IntroductIon to computer

networks

Computer networks are fundamental to modern

communication and information exchange. They enable
devices to connect and communicate with each other,
facilitating data sharing, resource allocation, and access to
various services. This unit provides a comprehensive
overview of computer networks, covering their definitions,
types, topologies, models, and transmission media.
1. Overview of Computer Networks
Definition
A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices
that communicate and share resources. These devices can
include computers, servers, switches, routers, and other
hardware. The primary purpose of a computer network is
to enable data communication and resource sharing
among multiple users.
Uses of Computer Networks
• Data Sharing: Networks allow users to share files and
data across multiple devices, improving collaboration
and efficiency.
• Resource Sharing: Peripheral devices such as printers
and storage can be shared across a network, reducing
costs and improving accessibility.
• Communication: Networks facilitate communication
through email, instant messaging, and video
conferencing, bridging distances and enhancing
connectivity.
• Remote Access: Users can access network resources
from remote locations, enabling telecommuting and
flexible work arrangements.
Applications of Computer Networks
• Internet: The most extensive global network, providing
access to information, services, and communication
tools.
• Corporate Networks: Organizations use networks for
internal communication, resource sharing, and data
management.
• Educational Networks: Schools and universities use
networks to provide access to online resources, facilitate
e-learning, and support collaborative projects.
 • Telecommunication Networks: Networks that support
voice and video communication, including traditional
telephone systems and VoIP.

2. Network Types
Computer networks can be categorized based on their
geographic coverage, scale, and purpose. The major types
include:
a) Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN connects devices within a limited geographical area,
such as a single building or campus. LANs are characterized
by high data transfer rates and low latency. Common uses
include home networks, office networks, and educational
institutions.
b) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN, typically
covering a city or a large campus. It connects multiple
LANs, enabling data sharing and communication among
them. MANs are often used by municipalities for public
services, such as citywide Wi-Fi.

c) Wide Area Network (WAN)

A WAN covers a vast geographic area, often connecting
multiple cities or countries. WANs use various transmission
media to facilitate long-distance communication. The
internet is the most prominent example of a WAN,
allowing global connectivity.
d) Personal Area Network (PAN)
A PAN is a small network designed for personal devices
within a limited range, usually within a few meters.
Common applications include connecting smartphones,
tablets, and laptops through Bluetooth technology.
e) Campus Area Network (CAN)
A CAN connects multiple LANs within a specific geographical
area, such as a university or corporate campus. It enables
communication and resource sharing among different
departments or buildings.

f) Characteristics of Network Types

Each network type has unique characteristics related to
coverage, speed, and user capacity. Understanding these
characteristics helps in selecting the appropriate network
type for specific needs.
3. Network Topologies
Network topology refers to the arrangement of different
elements (links, nodes, etc.) in a computer network. The
choice of topology affects the network's performance,
 scalability, and reliability. Major types of network
topologies include:

a) Bus Topology
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single
central cable (the bus). Data is transmitted in both
directions along the bus, and devices listen for messages
addressed to them. This topology is easy to install and
cost-effective but can suffer from performance issues and
is prone to cable failures.
b) Star Topology
A star topology consists of a central hub or switch to which
all devices are connected. Data flows through the hub,
allowing for easy management and troubleshooting. This
topology is highly reliable; if one connection fails, it
 doesn’t affect the entire network. However, if the central
hub fails, the whole network goes down.
c) Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each device is connected to two other
devices, forming a circular path for data transmission. Data
travels in one direction around the ring. This topology can
provide consistent data transfer rates but is vulnerable to
failures; if one device goes down, it can disrupt the entire
network.
d) Mesh Topology
A mesh topology connects each device to multiple other
devices, providing multiple paths for data transmission.
This topology enhances redundancy and reliability, as
there are multiple routes for data. However, it can be
complex and costly to set up and maintain.
e) Hybrid Topology
A hybrid topology combines two or more different
topologies, leveraging their strengths while mitigating
weaknesses. For example, a star-bus topology combines
the star and bus topologies, providing flexibility and
scalability.
4. Network Models
Network models define how data is transmitted across a
network and how various network components interact.
The two most widely used models are the OSI Model and
the TCP/IP Model.
a) OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a
conceptual framework that standardizes network
communication into seven layers. Each layer serves a
specific function and interacts with the layers above and
below it:
 1. Physical Layer: Deals with the physical connection
between devices, including cables, switches, and
electrical signals.
2. Data Link Layer: Provides node-to-node data transfer
and error detection, ensuring reliable communication
over the physical layer.
3. Network Layer: Manages the routing of data packets
across the network, determining the best path for data
transmission.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between
devices, managing error correction and flow control.
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions or connections
between applications, ensuring proper communication
and data exchange.
6. Presentation Layer: Translates data formats and handles
encryption and compression, ensuring that data is in a
readable format for the application layer.
7. Application Layer: Interfaces with user applications and
provides network services to end users, such as email
and file transfer.
b) TCP/IP Model
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) Model is a more practical framework used in the
design of the internet. It consists of four layers, which can
be compared to the OSI model:

1. Network Interface Layer: Corresponds to the OSI’s

Physical and Data Link layers, handling physical network
connections.
2. Internet Layer: Maps to the OSI’s Network layer,
responsible for addressing and routing data packets.
3. Transport Layer: Similar to the OSI’s Transport layer, it
provides reliable or unreliable delivery of data.
4. Application Layer: Combines the OSI’s Session,
Presentation, and Application layers, facilitating
communication between user applications.
Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Models
Layer OSI Model TCP/IP Model
Application Application Layer Application Layer
Presentation Presentation Layer
Session Session Layer
Transport Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Network Layer Internet Layer
Data Link Data Link Layer Network Interface Layer
Physical Physical Layer
5. Transmission Media
Transmission media refer to the physical pathways through
which data is transmitted in a network. They are classified
into two main categories: guided media and unguided
media.
a) Guided Media
Guided media involve physical connections through which
signals are transmitted. Common types include:
1. Twisted Pair Cable: Consists of pairs of insulated copper
wires twisted together. It is commonly used in LANs and
telephone systems. There are two types: unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP).
2. Coaxial Cable: Composed of a central conductor,
insulation, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating
layer. It is used for cable television and broadband
internet connections.
3. Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light signals to transmit data
through glass or plastic fibers. Fiber optics offer high
speed and bandwidth, making them suitable for long-
distance communication and high-capacity networks.
b) Unguided Media
Unguided media, also known as wireless communication,
involve the transmission of data without physical
connections. Common types include:
1. Radio Waves: Used for wireless communication,
including television and radio broadcasting. They can
cover large distances and penetrate buildings.
 2. Microwaves: Used for point-to-point communication
and satellite transmission. Microwaves have high
frequency and can carry large amounts of data.
3. Infrared: Used for short-range communication, such as
remote controls and wireless connections between
devices. Infrared signals require a line of sight and are
limited in range.
Conclusion
Understanding computer networks is essential for navigating
the complexities of modern communication and data
sharing. This unit has explored the definitions, types,
topologies, models, and transmission media associated
with computer networks. Mastering these concepts equips
students with the knowledge necessary to design,
implement, and manage network systems effectively.