Model Curriculum for Three/Four Year Degree Course (With

Multiple Entry /Exit Option)

Based on NEP-2020

Physics

Odisha State Higher Education Council, Bhubaneswar

Government of Odisha
Semester Subjects

I Core I - Mathematical Physics-I

Core II- Mechanics
II Core III- Electricity and Magnetism
Core IV - Mathematical Physics-II
III
Core V- Waves and Optics
Core VI- Mathematical Physics-III

Core VII- Thermal Physics

IV Core VIII- Analog Systems
Core IX- Basic Instrumentation
Core X- Nuclear and Particle Physics
V Core XI- Digital Systems
Core XII- Quantum Mechanics and Applications

Core XIII- Solid State Physics

VI Core XIV- Electromagnet ic Theory
Core XV- Statistical Mechanics
VII Core XVI- Mathematical Methods in Physics
Core XVII- Classical Mechanics
Core XVIII- QUANTUM MECHANICS
Core XIX- LABORATORY: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
VIII Core XX- Classical Electrodynamics
Core XXI- QUANTUM MECHANICS-II
Core XXII- Electronics
Core XXIII- Laboratory: Optics and Modern Physics Lab
 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES : B.Sc. PHYSICS

PO1: Acquire adequate knowledge of the subject

PO2: Craft a foundation for higher learning

PO3: Be initiated into the basics of research

PO4: Imbibe sound moral and ethical values

PO5: Become conscious of environmental and societal responsibilities

PO6: Attain skills for communication and career

PO7: Learn to tolerate diverse ideas and different points of view

PO8: Become empowered to face the challenges of the changing universe

PROGRAMME: B.Sc. PHYSICS

Course Outcomes
1. Understand the basic concepts of methodology of science and the fundamentals

of mechanics, properties of matter and electrodynamics, Mathematical Physics.

2. Understand the theoretical basis of Mathematical Physics,quantum mechanics,

relativistic physics, nuclear physics, optics, spectroscopy, solid state physics,

astrophysics, statistical physics, photonics and thermodynamics

3. Understand and apply the concepts of electronics in the designing of different analog

and digital circuits

4. Understand the basics of computer programming and numerical analysis

5. Apply and verify theoretical concepts through laboratory experiments
Core I Semester I
Mathematical Physics-I

Course Outcomes
 Basic understanding of Differential equations and their solutions, conceptual understanding of calculus.
 Basic understanding of vector calculus and its differentiation.
 Use of vector calculus to understand vector integration. Dirac delta function and its properties.
 Understanding of orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and its application in vector differentiation.
 To understand the basic algorithm in application to functional algebra and error analysis.

Unit I
 Calculus -I: Plotting of functions, Intuitive ideas of continuous, differentiable functions and
plotting of curves, Approximation: Taylor and binomial series (statements only), First Order
Differential Equations and Integrating Factor, Second Order Differential equations:
Homogeneous Equations with constant coefficients, Wronskian and general solution, Statement
of existence and Uniqueness Theorem for Initial Value Problems, Particular Integral.

 Calculus-II: Calculus of functions of more than one variable: Partial derivatives, exact and
inexact differentials. Integrating factor with simple illustration, Constrained Maximization
using Lagrange Multipliers,

Unit II
 Vector algebra: Recapitulation of vectors: Properties of vectors under rotations. Scalar
product and its invariance under rotations, Vector product, Scalar triple product and their
interpretation in terms of area and volume respectively, Scalar and Vector fields.

 Vector Differentiation: Directional derivatives and normal derivative, Gradient of a scalar

field and its geometrical interpretation, Divergence and curl of a vector field, Del and
Laplacian operators, Vector identities.
Unit III
 Vector Integration: Ordinary Integrals of Vectors, Multiple integrals, Jacobian, Notion of
infitesimal line, surface and volume elements, Line, surface and volume integrals of Vector
fields, Flux of a vector field, Gauss ’ divergence theorem, Green’s and Stokes Theorems and their
applications (no rigorous proofs)
 Dirac Delta function and its properties: Definition of Dirac delta function. Representation
as limit of a Gaussian function and rectangular function, Properties of Dirac delta function

Unit IV
Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates: Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates, Derivation of Gradient,
Divergence, Curl and Laplacian in Cartesian, Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems, Comparison
of velocity and acceleration in cylindrical and spherical coordinate system.

Text Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B.Arfken, H.J.Weber, F.E.Harris (2013,7 th
Edn.,Elsevier)
 Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig (Wiley India)

Reference books:
 Mathematical Physics C. Harper (Prentice Hall India)

 Complex Variable: Schaum’s Outlines Series M. Spiegel (2nd Edition, Mc- Graw Hill Education)

 Complex variables and applications, J. W. Brown and R.V. Churchill

 Mathematical Physics, Satya Prakash (SultanChand)
 Mathematical Physics, B. D. Gupta (4th edition, Vikas Publication)
 Mathematical Physics and Special Relativity, M. Das, P.K. Jena and B.K.Dash
(Srikrishna Prakashan)

 Mathematical Physics –H.K.Das, Dr. Rama Verma (S. ChandPublishing)

 Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput,(Pragati Prakashana

 LAB: Credit-1
The aim of this Lab is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to emphasize its
role in solving problems in Physics.
 Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
 Evaluation done not on the programming but on the basis of formulating the problem
 Aim at teaching students to construct the computational problem to be solved
 Students can use any one operating system Linux or Microsoft Windows
Introduction and Overview: Computer architecture and organization, memory and Input/output
devices. Basics of scientific computing: Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers, algorithms,
Sequence, Selection and Repetition, single and double precision arithmetic, underflow and overflow
emphasize the importance of making equations in terms of dimensionless variables, Iterative methods.
Algorithm Errors and error Analysis: Truncation and round off errors, Absolute and relative errors,
Floating point computations. Systematic and Random Errors, Propagation of Errors, Normal Law of Errors,
Standard and Probable Error.
Review of C and C++ Programming: Introduction to Programming, constants,
Variables andFundamentals data types, operators and Expressions, I/O statements, scanf and printf, c
in and c out, Manipulators for data format- ting, Control statements (decision making and looping
statements) (If Statement, Ifelse Statement, NestedIfstructure, ElseIfStatement, Ternaryoperator, Goto
Statement. Switch Statement. Unconditional and Conditional Looping. While Loop. Do-While
Loop. FOR Loop. Break and Continue Statements. Nested Loops), Arrays (1D and 2D) and strings,
user defined functions, Structures and Unions, Idea of classes and objects.
Programs: Sum and average of a list of numbers, largest of a given list of numbers and its location in the
list, sorting of numbers in ascending descending order, Binary search.
Random number generation: Area of circle, area of square, volume of sphere, value ofτ .

Reference Books:
 Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Schaum’s Outline of Programming with C++.J.Hubbard, 2000, Mc Graw– HillPub.
 Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H.Pressetal, 3rd Edn. 2007,
Cambridge UniversityPress.
 A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning.
 Elementary Numerical Analysis, K. E. Atkinson, 3 rd Edn. , 2007 , Wiley India Edition.

 Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, R.W. Hamming, 1973, Courier Dover Pub.

 An Introduction to computational Physics, T.Pang,2ndEdn., 2006,Cam- bridge

Univ.Press.
Core II
Mechanics
Course Outcomes
 To Learn the basic concepts of Rigid body dynamics, Radius of Gyration, Moment of Inertia,Non-
Inertial Systems
 To Understand the concept of Elasticity, Fluid motion and Types of Vibration
 To understand the concept of Newtonian theory through Gravitation, Central force motion, Keplar’s
laws, GPS
 To learn the concept of Special theory of Relativity, Michelson- Morley experiment, Lorentz
transformation, Relativistic Doppler effect.
 Apply the basic concepts of Mechanics in experiments.

Unit I
 Rotational Dynamics: Centre of Mass, Motion of CoM, Centre of Mass and Laboratory
frames, Angular momentum of a particle and system of particles, Principle of
conservation of angular momentum, Rotation about a fixed axis, Moment of Inertia,
Perpendicular and Parallel Axis Theorems, Routh Rule, Calculation of moment of inertia for
cylindrical and spherical bodies, Kinetic energy of rotation, Euler’s Equations of Rigid Body
motion, Motion involving both translation and rotation. Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.

 Non-Inertial Systems: Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces, uniformly rotating frame,
Laws of Physics in rotating coordinate systems, Centrifugal force, Coriolis force.

Unit II
 Oscillations:
Damped oscillation. Equation of motion and solution (cases of oscillatory, critically damped
and overdamped) Forced oscillations: Transient and steady states; Resonance, sharpness of
resonance; power dissipation and Quality Factor, Bar Pendulum, Katers Pendulum

 Elasticity: Relation between Elastic constants, Twisting torque on a Cylinder or Wire,

Bending of beams, External bending moment, Flexural rigidity, Single and double cantilever

 Fluid Motion: Kinematics of Moving Fluids: Poiseuilles Equation for Flow of a Liquid through a
Capillary Tube, Surface tension, Gravity waves and ripple
 Viscosity: Poiseuilles Equation for Flow of a Liquid with corrections.
Unit III Gravitation and Central Force Motion
Law of gravitation, Gravitational potential energy, Inertial and gravitational mass, Potential and field due to
spherical shell and solid sphere, Motion of a particle under a central force field, Two-body problem and its
reduction to one-body problem and its solution, Differential Equation of motion with central force and its
solution, The first Integrals (two), Concept of power Law Potentials, Kepler’s Laws of Planetary
motion, Satellites. Geosynchronous orbits, Weightlessness, Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).

Unit IV

Special Theory of Relativity: Michelson-Morley Experiment and its out-come, Postulates of Special
Theory of Relativity, Lorentz Transformations, Simultaneity and order of events, Lorentz contraction,
Time dilation, Relativistic transformation of velocity, Frequency and wave number, Relativistic
addition of velocities, Variation of mass with velocity, Massless Particles, Mass- energy Equivalence,
Relativistic Doppler effect, Relativistic Kinematics, Transformation of Energy and Momentum.

Text Books:
 Mechanics, D. S. Mathur (S. Chand Publishing )
 Introduction to Special Relativity, R. Resnick (John Wiley)

Reference Books:
 Introduc tion to Mechanics Daniel Klapnner and Robert Kolenkow, McgrawHill.
Mechanics by K.R Simon
 Mechanics, Berkeley Physics, vol. 1, C.Kittel, W. Knight, etal (Tata McGraw- Hill)
 Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker (8/e.2008,Wiley)
 Theoretical Mechanics-M.R. Spiegel (Tata McGrawHill).
 Feynman Lectures, Vol. I, R.P.Feynman, R.B.Leighton, M.Sands (Pearson)
 Mechanics-M.Das, P.K.Jena and R.N. Mishra (SrikrishnaPublications)
 Classical Mechanics , Gupta Kumar & Sharama,(Pragati Prakashan)
 Classical Mechanics, J.C.Upadhyaya, (Himalaya Publishing Home )
 LAB : Credit 1

(Minimum 4 experiments are to be done):

1. To study surface tension by capillary rise method.

2. To determine the height of a building using a Sextant.
3. To study the Motion of Spring and calculate (a) Spring constant, (b) g and (c)
Modulus of rigidity.
4. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
5. To determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuilles
method).
6. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.
7. To determine the value of g using Bar Pendulum.
8. To determine the value of g using Kater’s Pendulum.

Reference Books:
 Advance d Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.

 Advanced level Physics Practical’s, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.

 A Text book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11thEdn, 2011, Kitab Mahal.
Core III
Semester – II
Electricity and Magnetism

Course Outcomes
 To understand the basic concepts of Electricity and Magnetism
 To Understand the various phenomena in Electricity and Magnetism
 To Understand Circuit analysis and network theorems
 To Explain the Dynamics of Charged Particles
 To Apply the acquired knowledge in Experiment.

Unit 1 : Electric Field and Electric Potential

 Electric field: Electric field lines, Electric flux, Gauss Law with applications to charge distributions
with spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry, Conservative nature of Electrostatic Field. Electrostatic
Potential, Potential and Electric Field of a dipole, Force and Torque on a dipole, Potential
calculation in different simple cases, Laplace and Poisson equations, The Uniqueness Theorem,
Method of Images and its application to (1) Plane Infinite Sheet and (2) Sphere.
 Electrostatic energy of system of charges, Electrostatic energy of a charged sphere, Conductors
in an electrostatic Field, Surface charge and force on a conductor.

Unit II Magnetic Field

 Magnetic Force, Lorentz Force, Biot Savarts Law, Cur- rent Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and its
Dipole Moment (analogy with Electric Dipole), Amperes Circuital Law and its application to (1)
Solenoid (2) Toroid (3)Helmhotz coil, Properties of curl and divergence, Vector Potential,
Ballistic Galvanometer: Torque on a current Loop, Current and Charge Sensitivity,
Electromagnetic damping, Logarithmic damping, CDR.
Unit III

Dielectric Properties of Matter: Electric Field in matter, Polarization, Polarization Charges,

Electrical Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant, Capacitor (parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical)
filled with dielectric, Displacement vector D, Relations between E, P and D, Gauss Law in
dielectrics. Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetization vector (M), Magnetic Intensity (H),
Magnetic Susceptibility and permeability, Relation between B, H, M, Ferromagnetism, B-H curve
and hysteresis.Electromagnetic Induction: Faradays Law, Lenz’s Law, Self -Inductance and Mutual
Inductance, Reciprocity Theorem, Energy stored in a Magnetic Field, Introduction to Maxwell’s Equations.

Unit IV

 Electrical Circuits: AC Circuits: Kirchhoffs laws for AC circuits, Complex Reactance and
Impedance, Series

 LCR Circuit: (1) Resonance (2) Power Dissipation (3) Quality Factor, (4) Band Width, Parallel LCR
Circuit.

 Network theorems: Kirchoff’s law for electrical circuits, Ideal Constant-

voltage and Constant-current Sources.
 Network Theorems: Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Superposition theorem, Reciprocity
theorem, Maximum Power Transfer theorem, Applications to DC circuits. Transient
Currents Growth and decay of current in RC and LR circuits.
Text Books:
 Introduction to Electrodynamics – D.J. Griffiths (Pearson, 4th edition, 2015)
 Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory-Ritz and Milford (Pearson)

Reference Books:
 Classical Electrodynamics, J. D. Jackson (Wiley).
 Electricity and Magnetism D. C. Tayal (Himalaya Publishing house)
 Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic Theory- S. Mahajan and Choudhury (Tata
McGraw Hill)
 F eynman Lectures Vol.2, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands ( Pearson)
 Electricity and Magnetism, J. H. Fewkes and J. Yarwood. Vol. I (Oxford Univ. Press)

 Classical Electromagnetism, H.C.Verma, Bharati Bhawan

 LAB: Credit- 1
(Minimum of 6 experiments are to be done)

Use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, c)DC
Current, (d) Capacitances, and (e) Checking electrical fuses.

1. To study the characteristics of a series RC Circuit.

2. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Potentiometer.
3. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Carey Fosters Bridge.
4. To compare capacitances using DeSauty’s bridge.
5. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a solenoid (determine dB/dx)
6. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems.
7. To determine self-inductance of a coil by Andersons bridge.
8. To study response curve of a Series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Reso- nant frequency, (b) Impedance
at resonance, (c) Quality factor Q, and (d) Band width.
9. To study the response curve of a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a)
10. Anti-resonance frequency and (b) Quality factor Q.

Reference Books:
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
 Publishing House

 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal

 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers

 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D.P.Khandelwal, 1985, Vani

Pub.
Core IV

Mathematical Physics -II: Credit-3

The emphasis of the course is on applications in solving problems of interest to physicists. Students are
to be examined on the basis of problems, seen and unseen.

Course Outcomes
 Conceptual understanding of Fourier series and its application in periodic function.
 Understanding the various special functions and its properties.
 Understanding various polynomials and special integrations.
 To learn the applications of partial differential equation.
 To apply the acquired knowledge to solve problems.

Unit I Fourier Series- I

Periodic functions, Orthogonality of sine and cosine functions, Dirichlet Conditions (Statement only),
Expansion of periodic functions in a series of sine and cosine functions and determination of
Fourier coefficients, Complex representation of Fourier series, Expansion of functions with arbitrary
period, Expansion of non-periodic functions over an interval, Even and odd functions and their Fourier
expansions and Application, Summing of Infinite Series, Term-by-Term differentiation and integration
of Fourier Series, Parseval Identity.

Unit II Frobenius Method and Special Functions

Singular Points of Second Order Linear Differential Equations and their importance, Singularities
of Bessel’s and Laguerre Equations, Frobenius method and its applications to differential
equations: Bessel, Legendre and Hermite Differential Equations, Legendre and Hermite
Polynomials: Rodrigues Formula, Generating Function, Orthogonality
Unit III
 Polynomials: Simple recurrence relations of Legendre and Hermite Polynomials, Expansion of
function in a series of Legendre Polynomials, Associated Legendre Differential Equation,
Associated Legendre polynomials, Spherical Harmonics. Spherical Bessel’s Function (1 st and
nd
2 kind).

 Some Special Integrals: Beta and Gamma Functions and relation between them,
Expression of Integrals in terms of Gamma Functions, Error Function (Probability Integral).

Unit IV Partial Differential Equations

Solutions to partial differential equations using separation of variables: Laplace’s Equation
in problems of rectangular, cylindrical and spherical symmetry. Conducting and dielectric
sphere in an external uniform electric field. Wave equation and its solution for vibrational modes of
a stretched string.

Text Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B.Arfken, H.J.Weber, F.E.Harris.(2013, 7th
Edn.,Elsevier)
 Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig (Wiley India)

Reference Books:
 Mathematical Physics and Special Relativity, M. Das, P.K. Jena and B.K. Dash (Srikrishna
Prakashan)
 Mathematical Physics–H. K. Dass, Dr. Rama Verma (S. Chand Publishing)
 Mathematical Physics C. Harper (Prentice Hall India)
 Complex Variable: Schaum’s Outlines Series M. Spiegel (2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Education)

 Complex variables and applications J.W.Brown and R.V.Churchill

 Mathematical Physics, Satya Prakash (Sultan Chand)

 Mathematical Physics B. D. Gupta (4th edition, Vikas Publication)
 Mathematical Physics, B.S.Rajput, Pragati Prakashan
 LAB: Credit 1
The aim of this Lab is to use the computational methods to solve physical problems. Course will consist of
lectures(both theory and practical) in the Lab. Evaluation done not on the programming but on the basis of
formulating the problem.

Topics
Introduction to Numerical computation software Scilab: Introduction to Scilab, Advantages and
disadvantages, Scilab computation software Scilab environment, Command window, Figure window, Edit
window, Variables and arrays, Initialising variables in Scilab, Multidimensional arrays, Subarray, Special
values, Displaying output data, data file, Scalar and array operations, Hierarchy of operations, Built in
Scilab functions, Introduction to plotting, 2D and 3D plotting (2),

Branching Statements and program design, Relational and logical operators, the while loop, for loop, details
of loop operations, break and continue statements, nested loops, logical arrays and vectorization (2) User
defined functions, Introduction to Scilab functions, Variable passing in Scilab, optional arguments,
preserving data between calls to a function, Complex and Character data, string function, Multidimensional
arrays (2) an introduction to Scilab file processing, file opening and closing, Binary I/o functions,
comparing binary and formatted functions, Numerical methods and developing the skills of writing a
program(2).

Curve fitting, Least square fit Goodness of fit, standard constant Deviation:Ohms law to
calculate R, Hookes law to calculate spring constant

Solution of Linear system of equations by Gauss elimination Solution method and Gauss Seidal
method. Diagonalization matrices, Inverse of a matrix, Eigen vectors, problems: Solution of
mesh equations of electric circuits (3meshes), Solution of coupled spring mass systems (3meshes).
Solution of ODE First order Differential equation Euler, modiftedEuler Runge-Kutta second methods Second
order differential equation. Fixed difference method:

First order diferential equa tion

• Radioactivedecay
• Current in RC, LC circuits with DCsource
• Newtons law ofcooling
• Classical equations of motion

Second order Differential Equation

• Harmonic oscillator (no friction)
• Damped Harmonic oscillator
 • Overdamped
• Critical damped
• Oscillatory
• Forced Harmonic oscillator
• Transient and Steady state solution
• Apply above to LCR circuits also

Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.FRiley, M.P.Hobson and S. J.20 Bence,
3rd ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press.

 Complex Variables, A.S. Fokas and M.J. Ablowitz, 8th Ed., 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press.

 Firstcourseincomplexanalysiswithapplications,D.G.ZillandP.D.Shana -han, 1940, Jones and

Bartlett.

 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and Engineering
Applications: A.V. Wouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fern- ndez. 2014 Springer.

 Scilab by example: M. Affouf 2012, ISBN: 978-1479203444

 Scilab (Afreesoftwareto Matlab):H.Ramchandran,A.S.Nair.2011S.Chand andCompany

 Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010 Beta script Publishing

Core V Semester III
Waves and Optics

Course Outcomes
 Basic understanding of propagation of light, its application and wave nature.
 To Understand the concepts of wave motion.
 To Understand the concepts of interference and its application.
 To Understand the concepts of diffraction and its application.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge of optics in Experiment

Unit I
Geometrical optics: Fermat’s principle, reflection and refraction at plane interface, Matrix formulation of
geometrical Optics, Cardinal points and Cardinal planes of an optical system, Idea of dispersion,
Application to thick Lens and thin Lens, Ramsden and Huygens eyepiece. Wave Optics : Electromagnetic
nature of light. Definition and properties of wave front Huygens Principle. Temporal and Spatial Coherence.

Unit II
Wave Motion: Plane and Spherical Waves, Longitudinal and Transverse Waves, Plane Progressive
(Traveling) Waves, Wave Equation, Particle and Wave Velocities, Differential Equation, Pressure of a
Longitudinal Wave, Energy Trans- port, Intensity of Wave. Superposition of two perpendicular Harmonic
Oscillations: Graphical and Analytical Methods, Lissajous Figures (1:1 and 1:2) and their uses,
Superposition of Harmonic waves.

Unit III
Interference: Division of amplitude and wave front, Young’s double slit experiment, Lloyds Mirror and
Fresnels Bi-prism, Phase change on reflection: Stokes treatment, Interference in Thin Films: parallel and
wedge-shaped films, Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes), Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau
Fringes), Newton’s Rings: Measurement of wavelength and refractive index. Interferometer : Michelson’s
Interferometer-(1) Idea of form of fringes (No theory required), (2) Determination of Wavelength, (3)
Wavelength Difference, (4) Refractive Index, and (5) Visibility of fringes, Fabry-Perot interferometer.

Unit IV
Fraunhoffer diffraction: Single slit, Circular aperture, Resolving Power of a telescope, Double slit,
Multiple slits, Diffraction grating, Resolving power of grating. Fresnel Diffraction: Fresnel’s Assumptions,
Fresnel’s Half-Period Zones for Plane Wave, Explanation of Rectilinear Propagation of Light, Theory of a
Zone Plate: Multiple Foci of a Zone Plate, Fresnel’s Integral, Fresnel diffraction pattern of a straight edge,
as lit and a wire.
.

Text Books:
 A text book of Optics N. Subhramanyam and BrijLal (S.Chand Publishing)
 Optics - Ajoy Ghatak (McGraw Hill)

Reference Books
 Optics- E. Hecht(Pearson)
 Fundamentals of Optics-F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White(McGraw-Hill)
 Geometrical and Physical Optics R.S. Longhurst (Orient Blackswan)
 The Physics of Vibrations and Waves- H. J .Pain(John Wiley)
 Optics P. K. Chakraborty.
 Principles of Optics-Max Born and Emil Wolf (Pergamon Press)
 The Physics of Waves and Oscillations-N. K. Bajaj (Mc Graw Hill)
 LAB: Credit-1
(Minimum 5 experiments are to be done)
1. To determine the frequency of an electric tuning fork by Melde’s experiment and verify 2-T
law.
2. To plot the I-D curve and to determine the refractive index of a prism
3. To determine refractive index of the Material of a prism using sodium source.
4. To determine the dispersive power and Cauchy constants of the material of a prism using mercury
source.
5. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
6. To determine wavelength of (1) Na source and (2) spectral lines of Hgsource using plane
diffraction grating.
7. To determine dispersive power and resolving power of a plane diffraction grating.

Reference Books:
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House

 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal

 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers

 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D. P. Khandelwal, 1985, Vani

Core VI
Mathematical Physics-III
Course Outcomes
 Understanding and application of Complex function variables.
 Understanding the concept of Fourier Integral transform.
 To Understand the properties and application of Fourier integral transformation.
 To Understand the properties and application of Laplace integral transformation.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge to solve problems.

Unit I
 Complex Analysis: Brief Revision of Complex Numbers and their Graphical Representation
Euler’s

 formula, De Moivres theorem, Roots of complex Numbers, Functions of Complex Variables,

Analyticity and Cauchy-Riemann Conditions, Examples of analytic functions, Singular
functions: poles and branch points, order of singularity, branch cuts, Integration of a
function of a complex variable, Cauchys Inequality, Cauchys Integral formula, Simply and
multiply connected region, Laurent and Taylors expansion, Residues and Residue Theorem,
Application in solving Definite Integrals.
Unit II
 Integral Transforms-I: Fourier Transforms: Fourier Integral theorem, Fourier Transform,
Examples, Fourier Transform of trigonometric, Gaussian, finite wave train and other
functions, Representation of Dirac delta function as a Fourier Integral, Fo urier transform of
derivatives, Inverse Fourier Transform.

Unit III

 Integral Transforms-II: Convolution theorem, Properties of Fourier Trans- forms

(translation, change of scale, complex conjugation), Three dimensional Fourier
transforms with examples, Application of Fourier Transforms to differential equations: One
dimensional Wave and Diffusion/Heat flow Equations.
Unit IV
 Laplace Transforms: Laplace Transforms (LT) of Elementary functions,
 Properties of Laplace Transforms: Change of Scale Theorem, Shifting Theorem, LTs of
Derivatives and Integrals of Functions, Derivatives and Integrals of Functions, Derivatives and
Integrals of LTs. LT of Unit Step function, Dirac Delta function, Periodic Functions, Inverse LT,
Application of Laplace Transforms to Differential Equations: Damped Harmonic Oscillator, Simple
Electrical Circuits.

Text Books:

 Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G.B.Arfken, H.J.Weber, F.E.Harris

(2013,7thEdn.,Elsevier)
 Advanced Engineering Mathematics, ErwinKreyszig (WileyIndia)
Reference Books:
 Mathematical Physics and Special Relativity– M.Das, P.K.Jena and B.K. Dash
(Srikrishna Prakashan)
 Mathematical Physics–H. K. Dass, Dr. Rama Verma (S. Chand Publishing)
 Mathematical Physics C. Harper (Prentice Hall India)
 Complex • Variable: Schaum’s Outlines Series M. Spiegel (2nd Edition , Mc- Graw Hill
Education)
 Complex variables and applications J.W.Brown and R.V.Churchill
 Mathematical Physics, Satya Prakash (Sultan Chand)
 Mathematical Physics B.D.Gupta (4thedition,VikasPublication)
 Mathematical Physics B.S.Rajput, Pragati Prakashan
 Mathematical physics-III,( University Physics), Dr. Ranjan Kumar Bhuyan, Himalaya
Publishing House

LAB: Credit-1
Scilab based simulations (XCos) experiments based on Mathematical Physics problems like
. Solve simple differential equations like:

= e−x witℎ y x = 0 = 0

+ e−x = x2 witℎ y x = 0 = 0

witℎ y (x = 0 = 0, y' x = 0) = 1

+ e−x witℎ y (x = 0 = 0, y' x = 0

=1
. Direct Delta Function:

Evaluate , for σ = 0. 1, 0.01, 0.001 and show that it tends to 5.

. Fourier Series:
Program to sum; evaluate the Fourier Coefficients of a given periodic function
(Square Wave)
 . Frobenius Method and Special Functions:

Plot Pn(x), Legendre polynomial of degree n, and Jn(x), Bessel function of first
kind. Show Recursion relation.

 Calculation of error for each data point of observations recorded in experiments done in
previous semesters (choose any two)

 Calculation of least square fitting manually without giving weightage to error. Confirmation of
least square fitting of data through computer Programme.

 Evaluation of trigonometric functions e.g. Sinϴ, Given Bessel’s function at N points, find its
value at an intermediate point.

Complex analysis: Calculate ∫ and check it with computer integration.

2
Integral transform: FFT of e−x

Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.FRiley, M.P.Hobson and S. J. Bence, 3rd
ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press.
 Mathematics for Physicists, P.Denneryand A.Krzywicki, 1967, Dover Publications.
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and Engineering
Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fernndez. 2014 Springer ISBN: 978-3319067896

 Scilab by example: M. Affouf, 2012. ISBN: 978-1479203444

 S ilab (AfreesoftwaretoMatlab): H.Ramchandran, A.S.Nair.2011 S.Chand And Company,
Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010 Betas cript Publishing.
Core VII

Thermal Physics
Course Outcomes
 Basic understanding of thermodynamics and various thermal variables.
 Understanding various thermodynamics potential applications and their properties.
 To Understand the concepts of ideal gas and its thermal properties.
 To Understand the concepts of real gas and its thermal properties.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge of thermodynamics in Experiments

Unit I
 Introduction to Thermodynamics Recapitulation of Zeroth and First law of
thermodynamics,

 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and Irreversible process with examples, Kelvin-Planck and
Clausius Statements and their Equivalence, Carnot’s Theorem, Applications of Second Law of
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature and its Equivalence to Perfect Gas Scale.

 Entropy: Concept of Entropy, Clausius Theorem. Clausius Inequality, S e c o nd Law of

Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy, Entropy of a perfect gas, Principle of increase of Entropy,
Entropy Changes in Reversible and Irreversible processes with examples, Entropy of the Principle
of Increase of Entropy, Temperature Entropy diagrams for Carnot’s Cycle, Third Law of
Thermodynamics, Unattainability of Absolute Zero.

Unit II
 Thermodynamic Potentials: Extensive and Intensive Thermodynamic Variables. Internal
Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibbs Free Energy, Their Definitions, Properties and
Applications, Surface Films a n d Variation of Surface T ens io n with Temperature, Magnetic Wor k,
Cooling due t o a dia b a t ic demagnetization.

 Phase Transitions: First and second order Phase Transitions with examples, Clausius
Clapeyron Equation and Ehrenfest equations.
 Maxwells Thermodynamic Relations: Derivations and applications of Maxwells Relations,
Maxwells
 Relations: (1) Clausius Clapeyron equation (2) Relation between Cp and Cv (3) TdS Equations, (4)
Joule- Kelvin coefficient for Ideal and. Vander Waal Gases (5) Energy equations (6) Change
of Temperature during Adiabatic Process.
Unit III

 Kinetic Theory of Gases

 Distribution of Velocities: Maxwell-Boltzmann Law of Distribution of Velocities in an Ideal Gas

and its Experimental Verification, Sterns Experiment, Mean, RMS and Most Probable Speeds,
Degrees of Freedom, Law of Equipartition of Energy (No proof required), Specific heats of Gases.
 Molecular Collisions: Mean Free Path, Collision Probability, Estimates of Mean Free Path,
 Transport Phenomenon in Ideal Gases: (1) Viscosity, (2) Thermal Conductivity and (3)
Diffusion. Brownian Motion and its Significance.

Unit IV

Real Gases: Behavior of Real Gases: Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation, The Virial Equation,
Andrews Experiments on CO2 Gas. Critical Constants, Continuity of Liquid and Gaseous State. Vapour
and Gas, Boyle Temperature, Van der Waals Equation of State for Real Gases, Values of Critical Constants,
Law of Corresponding States, Comparison with Experimental Curves, P-V Diagrams, Joules Experiment,
Free Adiabatic Expansion of a Perfect Gas, Joule- Thomson Porous Plug Experiment, Joule- Thomson
Effect for Real and Van der Waal Gases, Temperature of Inversion, Joule-Thomson Cooling.

Text Books:
 Thermal Physics, A . B. Gupta (Books and allied Ltd)
 Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W. Zemansky, Richard Dittman (McGraw- Hill)

Reference Books:
 Theory and experiments on thermal Physics, P.K.Chakrabarty (New cen- tral book agency
limited)

 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics- Sears and Salinger

(Narosa)

 A Treatise on Heat- Meghnad Saha and B.N.Srivastava (The Indian Press) Heat, and
thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, N.Subrahmanyam and Brij Lal
(S.Chand Publishing)
 Thermal and Statistical Physics M.Das, P.K. Jena, S. Mishra, R.N.Mishra (Shri
Krishna Publication)
 Heat, Thermodynamics and statistical physics, Brijlal, Subhramanyam and Hemne,
S.Chand Publication.
 LAB: Credit-1
(Minimum 5 experiments are to be done)
1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barnes constant
flow method.
2. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee
and Charltons disc method.

3. To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Platinum Resistance

Thermometer (PRT).

4. T o study the variation of Thermo-Emf of a Thermocouple with Difference of

Temperature of its Two Junctions.
5. To determine J by Caloriemeter.
6. To determine the specific heat of liquid by the method of cooling.
7. To determine the specific heat of solid by applying radiation of correction.

Reference Books:
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
 A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D.P.Khandelwal, 1985,Vani Pub.
Core VIII Semester IV
Analog Systems
Course Outcomes
 Basic understanding of semiconductor diodes, devices and their applications.
 To understand the basic concepts in transistors and amplifiers.
 To understand the concept of coupled amplifier and its application in feedback circuit.
 To understand the concepts of operational amplifier and its application.
 To apply the acquired knowledge of electronic circuits in Experiments.

Unit 1
 Semiconductor Diodes: P and N type semiconductors, energy level diagram, conductivity and
Mobility, Concept of Drift velocity, PN junction fabrication (simple idea), Barrier formation in
PN Junction Diode, Static and Dynamic Resistance, Current flow mechanism in Forward and
Reverse Biased Diode, Drift velocity, derivation for Barrier Potential, Barrier Width and current
Step Junction.

 Two terminal device and their applications: (1) Rectifier Diode: Half-wave Rectifiers.
center- tapped and bridge type Full-wave Rectifiers, Calculation of Ripple Factor and
Rectification Efficiency, L and C Filters (2) Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation, Principle
and structure of LEDS, (2) Photo diode(3) Solar Cell.
Unit II

 Bipolar Junction Transistors: n-p-n and p-n-p transistors, Characteristics of CB, CE

and CC Configurations, Current gains a and b, Relation between a and b, Load line analysis of
Transistors, DC Load line and Q-point, Physical mechanism of current flow, Active, Cut-off and
Saturation Regions.

 Transistors Biasing: Transistor Biasing and Stabilization circuits, Fixed Bias and Voltage
Divider Bias.

 Amplifiers: Transistors as 2-port network h-parameter Equivalent Circuit, Analysis of a single

stage CE amplifier using Hybrid Model, Input and Output impedance, Current, Voltage and Power
Gains.
Unit III
 Classification of class A, B and C amplifiers, Push-pull amplifier (class B).
 Coupled Amplifier: RC-coupled amplifier and its frequency response.

 Feedback in Amplifiers: Effect of Positive and Negative Feedback on In- put Impedance,
Output Impedance, Gain Stability, Distortion and Noise. Sinusoidal Oscillations: Barkhausens
criterian for self- sustained oscillations. RC Phase shift oscillator, determination of
Frequency, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators.

Unit IV
 Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach): Characteristics of an Ideal and Practical
OP-AMP (IC741). Open-loop and Closed loop Gain. Frequency Response. CMRR, Slew
Rate and concept of virtual ground.
 Applications of Op-Amps: (1) Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers (2) Adder (3)
Subtractor (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator (6) Log amplifier, (7) Zero crossing detector (8) Wein
bridgeoscillator.

Text Books
 Foundations of Electronics-Raskhit and Chattopadhyay (New age International Publication)
 Concept of Electronics- D.C.Tayal (HimalayPublication)

Reference Books:
 Electronic devices and circuits R.L.Boylstad(PearsonIndia)
 Electronic Principles- A.P.Malvino (Tata McGrawHill)
 Principles of Electronics- V. K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta (S. Chand Pub- lication)
 OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit-R. A. Gayakwad (PrenticeHall)
 Physics of Semiconductor devices, DonaldANeamen(PrenticeHall)
 Analog System and Application: Gupta Kumar, Pragati Prakashan
 LAB: Credit-1
(Minimum 5 experiments are to be done)
1. To study the V-I characteristics of a Zener diode and its use as voltage regulator.
2. Study of V-I and power curves of solar cells, and find maximum power point and efficiency.
3. To study the characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor in CE configuration.
4. To study the various biasing configurations of BJT for normal class A operation.
5. To study the frequency response of voltage gain of a RC-coupled transistor amplifier.

6. To design a Wien bridge oscillator for given frequency using a non-amp.

7. To design a phase shift oscillator of given specifications using BJT.
8. To study the Colpitt’s oscillator.

Reference Books:
 Modern Digital Electronics, R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc Graw Hill.

 Microprocessor Architecture Programming and applications with 8085, R.S. Goankar,

2002, Prentice Hall.
 Microprocessor 8085: Architecture, Programming and interfacing, A. Wadhwa,
2010, PHI Learning.
Core IX
Basic Instrumentation

Course Outcomes
 Conceptual understanding of different measurement of electronic circuit with measuring devices.
CO-2: Basic understanding of CRO and its applications.
 Basic understanding of signal generators and its analysis
 Basic understanding of digital instruments and their applications.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge of different electronic measurement-based instruments in
Experiments

Unit I

 Basic of Measurement: Instruments accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range etc.

Errors in measurements and loading effects.
 Multimeter: Principles of measurement of dc voltage and dc current, ac volt- age, ac current and
resistance. Specifications of a multimeter and their significance.
 Electronic Voltmeter: Advantage over conventional multi meter for voltage measurement
with respect to input impedance and sensitivity. Principles of voltage, measurement
(block diagram only). Specifications of an electronic Voltmeter/ Multimeter and their
significance.

 AC milli voltmeter: Type of AC milli voltmeters: Amplifier- rectifier, and rectifier-

amplifier. Block diagram ac milli voltmeter, specifications and their significance.

Unit II
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Block diagram of basic CRO. Construction of CRT, Electron
gun, electrostatic focusing and acceleration (Explanation only no mathematical treatment), brief
discussion on screen phosphor, visual persistence and chemical composition. Time base
operation, synchronization. Front panel controls. Specifications of a CRO and their significance.

 Applications of CRO: (1) Study of Wave Form, (2) Measurement of Volt- age, Current,
Frequency and Phase Difference.

 Special features of dual trace, introduction to digital oscilloscope, probes. Digital storage
Oscilloscope: Block diagram and principle of working.
Unit III

Signal Generators and Analysis Instruments: Block diagram, explanation and specifications of low
frequency signal generators, pulse generator, and function generator, Brief idea for testing, specifications,
Distortion factor meter, wave analysis.

Unit IV

 Digital Instruments: Principle and working of digital meters, Comparison of analog and
digital instruments, Characteristics of a digital meter,Working principles of digital voltmeter.
 Digital Multimeter: Block diagram and working of a digital multimeter, Working principle
of time interval, frequency and period measurement using universal counter/frequency
counter, time-base stability, accuracy and resolution.

LAB: Credit-1

The test of lab skills will be of the following test items:

1. Use of an oscilloscope.
2. CRO as a versatile measuring device.
3. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment.
4. Use of Digital multimeter/VTVM for measuring voltages.
5. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment.
6. Winding a coil /transformer.
7. Study the layout of receiver circuit.
8. Trouble shooting a circuit.
9. Balancing of bridges.

Laboratory Exercises:
1. To observe the loading effect of a multimeter while measuring voltage across a low
resistance and high resistance.
 2. To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltage
and currents.
3. To measure Q of a coil and its dependence on frequency, using a Q-meter.
4. Measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase angle using CRO.
5. Measurement of time period, frequency, average period using universal counter/
frequency counter.
6. Measurement of rise, fall and delay times using a CRO.
7. MeasurementofdistortionofaRFsignalgeneratorusingdistortionfactor meter.
8. Measurement of R, L and C using a LCR bridge/universal bridge.

Open Ended Experiments:

1. Using a Dual Trace Oscilloscope
2. Converting the range of a given measuring instrument (voltmeter, ammeter)
More emphasis should be given on hands-on experiments.

Text Books:
 A Text Books book of electrical technology- B.L.Theraja (S.ChandPublishing)
 Digital circuits and systems Venugopal (Tata McGraw Hill)

Reference Books :
 Digital Electronics-Subrata Ghoshal (CengageLearning)
 Electronic Devices and circuits - S. Salivahanan and N. S.Kumar (Tata Mc- GrawHill)
 Electronic Devices-Thomas L. Floyd (Pearson)

Additional Reference Books for Practical papers :

1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint and H.T.Worsnop ( Asia

PublishingHouse)
2. Practical Physics-B.B.Swain (KitabMahal)
3. Practical Physics-B.Ghosh (Vol. I andII)
4. A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes,D.P.Khandelwal
(VaniPublication)
5. B. Sc. Practical Physics- C. L. Arora ( S. ChandPublishing)
6. B.Sc. Practical Physics H. Singh and P.S. Hemne (S. ChandPublishing)
 Core X
Nuclear and Particle Physics

Course Outcomes
 Understanding the properties of atoms in electric and magnetic field.
 Understanding the concept Nuclear physics.
 Conceptual understanding nuclear models and nuclear reactions.
 Conceptual understanding of particle physics.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge in conducting the experiments.

Unit I

Atoms in Electric and Magnetic Fields: Electron angular momentum. Space quantization, Electron
Spin and Spin Angular Momentum, Larmor’s Theorem, Spin Magnetic Moment, Stern Gerlach
Experiment, Vector Atom Model, L-S and J-J coupling, Zeeman Effect, Electron Magnetic Moment
and Magnetic Energy, Gyromagnetic Ratio and Bohr Magnetron. Atoms in External Mag netic
Fields: Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect, Paschen back and Stark -Effect (qualitative
Discussion only).
Unit II

Nuclear Physics- : Nuclear composit ion, charge, size, shape, mass and densit y of the nucleus;
Nuclear angular momentum; Nuclear magnetic dipole mo ment; Electric quadrupole mo ment; Mass
defect; Packing fraction and Binding energy; Stabilit y of nuclei (N vs Z curve), Binding energy
curve. semi empirical mass formula; Nuclear Forces: General concept of nuclear force; Yukawa
Meson field theory of nuclear forces; Properties of Nuclear forces.
Radioactive disintegration; Properties of alpha, beta, gamma rays; law of radioactive decay;
successive radioactive decay; radioactive equilibrium; Radioisotopes; application of radioactivit y
(Agriculture, Medicinal, Industrial and Archaeological).

Unit III

 Nuclear models: Liquid Drop model; Shell model; magic number in the nucleus; Alpha
decay: Alpha particles spectra; Gamow's theory of Alpha decay; Beta decay: Shape of Beta
ray spectrum; Explanation of Beta decay on the basis of Neutrino and Antineutrino
hypothesis; Fermi theory of Beta decay; Selection rules; Gamma ray emission,
  Nuclear reactions: Kinds of Nuclear reactions; Nuclear reaction kinematics; Q -value;
Compound Nucleus and concept of direct reactions; Conservation laws; Nuclear reaction
cross- sections. Nuclear energy: Nuclear Fission; Chain reaction and Critical Mass; Nuclear
Reactors and its basic components; Nuclear Fusion; Condit ion for the maintained Fusio n
reactions; Energy production in stars; Fusion reaction in Sun, Principle of atomic bomb and
hydrogen bomb.

Unit IV
Particle Physics
Classification of particles-antiparticles and their interactions; Conservation laws; Charges; Isospin;
Baryon number; Lepton number; Strangeness; Hyper charge; Parity; Charge conjugation; CPT
theorem; Conservation laws; Quark as the building blocks of Hadrons; Quark Model; Colour degree
of freedom, Symmetry Classification of elementary particles; Higgs Boson Particle (God particle),
elementary idea on Large Hadron collider (LHC) , The future of universe, Dark matter and dark
energy.

Text Books
 Concepts of Modern Physics Arthur Beiser (McGrawHill)
 Modern Physics Murugeshan and Sivaprasad(S.Chand)
 Cohen B. L., "Concepts of Nuclear Physics", McGraw Hill Education.
 Tayal D. C., "Nuclear Physics", Himalaya Publishing House.
 Patel S. B., "Nuclear Physics: An Introduction", New Age International Publishers.
 Singh Jahan, "Fundamental of Nuclear Physics", Pragati Publications

Reference Books
 Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications,A.K.GhatakandS.Lokanathan,
(Macmillan)
 Introduction to Quantum Theory, David Park (DoverPublications)
 Theory and Problems of Modern Physics ,Schaum‘s outline, R.Gautreau and W.Savin-
(Tata McGraw-Hill)
 Modern Physics-Serway (CENGAGELearnings)
 Physics of Atoms and Molecules Bransden and Joachim (PearsonIndia)
 Atomic and Nuclear Physics-A.B.Gupta (NewCentral)
 Theoretical Nuclear Physics , J.M.Blatt and V.F. Weisskopf(Springer)
 LAB: Credit-1
(Minimum 4 experiments are to be done)

1. Study of photoelectric effect.

2. Basics of GM counter characteristics and counting statistics.
3. Study of Gamma ray spectroscopy by SCA and MCA.
4. To determine the Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different colours.
5. To determine the value of e/m by (a) Magnetic focusing or (b) Bar magnet.
6. To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.

Reference Books:

1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House
2. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
3. A Text Books Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakashand Ramakrishna, 11th Edn, 2 0 1 1, Kitab
Mahal
Core XI Semester V
Digital Systems

Course Outcomes

 To Understand IC’s and scales of Integration, Digital Circuits and their realization, Applications
 Build strong knowledge about Boolean Algebra, Truth tables, Equivalent Circuits, Theory
and application of CRO.
 Gain a clear understanding of Data processing circuits, Arithmetic Circuits, different types of Timers:
IC 555
 To Explain the knowledge of computer organization, Shift registers and counters.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge to realize various types of circuits in experiment

Unit 1
 Integrated Circuits (Qualitative treatment only): Active and Passive Components, Discrete
components, Wafer Chip, Advantages and Drawbacks of ICs, Scale of Integration: SSI, MSI, LSI
and VLSI (basic idea and definitions only), Classification of ICs, Examples of Linear and Digital
ICs.

 Digital Circuits: Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits, Binary Numbers,
Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversation, BCD, Octal and Hexadecimal
numbers, AND, OR and NOT. Gates (realization using Diodes and Transistor), NAND and
NOR Gates as Universal Gates, XOR and XNOR Gates and application as Parity Checkers.
Unit II
Boolean algebra: De Morgan’s Theorems: Boolean Laws, Simplification of Logic Circuit using Boolean
Algebra, Fundamental Products, Idea of Minterms and Maxterms, Conversion of truth table into
Karnaugh Map and SOP and POS simplification. Universal logic implementation (NAND & NOR).

Unit III
 Data Processing Circuits: Basic Idea of Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Decoders, Encoders.
 Arithmetic Circuits: Binary Addition. Binary Subtraction using 2s complement. Half
and Full Adders. Half and Full Subtractors, 4 bit binary Adder/Subtractor.

 Timers: IC 555: block diagram and application is Astable multivibrator and

Monostable multivibrator.
Unit IV
 Introduction to Computer Organization: Input/output Devices, Data storage (idea of
RAM and ROM), Computer memory, Memory organization and addressing, Memory
Interfacing, Memory Map.

 Shift registers: Serial-in-serial-out, Serial-in-Parallel-out, Parallel-in-Serial- out and

Parallel-in- Parallel-out. Shift Registers (only up to 4 bits)

 Counters (4 bits): Ring Counter, Asynchronous counters, Decade Counter. Synchronous

Counter.

Text Books
 Digital Circuits and Logic design: SamuelC. Lee(PrinticeHall)
 Digital Principles and Applications - A.P. Malvino, D.P. Leach and Saha (Tata Mc Graw)

Reference Books:
 The Art of Electronics by Paul Horowitz and Wilfield Hill ,Cambridge University

 Electronics by Allan R. Hambley ,Prentice Hall 3. Principles of Electronics V.K.Mehta

and Rohit Mehta (S.Chand Publishing)

 Digital Logic and Computer design M. Morris Mano (Pearson) 5. Concepts of Electronics
D.C.Tayal (Himalaya Publishing house)
 Digital System and Application, Gupta Kumar, Pragati Prakashan

LAB: Credit-1
(Minimum 6 experiments are to be done)

1. To measure (a) Voltage, and (b) Time period of a periodic waveform using CRO
2. and to test a Diode and Transistor using a Millimeter.
3. To design a switch (NOT gate) using a transistor.
4. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT and XOR gates using NAN Dgates.
5. Half Adder, Full Adder and 4-bit binary Adder.
6. Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor, Adder-Subtractor using Full AdderI.C.
7. To build Flip-Flop (RS, Clocked-RS, D-type and JK) circuits using NAND gates.
8. To design an astable multivibrator of given specifications using 555Timer.
9. To design a monostable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.
Reference Books:
 Basic Electronics: A Text Books lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-
GrawHill.

 OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall.

 Electronic Principle, Albert Malvino, 2008, Tata Mc-Graw Hill. Electronic Devices and
circuit Theory, R.L.Boylestad and L.D.Nashelsky,2009, Pearso n.
Core XII

Quantum Mechanics and Applications

Course Outcomes

 To understand Properties and physical interpretation of wave function and its application, knowledge
in probability current density, significance of momentum space transformation and time dependent
Schrödinger equation.
 To explain Time independent Schrödinger equation, Eigen value, Eigen function, generalized solution
of stationary states, knowledge in wave function and discrete energy level.
 Basic knowledge in quantum mechanical operators, Eigen value and Eigen function, Uncertainty
relation and Gaussian wave packet.
 Acquire the knowledge in application of Schrödinger equation in different potential barriers, concept
of simple harmonic oscillator.
 Apply the acquired knowledge to solve various numerical problems .

Unit I
Schrodinger equation: Time dependent Schrodinger equation, Properties of Wave Function, Physical
interpretation of wave function, Wave function of a free particle, Normalization, Probability current and
probability current densities in three dimensions, Linearity and Superposition Principle, Wave Packet,
Fourier Transform Theorem , Momentum space wave function and its significance, Representation
of position vector in momentum space. Schrodinger equation in momentum space.

Unit II

Time Independent Schrodinger equation in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D, Hamiltonian, stationary states and
energy Eigen values, expansion of an arbitrary wave function as a linear combination of energy Eigen
functions, General solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of linear combinations
of stationary states. General Discussion of Bound states in an arbitrary potential: Continuity of wave
function, Boundary condition and emergence of discrete energy levels.

Unit III

Operators: Operators, Commutator Algebra, Position, Momentum, Angular Momentum and Energy
operators, Hermitian Operators, Expectation Value, Expectation values of position and momentum,
Ehrenfest Theorem, Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of Hermitian Operator, Energy Eigen
Spectrum, Degeneracy, Orthonormality of Eigen functions, Linear Dependance, Orthogonalisation,
Uncertainty Relation- Uncertainty product, minimum uncertainty wave packet- Gaussian Wave Packet.
Unit IV

Application to one dimensional problem- One dimensional infinitely rigid Box- Energy Eigen values
and Eigen functions, normalization, quantum dot as an example, Quantum mechanical scattering and
tunneling in one dimension across a Potential Step and Rectangular Potential Barrier, Finite Square well
potential, Quantum mechanics of simple Harmonic Oscillator-Energy Levels and Energy Eigen
functions, ground state, zero point energy.

Text Books:
 Introduction to Quantum Theory David Park (DoverPublications)
 Introduction to Quantum Theory, D. J. Griffiths(Pearson)
 Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and applicatio ns, N.Zettili, Wiley

Reference Books :
 Quantum Mechanics, Theory and applications A.Ghatak and S.Lokanathan
(McMillanIndia)
 Quantum Mechanics- G.Aruldhas (PrinticeHallofIndia)

 Quantum Physics–S. Gasiorowicz (Wiley)

 Quantum Mechanics- G.R.Chatwal and S.K.Anand
 Quantum Mechanics -J.L. Powell and B. Craseman(Narosa)
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics M.Das and P.K.Jena (Shri Krishna Publication).

LAB: Credit-1
Use C/C++/Scilab for solving the following problems based on Quantum mechanics like (Use finite
difference method, matrix method, ODE Solver method in all cases)
1. Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state and the first excited state of the Hydrogen atom:

Where, ‘m ’ is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the energy eigenvalues and plot
the corresponding wave functions. Remember that the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is

~ -13.6ev. Take e= 3.795 , ħc= 1973 and m=0.511 × 106 eV/c2.

2. Solve the S-Wave radial Schrodinger equation for an atom:

Where, ‘m ’ is the reduced mass of the system (Which can be chosen to be the mass of an electron), for

the screened coulomb potential: v e−r/a

 Find the energy (in eV) of the ground state of the atom to an accuracy of the significant digits.

Also; plot the corresponding wave function. Take e= 3.795 (evÅ) , ħc= 1973(eVÅ) and m=0.511

× 106 eV/c2, and α =3Å, 5Å, 7Å . The ground state energy is expected to be above -12eV in all three

cases.

3. Solve the S-Wave radial Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m:

For the anharmonic Oscillator potential: V

Find the ground state energy (in MeV) of the particle to an accuracy of three significant digits.
Also, plot the corresponding wave function. Choose m=940MeV/C 2 , k= 100MeV/fm2, b= (0, 10, 30)
MeV/fm3. In these units, c = 197.3 MeV fm. [The ground state energy is expected to lie between 90 and
110 MeV for all three cases].
4. Solve the S-Wave radial Schrodinger equation for the vibrations of hydrogen molecule:

Where, ‘m ’ is the reduced mas of the two-atom system for the Morse potential
v r = D ( e −2αr − e −αr ,

Where r = r-r0 .
Find the lowest vibrational energy (in MeV) of the molecule to an accuracy of three significant
digits. Also plot the corresponding wave functions for the choices given below:
m = 940x10 6 ev/c2, D = 0.755501ev, α = 1.44, r 0 = 0.131349Å
m = 940x106ev/c2, D = 0.755501ev, α = 1.44, r 0 = 0.131349Å

Laboratory based experiments:

1. Study of Electron spin resonance- determine magnetic field as a function of the
resonance frequency.
2. Study of Zeeman effect: with external magnetic field; Hyperfine splitting
3. To show the tunneling effect in tunnel diode using I-V characteristics.
4. Quantum efficiency of CCDs
Reference Books:
 Schaum’s outline of Programming with C++.J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw–Hill Publication
 Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H. Press etal., 3rd Edn., 2007,
Cambridge University Press.
 An introduction to computational Physics, T.Pang, 2nd Edn.,2 006,Cam- bridge Univ.
Press
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific
and Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fernndez.2014 Springer.
 Scilab (A Free Software to Matlab): H. Ramchandran, A . S. Nair. 2011S. Chand and
Co.
 Scilab Image Processing: L.M.Surhone.2010 Betascript Publishing
ISBN:9786133459274
Core XIII

Solid State Physics

Course Outcomes
 To understand the Concept of crystal structure and properties, X-ray Diffraction, Bragg’s and

 Laue’s condition.
 Conceptual understanding of Lattice vibration, Einstein and Debye specific heat theories of solids,
knowledge in Band theory, Kroning-Penny model and Hall Effect.
 Understanding the Concept in magnetic and dielectric properties of materials.
 Basic knowledge on LASER and its generation, types. Conceptual understanding of
superconductivity and its type, London’s Equation, Penetration Depth and BCS theory.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge in experiments.

Unit I

Crystal Structure: Solids, Amorphous and Crystalline Materials, Lattice translation Vectors, Lattice
with a Basis. Central and Non-Central Elements. Unit Cell, Miller Indices, Types of Lattices, Reciprocal
Lattice, Brillouin zones, Diffraction of X- rays by crystals, Bragg’s Law, Laue’s Condition, Atomic and
Geometrical Factor.
Unit II
 Elementary Lattice Dynamics: Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear, Monoatomic and
Diatomic Chains, Acoustical and Optical Phonons, Qualitative Description of the phonon spectrum
in solids, Dulong and Petits Law, Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat of solids, r 3 Law.

 Elementary band theory: Kroning-Penny model of band Gap, Conductor,

Semiconductor (P and N type) and insulator, Conductivity of Semiconductor, mobility,
Hall Effect, Measurement of conductivity (four probe method) and Hall Co- efficient.

Unit III
 Magnetic Properties of Matter: Dia-, Para-, Ferri- and Ferro- magnetic Materials,
Classical Langevins theory of dia and Paramagnetic Domains, Curies law, Weiss Theory of
Ferromagnetism and Ferromagnetic Domains, Discussion of B- H Curve, Hysteresis and
Energy Loss.

 Dielectric Properties of Materials: Polarization Local Electrical Field at an Atom,

Depolarization Field, Electric Susceptibility, Polarizability, Clausius Mosotti Equation,
Classical theory of Electronic Polarizability.
Unit IV
 Lasers: Einsteins A and B co-efficientnts, Metastable States, Spontaneous and Stimulated
emissions, Optical Pumping and population Inversion, Three Level and Four Level Lasers, Ruby
Laser and He-Ne Laser.

 Superconductivity: ExperimentalResults, CriticalTemperature, Crit ical magnetic field,

Meissner effect, Type-I and Type-II Superconductors, London’s Equation and Penetration
Depth, Isotope effect, Idea of BCS theory (No derivation).
Text Books:
 Introduction to Solid State Physics- Charles Kittel (WileyIndia)
 LASERS: Fundamentals and Applications- Thyagarajan and Ghatak (McMillan
India)

Reference Books:
 Solid State Physics-N.W.Ashcroft and N.D.Mermin (Cengage)
 Solid State Physics- R.K.Puri and V.K. Babbar (S.Chand Publication)
 Solid State Physics S. O. Pillai (New Age Publication)
 Lasers and Non-linear Optics B.B.Laud (Wile yEastern)
 Elements of Solid State Physics-J.P. Srivastava (Prentice Hall of India)
 Elementary Solid State Physic s-Ali Omar (Addison Wiley)

 Solid State Physics, Gupta and Kumar, Pragati Prakashan.

LAB: Credit-1
(Minimum 4 experiments are to be done)

1. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solution (Quinck’s Tube- Method)

2. To measure the Magnetic susceptibility of Solids.
3. To measure the Dielectric Constant of a dielectric Materials with frequency
4. To determine the Hall coefficient of a semiconductor sample.
5. To draw the BH curve of Fe using solenoid and to determine the energy loss from
Hysteresis
6. To measure the band gap of a given semiconductor by four-probe method.
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.

2. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.

3. A Text Books Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakashand Ramakrishna, 11 Ed., 2011,

Kitab Mahal

4. Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice- Hall of India.
Core XIV Semester VI
Electromagnetic Theory

Course Outcomes

 Physical significance of Maxwell Equation and its application to free space, Lorentz and
Coulomb gauge transformation, poynting theorem, concept of energy density.
 Analysis of Maxwell’s equations in different media and Physical significance of relaxation
time, skin depth, Electrical conductivity of ionized gases, plasma frequency.
 Basic understanding of polarization of EM wave, and different types of crystals, Phase
 Retardation Plates and Rotatory Polarization.
 Conceptual understanding of EMW application in bounded media, plane interface, dielectric
media, Brewster’s law, TIR, Evanescent wave, metallic reflection.
 To Apply the acquired knowledge for visualize basic concept of phenomenon of light in
various experiments

Unit I

Maxwell Equations: Maxwells equations, Displacement Current, Vector and Scalar Potentials,
Gauge Transformations: Lorentz and Coulomb Gauge, Wave Equations, Plane Waves in free space
and characteristics, Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector, Electromagnetic (EM) Energy
Density, Physical Concept of Electromagnetic Field Energy Density.

Unit II
EM Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media: Plane EM waves through vacuum
and isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of plane EM waves, refractive index and
dielectric constant, wave impedance, Propagation through conducting media, relaxation time,
skin depth, Electrical conductivity of ionized gases, plasma frequency, refractive index, skin depth,
application to propagation through ionosphere.

Unit III
 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves: Description of Linear, Circular and
Elliptical Polarization, uniaxial and biaxial crystals, light propagation in uniaxial crystal,
double refraction, polarization by double refraction, Nicol Prism, Ordinary and
extraordinary refractive indices, Production and detection of Plane, Circularly and Elliptically
polarized light,
  Phase Retardation Plates: Quarter-Wave and Half- Wave Plates. Babinets Compensator
and its Uses, Analysis of Polarized Light.

 Rotatory Polarization: Optical Rotation, Biots Laws for Rotatory Polarization, Fresnels
Theory of optical rotation, Calculation of angle of rotation, Experimental verification of
Fresnels theory, Specific rotation, Laurents half- shade polarimeter.

Unit IV
EM Wave in Bounded Media: Boundary conditions at a plane interface between two media,
Reflection and Refraction of plane waves at plane interface between two dielectric media, Laws of
Reflection and Refraction, Fresnel’s Formulae for perpendicular and parallel polarization
cases, Brewster’slaw, Reflection and Transmission coefficients, Total internal reflection, evanescent
waves, Metallic reflection (normal Incidence)

Text Books:
 Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths ( Pearson)
 Principles of Optics-Max Born and E.Wolf.

Reference Books :
1. Classical Electrodynamics by J.D.Jackson.
2. Foundation of electromagnetic theory: Ritz and Milford(Pearson).
3. Electricity and Magnetism : D C Tayal (Himalaya Publication)
4. Optics: A. K.Ghatak
5. Electricity and Magnetism : Chattopadhyaya, Rakhit (NewCentral)
6. Electromagnetic Theory, Gupta and Kumar, Pragati Prakashan
 LAB: Credit-1

(Minimum 4 experiments are to be done)

1. To verify the law of Malus for plane polarized light.
2. To determine the specific rotation of sugar solution using Polarimeter.
3. To analyze elliptically polarized Light by using a Babinets compensator.
4.To determine the refractive index of liquid by total internal reflection using
Wollastons air-film.

5.To determine the refractive Index of (1) glass and (2) a liquid by total internal
reflection using a Gaussian eyepiece.

6.To study the polarization of light by reflection and determine the polarizing angle for air-
glass interface.
7. To verify the Stefan‘s law of radiation and to determine Stefan’s constant.
8. To determine the Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristics of PN junction
Diode.

Reference Books:

 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971,Asia
Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4 Th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers

 A Text Books Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakashand Ramakrishna, 11 Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
Electromagnetic Field Theory for Engineers and Physicists, G. Lehner, 2010,Springer
Core XV

Statistical Mechanics
Course Outcomes
 Understanding the concept of ensembles and its partition function, phase space and
thermodynamic relations, MB distribution law .
 Conceptual understanding of addit ion of entropy, Sackur Tetrode equation, Law o f
equipartit ion of Energy and its application.
 Basic postulates and different distribution of Fermi and Dirac particles and B-E
condensat ion.
 Basic knowledge in thermal and Black body radiation, Concept of different laws of
radiat ion and their experimental verification.
 Apply the acquired knowledge for analyze the laws radiation and different distribution
funct ions using computational analysis.

Unit I
Classical Statistics-I: Macro state and Microstate, Elementary Concept of Ensemble, Micro
canonical, Canonical and Grand Canonical ensemble, Phase Space, Entropy and Thermodynamic
Probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law, Partition Function.

Unit II
Classical Statistics-II : Thermodynamic Functions of an Ideal Gas, classical Entropy Expression,
Gibbs Paradox, Sackur Tetrode equation, Law of equipartition of Energy (with proof)- Applications to
Specific Heat and its Limitations, Thermodynamic Functions of a two energy levels system, Negative
Temperature.

Unit III

Quantum Statistics: Identical particles, macro states and microstates, Fermions and Bosons, Bose
Einstein distribution function and Fermi- Dirac distribution function. Bose- Einstein Condensation,
Bose deviation from Planck’s law, Effect of temperature on Fermi-Dirac distribution function,
degenerate Fermi gas, Density of States Fermi energy.
Unit IV

 Radiation: Properties of Thermal Radiation, Blackbody Radiation, Pure Temperature

dependence , Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan Boltzmann law: Thermodynamic proof, Radiation Pressure,
Wein’s Displacement law, Wien’s distribution Law, Saha’s Ionization Formula, Rayleigh Jeans
Law, Ultra Violet catastrophe.
 Planck’s Law of Black body Radiation: Experimental verification, Deduction of

Wien’s Distribution Law, (2) Rayleigh Jean’s Law, (3) Stefan Boltzmann Law, (4)
Wein’s Displacement Law from Planck’s Law.

Text Books:
 Introduction to Statistical Physics by Kerson Huang(Wiley).
 Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course, F.Reif (TataMcGraw-Hill)

Reference Books:
 Statistical Mechanics, B.K. Agarwal and Melvin Eisner (New Age Inter- national)
 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics: Francis W.Sears and Gerhard
L.Salinger (Narosa)
 Statistical Mechanics: R.K. Pathria and Paul D. Beale (AcademicP ress)
 Statistical Mechanics: Sharma and Satyal, Kalyani Publishing
 Basic Statistical Mechanics, Gupta and Kumar, Pragati Prakashan

LAB: Credit-1
Use C/C++/Scilab for solving the problems based on Statistical Mechanics like
1. Plot Planck’s law for Black Body radiation and compare it with Wein’s.
2. Law and Raleigh-Jeans Law at high temperature (room temperature) and low
3. temperature.
4. Plot Specific Heat of Solids by comparing (a) Dulong-Petit law, (b) Einstein distribution
function, (c)Debye distribution function for high temperature (room temperature) and low
temperature and compare them for these two cases
5. Plot Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function versus temperature.
6. Plot Fermi-Dirac distribution function versus temperature.
7. Plot Bose-Einstein distribution function versus temperature.
Reference Books:
 Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3rdEdn. 2007, Wiley India Edition
 Statistical Mechanics, R.K. Pathria, Butterworth Heinemann: 2nd Ed., 1996, Oxford
UniversityPress.
 Thermodynamic, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics, Fran- cis W.Searsand
GerhardL. Salinger, 1986, Narosa.
 Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, Carl S. Helrich, 2009, Springer

 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and Engineering
Applications: A. VandeWouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fernndez. 2014 Springer ISBN: 978-
3319067896

 Scilab by example: M. Affouf, 2012. ISBN: 978-1479203444

 Scilab Image Processing: L.M.Surhone. 2010, Betascript Pub., ISBN: 978613345927
Core XVI Semester VII
Mathematical Methods in Physics

Course Outcomes (Cos)

 Understanding of Complex Variables and Contour Integration: Gain a comprehensive
understanding of complex variables and contour integration techniques, including their
applications in mathematical analysis and physics.
 Learning Tensors for Physics: Acquire knowledge and proficiency in working with tensors, a
fundamental mathematical tool in physics used to describe physical quantities and their
transformations.
 Understanding Group Theory: Develop a deep understanding of group theory and its role in
physics, including applications in symmetry analysis and quantum mechanics.
 Learning Special Functions for Applications in Physical Problems: Master specialized
functions commonly used in physics to solve complex problems, enhancing problem-solving
skills and expanding mathematical techniques.
Unit-1
Complex Variables: Analytic functions, Contour integrals, Cauchy's integral theorem, Laurent's
series,singular points, residues and the Residue Theorem, Evaluation of real definite and indefinite
integrals by contour integration, indented semi-circular contour, evaluation of single and multi- valued
functions, branch points and branch cuts, Contour integration involving branch point.

Unit -2 Tensors:
Introduction, Types of tensor, Invariant tensor, epsilon tensor, Pseudo tensor, the algebra of tensor,
Quotient law, Metric Tensor, Covariant derivative of tensor, Fundamental Tensor, Cartesian tensor,
Christoffel symbol.

Unit -3
Group Theory: Definitions of groups, subgroups and classes, Isomorphism, Homomorphism, Cayley's
theorem, Group representations, Orthogonality theorem, characters, Orthogonality relation for group
character, Character table, Preliminary idea about infinite group, calculation of generator, Calculation
of generator associated with S.U. (2) and SO(3) group,

Unit -4
Special Functions: Legendre Polynomials, generating functions, Recurrence formulae, Orthogonality
properties of Legendre's polynomial of 1st kind, Bessel generating function, Bessel function of 1 st and
2nd Kind, Recurrence formulae, Orthogonality properties of Bessel's polynomials, Spherical Bessel
functions, Fourier and Laplace transformation.

Text books:
 Mathematical Methods of Physics by Mathews and Walker (W. A. Benjamin Inc.)
 Matrices and Tensors in physics by A. W. Joshi (New Age International Publisher)
 Mathematical Methods in the physical Science by Mary L. Boas (Wiley- India)

79
Reference Books:
 Mathematical Methods for Physicist by G. Arfken and H. Weber, Academic Press (Elsevier)
 Elements of Group Theory by A. W. Joshi (New Age International Publisher)
 Mathematical Physics by H. K.Das and Dr. R. Verma (S. Chand & Company L.T.D.)
 Mathematical Physics by P. K. Chattopadhyaya (New Age International)

79
Core XVII
Classical Mechanics

Unit-1
KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODY MOTION
Independent coordinates of a rigid body, Orthogonal transformations, Eulerian angles,
infinitesimal rotations, rate of change of vector, Coriolis force, angular momentum and kinetic
energy of motion about a point, inertial tensor and the moment of inertia, Eigen values of
Inertial tensor and the principal axis transformation, methods of solving rigid body problems
and Euler's equations of motion, torque free motion of a rigid body. Heavy symmetrical top
with one point fixed.

Unit-2

HAMILTONIAN FORMULATION: Calculus of Variations and Euler-Lagrange's

Equation, Brachistochrone Problem, Hamilton's Principle, Extension of Hamilton's Principle
to Nonholonomic Systems, Legendre Transformation and the Hamilton Equations of Motion,
Physical Significance of
Hamiltonian, Derivation of Hamilton's Equations of Motion from a Variational Principle,
Routh's Procedure, Principle of Least Action

Unit-3
CANONICAL TRANSFORMATIONS:
Canonical Transformation, Types of Generating Function, conditions for canonical transformation,
Integral Invariance of Poincare, Poisson Bracket, Poisson's Theorem, Lagrange Bracket, Poisson
and Lagrange Brackets as Canonical Invariant, Infinitesimal Canonical transformation and
Conservation Theorems, Liouville's Theorem Hamilton Jacobi Theory: Hamilton-Jacobi Equation for
Hamilton's Principal Function, Harmonic Oscillator and Kepler problem by Hamilton-Jacobi
Method, Action-Angle Variables for completely Separable System, Kepler Problem in Action-
Angle Variables

Unit-4

SMALL OSCILLATION: Problem of Small Oscillations, Example of linear triatomic molecule

and two coupled Oscillator, General Theory of Small Oscillations, Normal Coordinates and
Normal Modes of Vibration.

Test Books:

 Classical Mechanics- by H. Goldstein (Addison-Wesley)

79
Reference books:

 Classical Mechanics by S. N. Biswas, Books and Allied Publisher Ltd.

 Classical Mechanics by J.C. Upadhay, Himalaya Publishing House.
 Classical Mechanics by Landau and Liftshitz (Butter Worth)

79
Core XVIII QUANTUM MECHANICS

Unit I
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS:
A-Postulates of Quantum Mechanics and meaning of measurement, Operators and their
expectation values, Schrodinger equation, Particle in a box, Orthogonality of eigenfunctions.Dirac
Notations, Linear vector space, Ket and Bra vectors, , Dirac delta function, linear operators,
Adjoint operators, Unitary Operators, Hermitian operators, Eigen values and eigen vectors,
orthonormality of eigen vectors, probability interpretation, Degeneracy,.
 B-QUANTUM DYNAMICS:
Time evolution of quantum states, Time evolution operator and its properties, Schrödinger,
Heisenberg and Interaction picture, Equations of motion, Operator method solution of Harmonic
oscillator problem, Matrix representation and time evolution of creation and annihilation operators.

Unit II
 ROTATION AND ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM:
A-Orbital angular momentum operators as generators of rotation, Lx, Ly, Lz and L2 and their
Commutation relations, Raising and Lowering operators (L+ and L-), Lx, Ly, Lz and L2 in
spherical Polar coordinates, Eigen values and Eigen functions of Lz and L2 (operator method),
Matrix representation of Lx, Ly, Lz and L2.

 B-SPIN ANGULAR MOMENTUM:

Spin ½ particles, Pauli spin matrices and their properties, Eigen values and Eigen functions,
Spin and rotations. Total angular momentum: Total angular momentum J, Eigen value problem
of Jz and J2 , Angular momentum matrices, Addition of angular momentum and C. G.
coefficients for the states with ( i) j1 = ½ and j2 = ½ ( ii ) j1 = 1 and j2 = ½.

Unit-III

A-Motion in a spherically symmetric field:The hydrogen atom, Approximate methods: Stationary

perturbation theory, Rayleigh Schrodinger method for non-degenerate case, first and second order
perturbation, Variationalmethod: Ground State, H -atom One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator, W. K.
B. method: Connection formulas, Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule, Time-dependent perturbation
theory: Transition probability, constant and harmonic perturbation, Fermi Golden rule.

Unit IV
Scattering amplitude and scattering cross section:

79
Born approximation, application to Coulomb and screened Coulomb, potentials. Partial wave analysis for
scattering, optical theorem, scattering from a hard sphere, resonantscattering from a square well
potential.Elementary idia on identical particles.

Text books:
 " Quantum Mechanics:Concepts and Applications" by NouredineZettile John Wiley and sons.

Reference Books:

 "Quantum Mechanics",L.I. Schiff L.I 3 rd Ed, McGraw Hill Book Co.

 “Quantum Mechanics”E. Merzbacher , 2ndEd., John Wiley &Sons.
 "Quantum Physics", S.Gasiorowicz John Wiley.
 "A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics" by P.M.Mathews . and Venkatesan , Tata McGraw Hill.
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by D.J.Griffiths ,2nd edition ,Pearson
Publications

79
Core XIX

LABORATORY: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS: 4 CREDITS

1. Introduction to the programming language (e.g. C /C++/ Fortran/ Matlab/Scilab) . The

introduction is accompanied by examples in thefollowing general areas.

(a) Sorting Algorithms -- selection sort, Quick sort etc.

(b) Solution of equation -- Newton's method, Secant method etc.

(c) Simplenumerical integratons -- Trapezoidal rule, simpson 1/3 rule .

2. Classical mechanics (2nd order ODE, initial value problems). Euler mthod, Modified-Euler (predictor-
corrector) method, Runge-Kutta method, Leapfrog method,Verlet method, Velocity Verlet method,
each with and without velocity dependentdrag terms, harmonic oscillator with damping,forced one,
realistic projectile motion with air drag,realistic planetary orbit calculation.
3. Quantum Mechanics (2nd order ODE, boundary value and eigenvalue problems).Shooting
method and Numerov's method, examples of bound states calculation for 1D wells ,quantum
harmonic oscillators. Eigenvalue problem in matrix form (finitedimensional basis), and exact
(Lanczos) diagonalization, Variational calculationwith orthogonal basis states. Time-dependent
Schrodinger equation, wave equation.
4. Statistical Mechanics (Stochastic and Monte Carlo Methods). Uniform random number generation,
Randon walk and diffusion, Monte Carlo Integration -- advantagein higher dimension, error analysis.
Importance sampling and detailed balance.Generation of random numbers from a Gaussian
distribution-- Box Miller method,using central limit theorem, Sampling points from arbitrary
distributions -- Metropolis sampling and examples.

References:

 Computational Physics, N. J. Giordano and H. Nakanishi, Pearson Prentice Hall (2006)

 Introduction to Computational Physics, Pao Tang, Cambridge University Press
 Computational Physics, S. E. Koonin and D. C. Meredith, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
 Computational Physics, J. M. Thijssen, Cambridge University Press

79
Core XX Semester VIII

Classical Electrodynamics
Unit –I
 Covariant formulation of electrodynamics:
Lorentz transformation; Scalars, vectors and Tensors; Maxwells equations and equations of
continuity in terms of Aµ and Jµ; Electromagnetic field tensor and its dual; Covariant form of
Maxwell‟s equations; Lagrangian for a charged particle in presence of external electromagnetic
field and Maxwell’s equation as Euler-Lagrange equations.

 The Inhomogeneous Wave equation:

Wave equations for potentials, solution by Fourier analysis, Radiation field, Radiation energy,
Hertz potential, Computation of radiation fields by Hertz method, electric dipole radiation,
multipole- radiation.

Unit –II
 Lienard-Wiechart potential and Field of a uniformly moving electron: Lienard-Wiechart
potential, Fields of a charge in uniform motion, Direct solution of the wave equation,
Convectionpotential, Virtual photon concept.
 Wave guides, Propagation of electromagnetic waves in rectangular wave guides.

Unit–III Radiation from Accelerated Charges

Radiation from an accelerated charge, Fields of an accelerated charge radiation at low velocity, Case of
velocity parallel to acceleration, radiation from circular orbits, Radiation with no restrictions on
the acceleration or velocity, Classical cross section for bremsstrahlung in a Coulomb field,
Cherenkov radiation.
Unit–IV Radiation, scattering and dispersion

Radiative damping of a charged harmonic oscillator, forced vibrations, scattering by an

individual free electron, scattering by a bound electron, absorption of radiation by an oscillator,
equilibrium between an oscillator and a radiation field, effect of a volume distribution of scatters,
scattering from a volume distribution, Rayleigh scattering, the dispersion relation.

79
Text Book:
 "Classical Electricity and Magnetism" by Wolfgang K.H.Panofsky and Melba Philips,Second Edition.

Reference books:
 "Classical Electrodynamics", Jakson J D, John Wiley.

 'Introduction to Electrodynamics", Griffiths DJ, Prentice Hall

Laboratory: Optics and Modern Physics Lab (4 credit)

M.B: Following is the list of some experiments however, the college can add any other experiments as per
the convince.

Optics &Modern Physics:

1. Determination of Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristics of PN diode.

2. Determination of Planck’s constant using LEDs at least four colors.
3. Determination of e/ m by Bar magnet/magnetic focus sung
4. Study of photo-electric effect.
5. Study of diffraction pattern of single and double slits using laser source and determination
of its wavelength.

6. Study the electrical resistance as a function of temperature. Experiments with

Michelson interferometer: Determination of A and α Thickness of mica sheet

7. Fabry Perot interferometer Polarization Experiments Babinet compensator Edsar-

Butlerbands Quarter wave plate Mallus Law Study of elliptical polarized light
8. Constant Deviation Spectrography Calibration Zeeman effect
9. Babinet Quartz Spectrography
10. Any other suitable experiments
11. Any other experiments that may be set up from time to time.

Reference Books:

 Elements of Modern Physics: Laboratory (BPHEL-142,

Prepared by: Ignou: school of science (https://egyankosh.ac.in)
 Modern Physics Lab (PHYS 340)
Prepared by: Purdue University, (https://www.physics.putrdue

79
79
Core XXI
QUANTUM MECHANICS-II
Course Outcomes
 Master the principles of solving motion in a spherically symmetric field.
 Acquire proficiency in utilizing approximate methods.
 Comprehend advanced techniques like the Variational method, W. K. B. method,
and Time- dependent perturbation theory.
 Gain insight into Time-dependent perturbation theory and the scattering of
identical particles.

Unit I Motion in a spherically symmetric field:

The hydrogen atom, Reduction to equivalent one body problem, radial equation, Energy
eigenvalues and eigen functions, Degeneracy, Radial probability distribution, free-
particle problem, Expression of plane waves in terms of spherical waves. Bound states of
a 3-D square well.

Unit II Approximate methods:

stationary perturbation theory, Rayleigh Schrodinger method for non-degenerate case,
first and second order perturbation, an harmonic oscillator, general theory for the
degenerate case, removalof degeneracy, linear Stark effect, normal Zeeman effect.

Unit III
 Variational method: Ground State, First Excited State and Second Excited State
of H- atom One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator, and He-atom.
 W. K. B. method: Connection formulas, Bohr-Sommer feld quantization rule,
Harmonic oscillator and cold emission.
 Time-dependent perturbation theory: Transition probability, constant and
harmonic perturbation, Fermi Golden rule

Unit IV
Scattering amplitude and scattering cross section:
Born approximation, application to Coulomb and screened Coulomb potentials. Partial
wave analysis for scattering, optical theorem, scattering from a hard sphere, resonant
scattering from a square well potential. Identical particles, Symmetric and anti-
symmetric wave function, Scattering of identical particles.
Text Book: " Quantum Mechanics:Concepts and Applications" by NouredineZettile John
Wiley and sons.

Reference Books:
 "Quantum Mechanics",L.I. Schiff 3rdEd, McGraw Hill Book Co.
 “Quantum Mechanics”E. Merzbacher , 2ndEd., John Wiley &Sons.
 "Quantum Physics", S.Gasiorowicz John Wiley.
 "A TextBook of Quantum Mechanics" by P.M. Mathews . andVenkatesan , Tata
McGraw Hill.
 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by D.J.Griffiths ,2nd edition ,Pearson
Publications.
Core XXII Electronics
Course Outcomes (Cos)
 Enhance understanding of Network Analysis, Bipolar Junction Transistors, and
Operational Amplifiers.
 Acquire knowledge of Oscillator circuits and their functionality.
 Master the concepts of Digital Circuits and their applications.
 Comprehend the operation and usage of Optoelectronic Devices in electronic systems.

Unit I
 Network Analysis: Superposition principle Thevenin and Norton Theorems, BJT,
FET, MOSFET: characteristic, biasing-parameter analysis Feedback Circuits.
Operational
 Amplifiers: The differential amplifier, D.C. and A.C. signal analysis, integral
amplifier, rejection of common mode signals, CMMR, The operational amplifier,
input and output impedances, Application of operational Amplifiers unit gain buffer,
summing, integrating amplifier, Comparator, Operational amplifier as a
differentiator.
Unit II
Oscillator circuits: Feedback criteria for oscillation, Nyquist criterion, Phase shift, Wien-
Bridge oscillator, Crystal controlled oscillator

Unit III
Digital Circuits: Logic fundamentals, Booleantheorem, logicgates: AND, OR, NOT,
NOR,NAND XOR, and EXNOR.RTL, DTL and TTL logic, Flip-flop, RS-and JK-Flip flop,
A/D and D/A Convertors 79

Unit IV Optoelectrics Device:

Principle of optical sources, Source material, Choice of materials, Internal and external
quantum efficiency of L.E.D., Structures, Types of L.E.D.: Surface emitting L.E.D., Edge
emitting L.E.D., Modulation capability, emission pattern, power bandwidth product, laser
Diode Modes, Threshold condition, resonant frequency, Laser Diode Structure, Brief
description of principle of optical detectors, Photomultipliers P.I.N. and A.P.D.
configuration, Solar Cell.

Textbooks and Reading materials

 Electronic fundamental and application by J.D. Ryder, PHI, Learning Pvt Ltd.
 Electronics: Circuits and Analysis, D.C.Dubey, Alpha Science
 R.P.Khare, Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics, Oxford University Press

Reference Books:
 Foundation of electronics – Chattopadhyay, Rakshit, Saha and Purkait , New age
International publisher
 Electronics principles-Albert Malvino, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Edition
 Modern Digital Electronics-R.P Jain, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Edition
Core XXIII

Laboratory: Optics and Modern Physics Lab (4 credit)

The main objectives of this laboratory course are:
1. To apply the principles of optics, electronics, and modern physics in conducting experiments.
2. To gain a better understanding of theoretical principles through hands-on experimentation.

N.B: Following is the list of some experiment however, the college can add any other
experiments as per the convince.

Optics &Modern Physics:

1. Determination of Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristics of PN diode.
2. Determination of Planck’s constant using LEDs at least four colors.
3. Determination of e/m by Bar magnet/magnetic focus sung
4. Study of photo-electric effect.
5. Study of diffraction pattern of single and double slits using laser source and
determination of its wavelength.
6. Study the electrical resistance as a function of temperature.
7. Fabry Perot interferometer Polarization Experiments Babinet compensator Edsar-
Butlerbands Quarter wave plate Mallus Law Study of elliptical polarized light
8. Constant Deviation Spectrography Calibration Zeeman effect
9. Babinet Quartz Spectrography
10. Any other suitable experiments
11. Any other experiments that may be set up from time to time.

Reference Books:
 Elements of Modern Physics: Laboratory (BPHEL-142,
Prepared by: Ignou: school of science (https://egyankosh.ac.in)
 Modern Physics Lab (PHYS 340)
Prepared by: Purdue University, (https://www.physics.putrdue.edu)