
[M.D.tr 2
. . Ooaj RELATIVE MDTIDI\I
;the speed at a certain time is u, prove tha~ -~us ~ll1s "- tunes IL,
i Wl return to "'-'
a flme ~o-e~2,r,.).
AU
with a velocity u is acted on by .c. hi
· the pIane of motion
. mclined
.' a 1orce w ch d
~ at an l . pro uces a const ► 2.1. INTRODUCTION
trinsic equation
· of the curve describedang ea with the di t· 8Jl!
d h rec ion of lllotio
an s ow that the particle Will ~
f;be opposib! direction to that of projection at time -.!!:_ (e"cota -1) For a layman there is a difference between two concepts of mechanics
i.e. the rest and the motion of a body. When we say tnanhe body is at
f cos a · '~ - -
rest, we srmply mean that the body has no velocity with respect to another
describes the diameter AB f th . ofi which the body stands, for instance say surface of the earth. In reality
[M.D. U. 20091
o e c1rc1e with co t t 1 . ~the body is not at rest as it is partaking the motion ofrotation of the earth
erence AB from rest "..,;~ th cons t ant t angent· 1 ns an ve oc1ty and another the about its axis and the motion of
. the whole earth along the elliptic sun is
:ariive together at B. Show that 1 ·t· Ia acce1eration. They start together not stationary. Thus there is no absolutely fixed point iri the universe -
. ve oc1 1es at B are 7t : 1.
oves In a plane curve so that it s tan ential . from which motion can be measured. Hence, rest or motion of body is
of the tangential velocity d g acce~eration is constant and the always relative to another body. In case when the other body is not
intrinsic equation of the curv8: normal accelerations are in a constant ratio, mentioned, the reference is always to a fixed point (called origin) on the
surface of the earth. ·-

c:ANSWERS J ~ 2.2. RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT

T
CL
7. 0 ; - 2 unit/sec 2 ➔ ➔
Let OP and OQ be the y
2
a -k position vectors of two points P
B =aµ, C= - -
2;.., and Q respectively at any time 't'
referred to co-ordinate axes OX
and OY where O is the origin.
Taking point Q as a new origin,
draw new axes QX 1 and QY 1
parallel to the axes OX and OY
r:!pectively. Join QP. Then vector
QP is the displacement ofpoint P
relative to point Q. ----:oc-f"----------~x
In t.OPQ, we have
Fig. 2.1
➔ ➔ ➔
OQ + Q~ = OP [Triangle Law]
or
 IIELATIVE MOTION

Thus, we have .

----
1 cement of point p relative to pomt Q .
pa

►to/_:ATIVE VELOCITY
- -
= Displacement of point P - Displacemen t of pomt Q.

bodies.

►l~~EXPRESSION FOR THE MA.GNITUDE AND DIRECilON 9-,F RELA~ VELOCITY

~
[M.D. U. 20131
When two points p and Qare moving with respect_to the_same common frame of reference,
V . ( &_I' ll~~c),.'<>1' \l-"" ~1' . l.
then the relative velocity of point P with respect to pomt Q 1s defined as the rate of change of
position of P with respect to Q .
2.5.1. Using Resolved Parts: CfO y ~~.
two ;;:~;P:::do;:,~;:•.~;:::::.'':i'.::::
u and u and making angles a. and 13 with the x-axis
' ~Yi
\J
cities are relative with respect to each other and it dep~nd~ on the frame in w~ch
e asurements are made. For example, if you are travellmg ma car, along positive respectively . Let V ~~ a t i v e to Q,
direction of x-axis with a velocity 50 km/hr, then making an angle~ th e x-axis. ------,
(a) a person sitting in the same car next to you, will see you at r est.
:. Actual v e l O : ~~ = u cos~ ..
(b) a person standing by roadside will measure your velocity as 50 km/hr.
(c) a person travelling in another car with velocity 15 km/hr along positive direction of Actual velocity of P along OY = u sin a.
x-axis will measure your velocity as 35 km/hr. Reversed velocity of Q along_?j_ ~
(d) a person travelling in another car along negative direction of x-axis at 15 km/hr will Reversed velocity of Q along OY =- u sin 13 Fig. 2.3
measure your velocity as 65 km/hr.
Now, the velocity of P relative to Q is the resultant of the velocity of P and the reversed
velocityofQ. -----~------4,1_____
► 2.4. DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE VELOCITY

➔
Let two particles P and Q moving with velocities u and u be represen ted by AB and CD
-l
and
Taking resolved parts along x-axis andy-axis-
V cos e =,~
~t - .
f .,... ll c~s ~
V__zj;u) = u sl.n ci - u sin 13
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
I' .
\.(U ...(2)
respectively. Through A draw AE equal and parallel to CD and join EB. Then the displacement V2(cos
2
e + sin 2
9) = (u cos a. - u cos 13)2 + (u sin a. - u sin 13)2
➔ ➔ or
of the points P and Qin time tare AB and CD respectively.
V2 = u 2 cos2 a. + u2 cos 2 13 - 2uu cos a. ~os 13

➔
Since AE is equal and parallel to Ctl ,so the displacement of point Q can also be representtd
➔
or
2
+ u sin 2 a. + u2 sin2 13 - 2uv sin a. sin If
by AE . Hence, EB is the rate of change of position of point P with respect to point Q. or V2 = u 2 + u2 - 2uu (cos a.cos 13 + sin a. sin 13) ~
..~ A V2 = u 2 + u2 - 2uu cos (a.-13) i. I t . A ~
: EB is the relative velocity of point P with respect to point Q~ D E . f"'•r · . . - ~ ~ ,l,Jll#Q ~
Nowfromt;.ABE,wehave ~ " \(
Dividing ( 2) by ( 1), we get
\.Y = Ju 2
+v
2
- 2uu cos <q-J}L
~
J.
➔ ➔ ➔
EB= EA + AB V
Vsin9 usina.-usinl3
=-u +u
~ ucosa.- cosl3
=u - u C or
Thus the velocity · of point P relative to another tan e=
sin a. - V Sin l3
U

point Q is obtained by comp~unding the actual velocity a - V COS J3U COS

A u 9 to Q. Equations (3) and '(4:;;)~gi=ve~t~'="""""~:-r--•J.
of p with the reversed velocity of Q. Fig. 2.2
 c$t! o \ "' Soi \"1"'-1 c.li t~ c. J.i
cular Case : - ,
t)~ ~ ~""""Lot the velocity of P ,•elativ,• to Q makes angle O with AB
When tht· partieles p and Q move paralfrl to each other i11 V Hin (180'' - u.J

the same direction !l'ith velodtit's u and v respectively and ll > v : tan O = u + u cos (1800 - u.)

~ ~
~i-{>
Here u = F ig. 2.4 tan 8 = _.(2)
or u - vcosa
2
= .ju2+v -2uvcos ~ ~) ( ~ ~- Equations ( 1) and (2) give the magnitude and direction of t h e velocity ofP relative to Q.
\~ ~ .,..
= .Ju 2 + v 2 - 2uv = .Jcu - v)
2
~ -
[·: u >vi
•
usmo. - vs1n,.,
• A fl ► 2.6. RELATIVE ACCELERAT ION
Also, tan 8 = -u-c-os_o.___v_c_o_s -~
(M.D.U.2019, 13)
u sin o. - v sin o. When two particles P and Q are moving with respect to the same common frame of reference,
ucoso. - vcos o. then - relative acceleration of point P with r espect to point Q is defined ;is the_ratf of
-;i;ange of velocity o ·w !th respect to_Q. ' •
(u - v) sin o. = tan o.
(u- v) cos o. Let P and Q be the two points moving with velocities u and v respectively. lfV is the
8 = 0. relative velocity of P with respect to Q, then
Thus the velocity of P relative to Q is u - v and acts in the direction of the velocity ofP.
dV. u dv
(!JtemarQ Differ entiating w .r .t. t , ~ = & - ai'
In above particular case if u < v, then velocity of P r elative to Q is v - u and acts in the :. Acceleration of point P relative to 1s obtained by compounding the actual acceleration
direction opposite to the velocity of P . of P with r eversed acceleration of Q.

■
2.5.2. Using Parallelogram Law ofVelocities:
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Let u and v be the velocities of points P and Q
r espectively and let u be the angle between the velocities ( Example 1., , . . .
u and v. '==~·;;;;;;;;ii!;! A train is m o v ing at a speed of 44 lqn/hr. A stone strikes it at right
Let V be the velocity of the point P relative to point angl es with
·~ -
a speed of 33 km/hr. Find the magnitude '
and the direction ofthe velocity of
th e stone with which i t appears
Q . Then V is the resultant of the velocities of P and that to strike the passenger sitting in the trai~ lM.D.U. 20141
of Q r eversed. Solution. Let the velocities of th e train and the y
The angle between the velocity of P and that of Q sto
ne be represented along X' OX and Y' OY r espectively.
r ever sed is 180° - a.
Now it is required to find the velocity of stone
Complete the parallelogram ABCD where ~ and iJJ represent the velocity of the painl relative to the train.
P and velocity of th e point Q reversed respectively. . Let V be the velocity of stone r ela tive to the train
➔ ➔ ➔ Ultrc~ed at an angle 8 with the direct1on of motion of
The r esultant of AB and AD is along th e diagonal AC and represents velocity V. am.
2 2
V = .Ju + v + 2uv cos (180° - a) Now , actual velocity of train along OX= 44 km/hr.
Actu al velocity of train along OY = O
2 ...(1)
~ + v -2u v cosa Reversed velocit y of train along 0~= - 44 km/hr.
- ~
 cm
Reversed velocity of train along OY = 0
= eftllll ~ MOTION .

Case II. When the man doubles his speed:

Actual velocity of the stone along OY = 33 km/hr. Actual velocity of person along OE= 8 km/hr
Actual velocity of stone along OX = 0 Let u be the apparent velocity of the wind along
:. Resolving along the axes OAsuch that
V cos 0 = Velocity of stone along OX + Reversed velocity of train along OX L AOW = 45° and L AOE = 135°.
= 0-44 =-44 km/hr. ... (1) As actual velocity of the wind is the resultant of
and V sin 0 = Velocity of stone along OY + Reversed velocity of train along OY apparent velocity of wind and actual velocity of person,
= 33 + 0 = 33 km/hr. ...(2) therefore, Vis the resultant of u km/hr along OA and 8
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we have kmfb,our along OE. --
V2 = (-44)2 + (33)2 Resolving along OE:
= (11 X 4) 2 + (11 X 3)2 Actual velocity ofperson along OE;,, 8 km/hour
..- _ _J - .
= 121 X 25 Actual velocity of wind along OE= V cos 0 ;:: l,..f
V = 11 x 5 = 55 km/hr. Apparent velocity of wind along OE~ u c:s(13~55' =
- ·, .
~
✓2,
Dividing (2) by (1), we have
33 3 Vcos0 = 8 - ~
tan0 = -44 =-4 ✓2
Resolving along OS :
0 = n:-tan-1 ~-

~&\ ~ '. Actual velocity of person along,0S = O

r~"i~~
4
Actual velocity of wind along OS= V sin,0
A p ~ e a s t w a r d s with a velocity of 4 km/hr finds that the
wind appears to blow directly from the north. He doubles his speed and the wind Apparent velocity of wind along OS= u sin 135° = u cos 45° G
'---,, \:!!)
appears to come from north east. In what direction and with what velocity is the wind
blowing? :. Vsin0 t= 0 +--!ii'
Solution. Take WOE as x-axis and SON as y-axis. N Adding (2) and (3), we g ~
Case I : Let V be the actual velocity of the wind V cos O+ V sin 0 = 8
and suppose it blows in a direction making an angle 0 Using (1), 4 + V sin O = 8
south of east. As actual velocity of the wind is the
. V ;,in 0 = 4 ·i
resultant of apparent velocity of wind and actual velocity
W------1.--~---E Squaring and adding (1) a~o(4), we get I
of person, therefore V is the resultant of apparent
velocity of the wind along OE and actual velocity of V2 (cos 2 e + sin 2 0) = 16 + 16
or
person along OE. V2 = 32 ⇒ V= 4✓2 km/hr-
Actual velocity of person along OE= 4 km/hr V Dividing (4) by (1), we get
s
Apparent velocity of wind along OE= 0
F,g.2.7 Vsin0 4
Actual velocity of wind along OE= V cos 0 Vcos0 4
...(ll or
V cos 0 = 4 + 0 = 4
tan e = 1 ⇒ e = 450.
---,
 Two motor cars are moving uniformly along two straicht roads 111Qkhtc
r'.tffiM~~ A cyclist travelling at 10 km/hr i8 overtaken by a c.tJr
60" with each other w ith velocities of20 km/hour a nd 12 km/hour. If the lillj
:::;:~~=~ing towards and t he second away from the junction of th e road, find flit J0✓2 km/hr as they both arrive at a cross road. The cycliat keep• llfraiirht on;.
relative velocity of the first with resp ect to the second. motorist proceeds along the road that makes an. angle of186• u,Uh hia prevlo.,,._ a
motion. With what velocity and in. what direction. does the car appear to t h e ~
Solution. Take OX, OY as the axes of reference and O as the junction of two roads. move.
Let the second car move along OX with velocity 12 km/hr and the first car move along No Solution. Let the cyclist and the car initially move along X'OX. 011- r ~ ~e cross
with velocity 20 km/hr su ch that .L. NOX = 600. road at O, the cyclist moves along OX and the car moves along OA making an ~ e o£4f)0 with
Let V be the r elative velocity of first car with respect to th e second car making an ox.
angle 0 with OX. Then vis the resultant of actual velocity of first car and rever sed veloci~ Let V be the relative velocity of car with respect to the cyclist making an angle 8 with 9X..-
of second car . Here, V is the resultant of actual velocity of car and reversed velocity oi;'ciist.
y
Actual velocity offirst c~ong OX Actual velocity of car along OX = 10✓2 cos 45° km/hr '

-------
= --1 20 cos 60° km/hour
Actual velocity of first car along OY
= - 20 sin 60° km/hour
Actual velocity of second car along OX ~
~
~
~
.$'
N
\ Reversed velocity of cyclist along OX = - 10 km/hr
V cos 0 = 10✓2 cos 45° .:,.!~
= 10-10 = 0
Actual velocity of car along OY
... (1)

= 12 km/hour
~
60°
= 10✓2 sin 45° km/hr
Actual velocity of second car along OY = 0 0- 12 km/hour
Reversed velocity of cyclist alon g OY = 0
Reversed velocity of second car along OX F ig. 2.9
= - 12 km/hour V sin e = 10✓2 sin 45° + o = 10. .. .(2)

Reversed velocity of second car along OY = 0 Squaring (1) and (2) and adding, we get Y'
Fig.2.10
V cos 0 = - 20 cos 60° - 12 = - 10 - 12 = - 22 ...01 v 2
= 02 + ( 10)2 = o + 100
and V sine = - 20 sin 60° + 0 = - 10.Ja ...(2! V = lOkm/hr
Dividing (2) by (1), we get
Squaring (1) and (2) and adding, we get
V sin 0 10
v 2 =<-22)2 +<-10.Ja )2 Vcos0 = 0 ._.-,
=484 + 300 = 784 tan e = ao ~ e = 90°
V = 28 km/hour. Hence, the apparent velocity of car is 10 km/hr along OY.

Dividing (2) by (1), we get

O:xample 5·] A ship is sailing due west an.d the apparent direction o
5.Jg
-10✓3
tane= ~=u shown, by the fl.uttering of the fl.ag on the mast is from the north. The win4.
be blowing from a point 30" east of north. Show that its velocity it, do.W.i
Since sin 0 and cos 0 are both -ve, so 0 lies in the third quadrant. •hip.

0= rr+tan- 1 - - (5.Jgj
11 .
Solution. Let u be the velocity of ship sailing due west toward.&
apparent velocity of the wind along NOS towards OS. Let v be the a
I
I
I
which is blowing in a direction 30° east of north. Actual velocity v of the wind is the resultant f
apparent velocity Vofwind and actual velocity u of ship. N ° Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
Actual velocity of wind along OW
V2 = (15)2 + (36)2
=V COS 60°
=225 + 1296 =1521
Apparent velocity of wind along OW
V= 39kmfhr
= V cos 90° = 0 Dividing (2) by ( 1), we get
Actual velocity of ship along OW = u V sin 0 36
V COS 60° = 0 + U ~=15
V 36 12
or 2 =u ⇒ =2U or 12
V tan0= - = -
16 6 0 = tan-I 5.
s
Hence, the velocity of wind is double that of the ship. F ig. 2.11
( E x a ~ Two particles A and B are moving along concentric circle• ofradli

\ Example 6. ' A ship steams due west with a velocity of15 km/hr relative to the current 2 metres and 8 metres respectively with constant angular velocitu!s of4 radian/NC and
2 radian/sec. Obtain their relative acceleration when their angular distance apart is
which is flowing at the rate of 6 km/hr due south. What is the velocity of a train going 21t
north at a rate of 30 km/hr relative to the ship? T (K.U. 2018; M.D.U. 2013)
fM.D.U. 2014] Solution.
Solution. Here, apparent velocity of ship relative
to current along OW= 15 km/hr
~2m/sec2y
Actual velocity of current along OS= 6 km/hr. \
N
B._
If u is the actual velocity of ship, then the two \
\
components of actual velocity u of ship are 15 km/hr \

along OW and 6 km/hr along OS. 30 3~ m/sec 2

V 0·1-,-...._----------1X
Actual velocity ofship along OE= - 15 km/hr ' A
\
w·--◄-----;~.o..;;__---- E
15
Actual velocity of ship along ON = - 6 km/hr \
\
Reversed velocity of ship along OE= 15 km/hr
Reversed velocity of ship along ON= 6 km/hr
Actual velocity of train along OE= 0
Actual velocity of train along ON= 30 km/hr
s
Fig.2. 13
We know that for a circle, normal acceleration = rciH\..\ ~
For A, r = 2 m, co= 4 rad/sec
\,
'. f ~ , ,

,. -
()'J~
0. ,r/
/

1
IfV is the velocity of train relative to ship making Fig. 2.12 Magnitude of acceleration of A = rw2 \/
an angle o with OE, then V is the resultant of actual
=2(4)2 =32 m/sec2
velocity of train a-id reversed velocity of ship. For B, r = 8 m, co = 2 rad/sec
Resolvm, along OE, :. Magnitude of acceleration ofB =8(2)2 =32 rn/sec2
V cos 0 =0 + 15 = 15 ...(1)
Letfbe the relative acceleration of'B w.r.t. A making an angle 8withOX.
Resolving along ON, Here we compound the acceleration ofB with the reversed acceleration of A.
... (2)
V sin 0 = 6 + 30 = 36 21t
Actual acceleration ofB along OX= 32 cos = 16 m/sec2
3
 1
SW kt
· Reversed acceleration of A along OX = 32 m/sec2
:. }~ ...:>1/)os 0 = 16 + 32 = 48 m/sec2

Actual acc~;eration ofB along OY = - 32 sin 27t = -

3
16✓3 m/sec 2•
.... (1)

Reversed acceleration of A along OY = 0

{sin 0 = -16✓ 3 ID To a man walking at 4 km/hr rain appears to fall te
... .(2)
v 8 km/hr, find the actual direction.
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
2• A train moving with a speed of 60 km/hr is stuck by a stone mov,mg
f2 =(48) 2 +(-16✓3) 2
30 km/hr making an angle of 60° with the direction of motion of.~
= 2304 + 768 = 3072
with which the stone appears to a passenger in the train, strike the
f = 32✓3 m/sec2
Dividing (2) by (1), \Ve get s. To a man going on a bicycle at 10 km/hr due east, the wind seems to blow
60° south of west at 6 km/hr. Find the direction and velocity of the· ·
f sin 0 -16✓3
fcos0 48 [M.D.U.
4. A road and a railway line cross at right angles. If at a certain instant a
or -16✓ 3 1 0
the crossing at 30 km/hr and a train 40 km/hr; find the magnitude and the
tan0 = - - = - - = tan 150
48 ✓ 3 velocity of the train relative to the car at the said instant. [M;:D.U,.
Hence, 0 = 150°
~ To a person travelling due east, the wind appears to come from the north '88t,
=~=;=~~ i;~
he doubles his speed, it appears to come from a direction tan-1 ! north ofeasti
~ampl® yA passenger travelling in a train with velocity 90 km/hr on a straight s 2016;
• lfU.
direction of the wind. [C.D.L.U.
level track observes that another train which is 180 _m long_ a~d moving constantly
takes 4 seconds to pass by. What is the velocity ofpassing tram • [K. U. 2016] 6. A person travelling towards north-east, finds that the wind appears to blow
north but when he doubles his speed, it seems to come from a direction · •
. .
Solution. Case (i) The passing train is moving in the same direction: .,__.,'2<> 1
angle cot- 2 from the east of north. Prove that the direction of wind is towards
,_1,, W:,Jm
Velocity of the train carrymg
. :the .passenger= 90 km/hr - 903600
x 1000 m/sec = 25 m/sec.
G Tua passenger in an open car travelling at 20 km/hr, the wind appears to come
direction 60° to the right and from ahead at 4 km/hr. What is the true · •
Let v be the velocity of the passmg
. tram.
. Th en ve1oc1•ty ofth e Passing train relative to the ;}velocity of the wind ? [M.D.U. 2017; KU.
passenger in other train = (v - 25) m/sec. .g
In order to pass completely, the passing train has to travel it~ full length. So, the passm ~ The paths of two trains P and Q are due north ~d east and t~ey have_ the ~
20 m.p.h. At noon, Q is due north of P and 10 miles away. Fmd the time
train travels a distance of 180 m with a velocity of (v - 25) m/sec m ~ seconds.
(;- nearest and also the least distance between them. UC
For constant velocity, we have distance travelled = velocity x time
• 180 =(v-25) ~ ~,l A bomber moves due east at 100 km/hr. over a town X at certain time. Six:
~ 4v - 100 = 1so:· i a pursuit plane sets off from a station Y which is 4? km: due ~outh of
north-east. If both maintain their course, find the velocity with which the
⇒ ..._v = 70 ml::_ecJ
must fly in order to overtake the bomber?
C ( . ') The passing trai~Ts moving in opposite direction: ;
ase lO. Two cars move with uniform velocities u and v along two straight llii
h. n the velocity of the passing tram. relative
. to the passenger m
. the other train
In t 1s c-.,:-e, . . · 4 nds and containing an acute angle a. The first car moves towards O ~'ii,
.
18 (u + 25) mlsu, . an d w i th this constant
. velocity 1t travels 180 m m seco ·
moves away from o. If the first car is at distance 'a' from O when th
180 = (u + 25) (4)
⇒ 4u + 100 = 180 then show that the cars are at their least distance apart after tin>e
⇒ u = 20 m/sec.
and at that time the ratio of their distances from O is v +
 Wt Mifffi@$, d

c:ANSWERS::,
1. so• with the horizontal
2. 30 ✓3 km/hr; a=150°
!ilMPLE IIARMDI\IIC
s. 11
= 14 km/hr; 9 = tan- 1 (
3
;7] with the direction of motion of man.
MOTION
4. V =50 km/hr. a =11 - tan- 1
½with the direction of motion of the car.
5. a = 11 - tan- 1 2. south of east
► 3.1. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

7. 4,fii km/hr. a= tan- 1 (

3
}s-) with the direct :on of motion of the car.
A particle is said to execute Simple Harmonic Moti-On (S.H.M.) if it
8. At 12.15 p.m.; distance = 5✓2 miles. moves in a straight line such that its accelerati-On is always directed towards
a f=d point in the line and is proportional to the distance of the particle
400 ✓2 km/hr. from the fixed point.
9. 3 -

► @ TO OBTAIN THE EXPRESSIONS FOR VELOCITY AND

POSITION OF A PARTICLE EXECUTING SIMPLE
HARMONIC MOTION

'
is
~ '!}article moves in a straight line such that its acceleration
ays directed towards a fixed point in the line and is
.J . proportional to the distance of the particle from the fixed point.
Discuss the motion. [K. U. 2014, 04; M.D. U. 2012, 08. 06. 051
Let O be the fixed point in the line A'OA and P be the position of the
Particle moving with velocity II in the direction OA at time t and at a
distance x from O.

A'

By the definition of S.H.M, the acceleration of the particle at Pis

Proportional to x and is directed towards 0.
du
11 dx =-px

where pis the constant of proportionality.

v2 J.li:2
Integrating (1) w.r.t. x, we have =- +c
2 2