Principles of Object Oriented

Programming (CS2012)
Lecture 5
Fundamental Principles of OOP

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 Fundamental Principles of OOP
• Inheritance
– Inherit members from parent class
• Abstraction
– Define and execute abstract actions
• Polymorphism
– Access a class through its parent interface
• Encapsulation
– Hide the internals of a class

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 Recap
• What is inheritance?
– When a class is based on another class
– Is-a relationship
• How to achieve inheritance?
• Why inheritance?
• When should inheritance be used?
– Forward engineering Ahasclass has a set of students. Each student
an id. There are two types of
– Backward engineering students. Good students and bad
students. Good students are never late.
For bad students, a record is
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maintained….
 Recap
• What is abstraction?
– we know what an object does and how to use it,
but not how it does what it does
• How to achieve abstraction?
• Why abstraction?
• When should abstraction be used?

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 Polymorphism
• Computer Science - the provision of a
single interface to entities of different types
• Biology - when two or more clearly
different phenotypes exist in the same
population of a species (e.g. felidae or the cat
family)

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 Polymorphism
• The ability of an object to take on many forms
• Most common use -> a parent class reference
is used to refer to a child class object
• Subclasses of a class can define their own
unique behaviors and yet share some of the
same functionality of the parent class

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 Polymorphism in Java
• Any Java object that can pass more than one
IS-A test is considered to be polymorphic
• All Java objects are polymorphic??

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 Why Polymorphism
• Why handle an object of given type as object
of its base type?
– To invoke abstract operations
– To mix different related types in the same
collection
• E.g. List<Object> can hold anything
– To pass more specific object to a method that
expects a parameter of a more generic type
– To declare a more generic field which will be
initialized and "specialized" later

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 Example

• A deer IS-A(n) Animal

• A deer IS-A Vegetarian
• A deer IS-A Deer
• A deer IS-A(n) Object

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 Example

• How about Deer d = new Animal();???

• How about Animal a= new Deer();???

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Revisiting Queue Example from Last
Week

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 Polymorphism and Method Overriding
Abstract Figure Abstract
class
method
+CalcSurface() : double

Concrete
class Square Circle
-x : int -x : int
-y : int -y : int
Overriden Overriden
-size : int -radius: int
method method

CalcSurface() CalcSurface()
{ {
return size * size; return PI * radius * raduis;
} }
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Polymorphism and Method Overriding

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 Dynamic Binding
• Selecting the definition of a method to invoke at
runtime (i.e. which definition to bind to the
method call)
• Must match method name, number, order and
types of arguments
• Parameters may be of any type that is considered
a subtype (e.g. subclass) of the parameter type.
– e.g. public void m(Object x)
– e.g. public void p(double x) may accept any of the
numeric types for x (byte, short, int, long, float,
double) and implicitly perform a widening type
conversion (cast) if necessary
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 Casting
• Upcasting
– Converting the type of an object to a superclass (“up”
the inheritance/type hierarchy). Usually implicit, as
properties of superclasses are inherited by subclasses
automatically.
• e.g. Object o = new NonAcademic();
– Similarly, parameters of type Object may accept
objects of any other type, with an implicit cast to class
Object.
• Downcasting
– Converting the type of an object to a subclass (“down”
the inheritance hierarchy). Requires explicit casting
• e.g. NonAcademic a= (NonAcademic) o; 20
 Casting
• NonAcademic a= (NonAcademic) o;

• Check if the cast would be successful

• What will happen if you do a wrong cast?

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