YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES I

(CE - 51034)

Prepared by;
Dr. Ni Ni Moe Kyaw
Professor
Yangon Technological University
 Course Contents
Topic 1: Introduction
Topic 2: Steels and Properties
Topic 3: Tension Members
Topic 4: Structural Fasteners
Topic 5: Compression Members: Column
Topic 6: Beams: Laterally Supported
 Types of Connection

Every structure is an assemblage of individual parts or members that must be fastened

together, usually at the member ends.
Welding is one method.
The other method is to use fasteners, such as rivets or bolts.
 Types of Fasteners
High-Strength Bolts
½ <  < 1½
• ASTM A325 bolts (heat treated medium carbon steel) (81 to 92 ksi – 560 to 630 MPa)
• ASTM A490 bolts (heat treated alloy steel) (115 to 130 ksi- 790 to 900 MPa)

1½ <  < 3

• ASTM A449 bolts (for anchor bolts and threaded rods)

Common Sizes
• ¾ in and ⅞ in (Building Construction)
• ⅞ in and 1 in (Bridge Constrction)
 Types of Fasteners

Rivets

Unfinished Bolts
(ordinary, common,
rough or black bolts)

Ribbed Bolts
 Design of Joints containing High-Strength Bolts
High-strength bolts are usually tightened to develop a specified tensile stress in them, which
results in a predictable clamping force on the joint. The actual transfer of service loads through a joint
is, therefore, due to the friction developed in the pieces being joined.
• Slip-Critical Type, called Friction-Type (high slip resistance at service load is desired)
• Bearing-Type (high slip resistance at service load is unnecessary)
Properties of Bolts
Clamp Load, Proof Load, Yield Strength and Tensile Strength
Clamp load is the parameter that determines the function of a threaded joint. It is, literally, the force that is holding
the joint together. Acceptable clamp load is typically 75% of proof load.

Proof load is defined as the maximum tensile force that can be applied to a bolt that will not result in plastic
deformation. A material must remain in its elastic region when loaded up to its proof load typically between 85-95%
of the yield strength.
(or)
Proof load is an amount of force that a fastener must be able to withstand without permanently deforming. Proof
load is typically between 85-95% of the yield strength. A proof load is approximately a minimum of 70 % and 80
% of the minimum tensile strengths for A325 bolts and A490 bolts, respectively.

Yield strength is the load that is carried at the point where a fastener permanently deforms. When subjected to
enough force, steel will begin to stretch. If the amount of force is low enough, the steel will elastically return to its
original shape when the force is removed. At the yield point, the force becomes strong enough that the steel will
stretch and not return to its original shape. This amount of force is the yield strength.
(or)
Yield strength can be defined as the tensile force that will produce a specified amount of permanent deformation
(most commonly 0.2%) within a specific fastener.

Ultimate tensile strength of a fastener is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or
pulled before breaking.
Clamp Load, Proof Load, Yield Strength and Tensile Strength
Proof Load and Bolt Tension-Slip Critical Connections
 Installation Procedures
• Connection not requiring full pretensioning
• Connection requiring full precompression between pieces (pretensioning of bolts)
 Turn-of-the-nut tightening
 Calibrated wrench tightening
 Installation of alternative design bolts
 Direct tension indicator tightening
 Nominal Strength of Individual Fasteners
Loads are transferred from one member to another member by means of Connection
between them.
1. Pin Connection
• Pin (a cylindrical piece of steel) is the simplest device for transferring load from one steel piece
to another that inserted in holes that are aligned in the two pieces.
• Load would be transferred by bearing of shank of the pin against the side of the hole.
2. High-Strength Bolt Connection
• When a high-Strength Bolt is installed to have a specified initial tension, there will be an initial
compression between the pieces being joined.
• Two general categories of performance requirements for high-strength bolted connections are
known as Bearing-Type Connection and Friction-Type Connection (Slip-Critical Connection).
• The strength of high-Strength Bolted Connection in transmitting Shear Forces across shear plane
between steel elements is the same whether the connection is a Bearing-Type Connection or
Slip-Critical Connection.
 The possible “Limit States", failure modes may control the strength of Bolted Connection.
Transfer of Load
Typical Bolted Connections
Possible Modes of Failure of Bolted Connections
 Strength of Each Fastener
• Tensile Strength
• Shear Strength
• Bearing Strength
Applied load
Required number of bolt=
Strength of a bolt

Assumptions
 Applied load passes the centroid of the bolt group.
 Equal size of fasteners are used.
 Fasteners share the load equally.
Tensile Strength of Fasteners;
Notation ;

Rn = Nominal Strength of one fastener in tension

L = Tensile Strength of bolt material

S = Net area or tensile stress area (the area through the threaded portion of the bolt)

The ratio of tensile stress area to the gross area ranges from 0.75 to 0.79,

Notation ;

= the gross area of one bolt

Shear Strength of Fasteners;

Notation ;

Rn = Nominal Strength of one fastener in compression

= Ultimate Shear Stress

= the gross area of one bolt

= The number of Shear Plane

Bearing Strength of Fasteners;

Notation ;

Rn = Bearing Strength, the force applied against the side of the hole to split or tear the plate

L = Tensile Strength of plate material ≈ 0.62 Fu

S = distance along line of force from edge of connected part to the center of a hole

d = nominal bolt diameter

Approximately,

When = 2.67 d, the nominal bearing strength;

Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
For Structural Safety Requirement,

Notation ;

Rn = resistance factor (Strength Reduction Factor)

L = nominal resistance (strength)

S = overload factors (LRFD – A4.1)

= service load

Notation ;

Rn = resistance factor, 0.75 for fracture in tension, shear on high strength bolts, and bearing of bolt against side of hole

L = Nominal Strength of one fastener

S = Factored Load on one fastener

Strength of fasteners may be based on (1) Shear, (2) Tension, (3) Bearing and (4) Combined Shear and Tension.
Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
Design Shear Strength – No Threads in Shear Plane;

The Nominal Strength in Shear,

The Design Strength in Shear,

Notation ;

Rn = 0.75, the standard for shear

L = Tensile Strength of bolt material (120 ksi for A325 Bolts, 150 ksi for A490 bolts)

S = The number of Shear Plane participating [usually one (single shear) , two (double shear)]

the = gross cross-sectional area across the unthreaded shank of the bolt
Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
Design Shear Strength – Threads in Shear Plane;

The Nominal Strength in Shear,

Both 0.8 the connection length effect and the 0.75 for area through threads are approximate, the LRFD
specification uses

The Design Strength in Shear,

Notation ;

R = 0.75, the standard for shear

L = Tensile Strength of bolt material (120 ksi for A325 Bolts, 150 ksi for A490 bolts)

S = The number of Shear Plane participating [usually one (single shear), two (double shear)]

the = gross cross-sectional area across the unthreaded shank of the bolt
Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
Design Tension Strength

The Design Strength based on the tensile strength of the fastener,

or

Notation ;

R = 0.75,

L = Tensile Strength of bolt material (120 ksi for A325 Bolts, 150 ksi for A490 bolts)

= gross cross-sectional area across the unthreaded shank of the bolt

Note that represents the area through the threaded portion of the bolts.
Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
Design Bearing Strength

1. Usual conditions based on the deformation limit state for all holes except long-slotted holes perpendicular to the line of
force,

Notation ; (min: end distance must be at least 1½ D)

R = 0.75
d = nominal diameter of bolt at unthreaded area
t = thickness of part against which bolts bears
= tensile strength of connected part against which bolts bears
= distance along line of force from edge of the connected part to the center of a standard hole or the center of
short and long slotted hole perpendicular to the line of force.
2. Deformation limit state for long-slotted holes perpendicular to the line of force,

(min: end distance must be at least 1½ D)

3. Strength limit state for bolt nearest the edge,

4. Strength limit state when hole elongation exceeding 0.25 in and hole “ovalization” can be tolerated,
Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
Minimum Spacing of Bolts in Line of Transmitted Force

 For minimum distance from the center of one fasteners to the edge of the adjacent hole,

 The minimum the center to center spacing,

 By adding the radius d/2 of the bolts and the require nominal strength equals to the factored
Load P acting one bolt divided by resistance factor ,

Notation ;
R = 0.75
P = factored Load P acting one bolt
t = thickness of plate material
= tensile strength of connected part against which bolts bears
d = diameter of the bolt
Load and Resistance Factor Design – Fasteners
Minimum End Distance in Direction of Transmitted Force
 The minimum end distance,

 The require nominal strength equals to the factored Load P acting one bolt divided by resistance
factor ,

Maximum Edge Distance

 The maximum edge distance from the center of the bolt to the nearest edge is 12t, where t is the
thickness of the connected part. (not exceed 6 in to prevent corrosion resulting from the moisture
entering the joint. )
 The two contact surfaces of a joint may not be perfectly flat, and the clamping action will be lower
when the bolts are far apart.

Maximum Spacing of Connectors

 For painted members or unpainted members not subject to corrosion,

 For unpainted members or weathering steel subject to atmospheric corrosion,

t = the thickness of the thinner elements.
Examples - Tension Members Bearing-Type Connection - LRFD
Example 4.8.1, page-124
For plate, An = Ae,

For A325- X bolts, the design strength per bolt in single

shear is
(Controls)
The design bearing strength for each bolt is
Total design strength based on fastener is = no. of fastener x ∅𝑹𝒏
= 4 x 27.1 = 108 kips < 122 kips
Therefore , Shear strength controls. (∅𝑻𝒏 =108 kips)

Design Strength, ∅𝑻𝒏 = 𝑻𝒖

Tu = σ 𝜸𝒊 𝑸𝒊 (Given, LL= 3DL)
Tu= 1.4 DL
Tu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1.2 x (DL) +1.6 x(3DL)=6.0 DL (Controls)

∅𝑻𝒏 = 𝑻𝒖 , so, 108 = 6DL

By solving, DL = 18 kips, LL = 3 x 18= 54 kips

Total safe service load, T = DL + LL = 18 + 54 = 72 kips (For A325-X)

Examples - Tension Members Bearing-Type Connection - LRFD
Example 4.8.2, page-127
 For plate,

The edge

Since, bearing strength does not control, block shear is unlikely to control.
Examples - Tension Members Bearing-Type Connection - LRFD
Example 4.8.3, page-128

Fig: Block Shear Failure

Since, bearing strength controls, block shear should also be checked.
Slip-Critical Joints
Design of Slip-Critical Connections-LRFD Specification

Shear stress, fv = friction force/bolt gross cross-sectional area

Slip-Critical Joints
Design of Slip-Critical Connections-LRFD Specification
Slip-Critical Joints
Design of Slip-Critical Connections-LRFD Specification
Example 4.9.1, page-130
Slip-Critical Joints
Design of Slip-Critical Connections-LRFD Specification

Rn = nominal slip resistance per bolt at factored loads

L = number of slip (Shear) planes

S = minimum fastener initial tension

= mean slip coefficient ,as applicable, or as established by tests

= 0.33 for Class A surface condition

= 0.50 for Class B surface condition The requirements for spacing,

= 0.40 for Class C surface condition end and edge distances are all
identical whether the joint is a
= 1.0 for Standard holes bearing-type connection or slip-
critical connection.
= 0.85 for Oversized and Short-Slotted holes

= 0.70 for Long-Slotted holes transverse to load

= 0.60 for Long-Slotted holes parallel to load

Examples -Tension Members Slip-Critical Connections - LRFD
Example 4.9.2, page-133
Examples -Tension Members Slip-Critical Connections - LRFD
Example 4.9.3, page-133
Allowable Stress Design - Fasteners
For Structural Safety Requirement,

Shear Strength of Fasteners

The requirements for spacing, end and edge distances are

all identical whether the joint is a bearing-type connection
or slip-critical connection.
Allowable Stress Design - Fasteners
Bearing Strength of Fasteners

(4.10.5)

(4.10.6)

Slip-Critical (Friction-Type) Connection

 The limitations on shear stress that are imposed by ASD to prevent slips are identical to those imposed by LRFD.
 Procedure for slip-critical connection design in ASD will be to determine the number of fasteners based upon the allowable
stresses in Table 4.9.1 and then to check for adequate strength in bearing, comparing to the allowable stress in either Eq.
4.10.5 and Eq. 4.10.6.

Minimum Spacing and Minimum End Distance of Bolts in Line of Transmitted Force
 The requirements are essentially the same for ASD as for LRFD.
 Examples -Tension Members - ASD
Example 4.11.1, page-137
 Examples -Tension Members - ASD
Example 4.11.1, page-137
Examples -Tension Members - ASD
Example 4.11.2, page-137
 Eccentric Shear
P P P
Pe P

Pe
e e

 When a load P is applied on the line of action that does not pass through the center of the
gravity of the bolt group, there will be an eccentric loading effect.

 A load P at an eccentricity is statically equivalent to a moment P times e plus a concentric

load p both acting on the connection.

 Both the moment and concentric load contribute shear effects on the bolt group, this
situation is referred to as eccentric shear.
Eccentric Shear
 GENERAL ISSUES IN CONNECTION DESIGN

Assumptions in traditional analysis

• Connection elements are assumed to

be rigid compared to the connectors. T
• Connector behavior is assumed to V d
be linearly elastic. V
C
• Distribution of forces arrived at by
assuming idealized load paths. M = Td e
• Ensure adequate ductility and (a) (b)
rotation capacity.
• Provide adequate margin of safety. Standard Connections
(a) moment connection (b) simple connection

51
Traditional Elastic (Vector) Analysis
Example 4.12.1, page-142
Solution
Example 4.12.2, page-142
Design Formula for Moment on Singe Line of Fasteners

Where, n = required number of bolts for one vertical line

R = the force in the fastener
p = typical spacing of bolts
M = resisting moment
 Fasteners Acting in Axial Tension
The nominal strength for fasteners subject to axial tension is
Prestress Effect of High-Strength Bolts Under External Tension
P
Tf = Tb +
1 + Ap / Ab
4.4.1
 Combined Shear and Tension
Bearing Type Connection (LRFD Design)

Slip-Critical Connections
factored tension loads per bolt
factored shear loads per bolt
service tension loads per bolt =
service shear loads per bolt =
 Shear and Tension from Eccentric Loading
Tension from Bending Moment Considering Initial Tension
Thanks for Attention