GENERATION OF COMPUTER

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH

GENERATION GENERATION GENERATION GENERATION GENERATION
 FIRST GENERATION
The computer of this generation used electronic devices
known as vaccum tubes punched card to records data.

 Period : 1945- 1956

 Size : very large
 Technology Used: VACCUM TUBES
 Examples: Mark 1, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC.

 Characteristics:
 Vaccum tube for internal operations were used .
 Magnetic drums were used for memory.
 Punched cards were used in this Era
 FIRST GENERATION
Disadvantages
 huge and non portable
 Emission of large amount of heat.
 Constance maintenance
 Costly
 Less storage capacity

ENIAC UNIVAC
 SECOND GENERATION
These computers used transistors in place of
vaccum tubes
Period : 1956 -1963
Size- smaller than first generation of computer
Technology Used – Transistor

Characteristics:
Transistors were used for internal operations.
Magnetic tapes and disks were used for secondary
memory.
 SECOND
Second GENERATION
Generation
Disadvantages
 require a frequent maintenance
 More costly
 Manual assembly of individual components into
function unit required.
 THIRD GENERATION
IC are made by many transistors.
Period:1964-1971
Size: much smaller than second generation of
computers.
Technology used: IC(Integrated Circuit) chip

Characteristics :
Minicomputers were introduced
Emergence of software industry.
Multiprogramming facility.
 THIRD GENERATION
 Advantages
 smaller in size.
 More reliable.
 Less heat generation.
 Reduced computational time.
 Less power supply.
 Reduced cost.
 Low maintenance cost.
 Fourth Generation
A large no of integrated circuits were put together in
a material called silicon chips. Silicon chips were
reliable and cheap.
Period: 1971-1989
Size: very small in size
Technology used: silicon chips

Characteristics:
More circuits on chips LSI,VLSI
Introduction of microprocessor.
Easily portable because of small size.
 FOURTH GENERATION

Advantages
 Small in size
 Very reliable
 Much faster computations.
 Easily portable.
 Cheapest among all generations.
 FIFTH GENERATION
These computers are based on artificial
intelligence . Parallel processing are used.
Period: 1989-present
Technology Used: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Example : Robots

Characteristics
Development of storage technology.
Advancement in networking technology
Development of supercomputers.
Concept of parallel processing in computer.
 NOW LET’S SEE ABOUT
THE COMPUTER HISTORY ?
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER

ABACUS SUPERCOMPUTER
 FIVE ERAS IN COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT

 Pre-History
 Electronics
 Mini
 Micro
 Network
 PRE-HISTORY ERA
 The ABACUS is believed to have been invented in 4th
century B.C in CHINA.
 A device used for registering and predicting the motion
of the stars and planets, is dated to 1st century B.C.
 JOHN NAPIER of Scotland invents logs in 1614 to allow
multiplication and division to be converted to addition
and subtraction.

ABACUS

ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
 PRE-HISTORY ERA
 Leonardo Da Vinci is now given credit for building the
first mechanical calculator around 1500. Evidence of Da
Vinci’s machine was not found until papers were
discovered in 1967.

 Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator in 1642 with

an 8-digit capacity.

 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom

controlled by Punch-cards in the early 1800s.
 PRE-HISTORY ERA
 Charles Babbage designs a “Difference Engine” in 1820 or
1821 with a massive calculator designed to print
astronomical tables. The British government cancelled the
project in 1842; Babbage then conceives the “Analytical
Engine”, a mechanical computer that can solve any
mathematical problem and uses punch-cards.
 Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of
English poet Lord Byron, worked with Babbage and
created a program for the Analytical Engine. Ada is now
credited as being the 1st computer programmer.

Analytical Engine
 PRE-HISTORY ERA
 SAMUEL MORSE invented the Electric
Telegraph
 George Boole invented Boolean
Algebra in the late 1840s. Claude E.
Shannon recognized its relevance to
electronics design.
 In 1857, only twenty years after the
invention of the telegraph, SIR
CHARLES WHEATSTONE (the inventor
of the accordian) introduced the first
application of paper tapes as a
medium for the preparation, storage,
and transmission of data. Morse Telegraph
 PRE-HISTORY ERA
 The FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITING MACHINE was
conceived by three American inventors and friends,
CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES, CARLOS GLIDDEN,
AND SAMUAL W. SOULE who spent their evenings
tinkering together.
 Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines were used for
the 1890 census; the machines used Jacquard’s
punched cards.

TYPEWRITING MACHINE

TABULATING MACHINES
 ELECTRONICS ERA
 In 1926, DR. JULIUS EDGAR
LILIENFIELD from New York filed for a
patent on a transistor.

 Konrad Zuse, a German engineer,

completes the 1st general purpose
programmable calculator in 1941.

 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator Analyzer and Computer) is
developed by Ballistics Research Lab
in Maryland and built by the
University of Pennsylvania and ENIAC
completed in 1945.
 ELECTRONICS ERA
The transistor is developed by Bell Telephone
Laboratories in 1947.
Transistor

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is

developed in 1951 and can store 12,000 digits
in random access mercury-delay lines.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)
is completed for the Ordinance Department in
1952.
EDVAC
EDVAC
 ELECTRONICS ERA
Texas Instruments and Fairchild
Semiconductor both announce the Integrated
Circuit in 1959.
The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and
quickly becomes the standard institutional
mainframe computer..

TI’s Integrated Circuit

IBM 360
 MINI ERA

The Mini Era began with the development of

the Integrated Circuit in 1959 by Texas
Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor.

Ivan Sutherland demonstrated a program

called Sketchpad (makes engineering
drawings with a light pen) on a TX-2
mainframe at MIT’s Lincoln Labs in 1962.
 MICRO ERA
 By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the
personal computer market.
 In 1980 Microsoft is approached by
IBM to develop BASIC for its personal
computer project. The IBM PC is
released in August, 1981.
 The Apple Macintosh, featuring a
simple graphical interface using the 8- Apple II - 1977
MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and a
built-in 9-inch B/W screen, debuts in
1984.
 Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships in
November, 1985.
 Now in the current time windows 8 is
working. Windows1.0
 NETWORK ERA
 Timesharing, the concept of
linking a large numbers of users
to a single computer via remote
terminals, is developed at MIT in
the late 50s and early 60s.
 PAUL BARAN of RAND develops
the idea of distributed, packet-
switching networks.
 ARPANET goes online in 1969.
 Bob Kahn And Vint Cerf
develop the basic ideas of the
Internet in 1973.
 In 1974 BBN opens the first
public packet-switched network.
 NETWORK ERA
 A UUCP link between the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University
established USENET in 1979.

 TCP/IP (Transmission Control

Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as
the standard for ARPANET in 1982.

 Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web.

CERN releases the first Web server in 1991.
Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is
an audio file format standard used for
storing sound data for personal computers and
other electronic audio devices.
The American National Standards Institute is a
private non-profit organization that oversees the
development of standards for products, services,
processes, systems, and personnel in the United
States.
The American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) is a character-encoding
scheme originally based on the English
alphabet that encodes 128 specified characters -
the numbers 0-9, the letters a-z and A-Z.
 Code Division Multiple Access is a channel
access method used by various radio
communication technologies.
 CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor.
 CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor
chip inside computers that stores information.
 This information ranges from the system time and date
to system hardware settings for your computer.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a
compact audio/video interface for transferring video data
and digital audio data from a source device to a
compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital
television, or digital audio device.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply, also uninterruptible
power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an
electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to
a load when the input power source, typically main
power fails.
Wi-Fi is the name of a
popular wireless networking
technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless
high-speed Internet and
network connections.
• A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known
as a handheld PC, or personal data assistant, is
a mobile device that functions as a personal
information manager.
• RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is
a data storage virtualization technology that
combines multiple disk drive components into a
single logical unit for the purposes of data
redundancy or performance improvement.
Acronym Meaning
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API Application Program Interface
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASP Active Server Page or Application Service Provider
ATA Advanced Technology Attachment
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Acronym Meaning
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Bcc Blind Carbon Copy
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
Blob Binary Large Object
BMP Bitmap
CAD Computer-Aided Design
Cc Carbon Copy
CD Compact Disc
CD-R Compact Disc Recordable
CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CD-RW Compact Disc Re-Writable
CDFS Compact Disc File System
Acronym Meaning
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMS Content Management System
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CSS Cascading Style Sheet
DBMS Database Management System
DCIM Digital Camera Images
DDL Data Definition Language
DDR Double Data Rate
DDR2 Double Data Rate 2
DDR3 Double Data Rate Type 3
DFS Distributed File System
Acronym Meaning
DIMM Dual In-Line Memory Module
DLL Dynamic Link Library
DMA Direct Memory Access
DNS Domain Name System
DOS Disk Operating System
DPI Dots Per Inch
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DV Digital Video
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
DVD+R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD+RW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD-RW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
Acronym Meaning
DVR Digital Video Recorder
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FIFO First In, First Out
FSB Front side Bus
FTP File Transfer Protocol
Gbps Gigabits Per Second
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI Graphical User Interface
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface
Acronym Meaning
HTML Hyper-Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS Hyper Text Transport Protocol Secure
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
IRC Internet Relay Chat
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Standard Organization
ISP Internet Service Provider
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
Acronym Meaning
JRE Java Runtime Environment
JSP Java Server Page
Kbps Kilobits Per Second
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LIFO Last In, First Out
MAC Address Media Access Control Address
Mbps Megabits Per Second
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
Acronym Meaning
NetBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System
NIC Network Interface Card
NTFS New Technology File System
OCR Optical Character Recognition
OOP Object-Oriented Programming
P2P Peer To Peer
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PDF Portable Document Format
PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PNG Portable Network Graphic
RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAM Random Access Memory
RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
Acronym Meaning
ROM Read-Only Memory
RPC Remote Procedure Call
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SQL Structured Query Language
SSL Secure Sockets Layer
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TFT Thin-Film Transistor
TIFF Tagged Image File Format
UDDI Universal Description Discovery and Integration
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL Uniform Resource Locator
Acronym Meaning
USB Universal Serial Bus
UTF Unicode Transformation Format
VDU Visual Display Unit
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
WAN Wide Area Network
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WWW World Wide Web
XML Extensible Markup Language
Windows Screen
 Windows Screen
ScreenTips
Use the mouse to point to the Start button
 Windows Screen
Start menu
Point to the
Start button
and then click
the left
mouse
button
Exploring the Start Menu
 Windows Screen
Icons

Folder

Shortcut

Recycle Bin

My Computer

My Documents

Control Panel
My Computer
 Recycle Bin
Double-click the Recycle Bin icon to view the
contents of the Recycle Bin
 Opening Windows Explorer
Right-clicking an object opens its shortcut menu
Windows Explorer Screen
Navigating with Windows
Explorer
 Exploring Windows
Windows 7 provides at least eight ways to view
the contents of a folder
Click the Change your view button arrow
Getting Help
 Microsoft Windows Related Terms
GUI(Graphical User Interface)-
In computing, a graphical user interface is a type of interface that allows
users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and
visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based
interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation.
 Microsoft Windows Related Terms
CUI(Command User Interface)-
Character user interface in which we use texts(words, numbers,
symbols .. so on).
It is also called command line interface in programmers
language.
 Microsoft Windows Accessories
The Magnifier-
The Magnifier is a display utility that makes the computer screen more readable
by people who have low vision by creating a separate window that displays a
magnified portion of the screen.

On Screen Keyboard-
On-Screen Keyboard displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. You
can select keys using the mouse or another pointing device

Disk Clean-up –
Disk Cleanup can delete Temporary Internet Files (associated with Internet
Explorer), old downloaded program files, empty the Recycle Bin, and delete
Temporary Files. Newer versions of Disk Cleanup (e.g. Windows XP and later)
also allow users to delete Offline Webpages, Microsoft Error Reporting
Temporary Files, Web Client/Publisher Temporary Files, Compress old files.
 Microsoft Windows Accessories
Resource Monitor-
The Resource Monitor application offers a detailed look your computer’s
resource usage. You can view computer-wide CPU, disk, network, and
memory graphics, or drill down and view per-process statistics for each
type of resource.

Task Scheduler- A tool that allows you to view and customize the
scheduled tasks on your computer, in addition to creating your own
custom scheduled tasks.

Disk Defragmenter- It is the process of consolidating fragmented data on a

volume (such as a hard disk or a storage device) so it will work more
efficiently. Fragmentation happens to a volume over time as you save,
change, or delete files.
 Microsoft Windows Accessories
System Information-
The System Information utility allows you to view information about the
current computer — everything from the model number of its CD-ROM
drive to its attached peripherals, configured environment variables, and
start-up programs.

Character Map-
can be used to copy and paste accented letters and other foreign
language characters into any Windows application.

System Restore- System Restore is a recovery tool in Windows that allows

you to reverse certain kinds of changes made to the operating system.
 Windows Shortcut Keys
SHIFT + DEL To delete
CTRL + C Copy
CTRL + v Paste
CTRL + x Cut
ALT + F File Menu Choice In The Current Program.

ALT + E Edit Option Opens Current Program

CTRL + A Selects all the matter in document
ALT + F4 Close Open application
CTRL + ESC Open Start menu
Print screen Screen Shot
ALT + TAB Switch Among The Open Applications
 Windows Shortcut Keys
F1 HELP

F2 RENAME

F3 SEARCH

F5 REFRESH

SHIFT+F10 OPENS A SHORTCUT MENU FOR THE SELECTED ITEM

F10 TO ACTIVATE THE MENU BAR

F11 TO VIEW THE FULL SCREEN

ALT + ESC SWITCH THE APPLICATION ON THE TASK BAR

ALT+DOWN ARROW OPENS A DROP-DOWN LIST BOX

 Windows Shortcut Keys
Windows Logo Start menu

Windows Logo+M Minimize all

Windows Logo+D Minimizes all open windows and displays the

desktop

Windows Logo+E Open Windows Explorer

Windows Logo+F Find files or folders

Windows Logo+Break System Properties dialog box

Windows Logo+L LOCK THE COMPUTER

MS word .doc
MS Excel .xls
MS PowerPoint .ppt
MS outlook .pst
MS Access .mdb
Paint .bmp
Adobe Reader .pdf
Adobe Photoshop .psd
Notepad .txt
Wordpad .rtf
Temporary Files .tmp
CorelDraw .cdr
Backup File .bak
 IMAGE EXTENSION FILES

.jpeg Joint Photograhic Experts Group

.gif Graphic Interchange Format
.tif Tagged Image File
.png Portable Network Graphic

AUDIO EXTENSION FILES

.wma Window Media Audio File

.ra Real Audio File

.swa Shockwave audio file

 VIDEO EXTENSION FILES

.mpeg Motion Picture Expert Group

.flv Flash Video(encoded to run in a flash animation)
.3gp The most common video format for cell phones
.avi Audio Video Interleave

WEB EXTENSION FILES

.html Hyper Text Markup Language

.xml Extensible Markup Language

.asp Microsoft Active Server Page

.jsp Java Server Page

 SOME OTHER EXTENSION FILES

.bmp Bit Map Picture

.sys System File
.pdf Portable Document Format
.rtf Rich Text Format
.torrent Bit Torrent File
.rar Rar Compressed Files
.zip Extended zip file
.exe Executable file