Introduction to Emerging

Technology

Chapter Four
Internet of Things(IoT)

By: Tizazu B(Msc in Software Engineering)

Chapter Outline
At the end of this chapter you should be know:
 Definition Internet of Things
 History of Internet of Things
 Advantages and disadvantage of Internet of Things
 Challenges of Internet of Things
 Architecture of Internet of Things
 Devices and Network
 Applications of Internet of Things
 Internet of Things Tools and Platforms
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Introduction to IoT
 The most important features of IoT include AI,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device
use.
 AI - IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”,
meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of
data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks.
 This can mean something as simple as enhancing your
refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your
favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your
preferred grocer.

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 Cont’d….
Connectivity - New enabling technologies for networking and

specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied

to major providers.

 Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still
being practical.
 IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.

 Sensors - IoT loses its distinction without sensors.

 They act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a standard
passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-
world integration .

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 Cont’d..…
 Active Engagement - Much of today's interaction with connected

technology happens through passive engagement.

 IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or

service engagement.

 Small Devices - Devices, as predicted, have become smaller,

cheaper, and more powerful overtime.

IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,

scalability, and versatility.

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What is Internet of Things(IoT)?
 Internet of Things(IoT): is the network of physical objects
such as devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
connecting each other everyday.
 Connecting device embedded with electronics, software,
and sensors to internet enabling to collect and exchange
data without human interaction called as the (IoT).
 IoT: which means accessing and controlling daily usable
equipment's and devices using Internet.
 The IoT also refers to the set of devices and systems that
interconnect real-world sensors and actuators to the
Internet.
 Actuators: cause to operate / motivation to act in a
particular way
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 Cont’d….
o Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have
some constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and processing
accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart objects.

o IEEE Communications
• IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in
the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the
cloud.

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 Cont’d…
 The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to
anything and everything in day to day life which is
accessed or connected through the internet.
 IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
 Having connectivity from anytime, anyplace & anything!

Services Data Networks Sensors IOT

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Cont’d….

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The IoT has found its application in several areas such as connected

industry, smart-city, smart-home, smart-energy, connected car,

smart agriculture, connected building and campus, health care,

logistics, among other domains

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and

integration within a system.

They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy.

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Figure: IoT in Different Domains 11
 Cont’d…
 IoT including many different systems, such as Internet-connected
cars, wearable devices, Home automation systems and lighting
controls, smartphones, wireless sensor networks, smart meters and
smart objects, .

Components of Internet of Things (IoT)

Four main components of an IoT system.

1. Thing itself (device)

2. Local Network (getaway)

3. Internet &

4. Back-end Services (enterprise data sys)

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 Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
There are effectively three classes of devices:
1. The smallest devices have embedded 8-bit System-On-Chip
(SOC) controller, typically have no operating system.
2. The systems based on ARM chips that have a very limited 32-bit
architecture, Such as small home routers and derivatives of
those devices, Commonly, embedded Linux platform(Linux OS).
3. The most capable IoT platforms are full 32-bit or 64-bit
computing platforms. such as the Raspberry Pi or the
BeagleBone, may run a full Linux OS or Android.
 In many cases, these are either mobile phones or based on mobile-
phone technology.
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Interface Between IoT Devices & Internet
 The communication between devices and the Internet or to a
gateway includes many different models:
 Direct Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity using TCP or UDP (User
Datagram Protocol)
 Bluetooth Low Energy
 Near Field Communication (NFC)
 Zigbee or other mesh radio networks
 SRF and point-to-point radio links
 UART (Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter) or serial lines
 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface )or I2C (Inter-integrated Circuit)
wired buses

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Cont’d….

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IoT Four Key Technological
• The IoT four key Technological enablers are: -
1. For tagging the things RFID technology used
2. For sensing the things sensor technology used
3. For thinking the things smart technology used
4. For shrinking the things Nanotechnology used.

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 History of Internet of Things
Machines communicating with one another since the early 1800s.
Machine telegraph (the first landline) was developed in the 1830s.
wireless telegraphy the first radio voice transmission 1900
Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1962
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993
The traditional fields of automation (including the automation of
buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS, control systems, and
others, all support the IoT.

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 Features of Internet of Things
The most important features of IoT are:
 Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection
between all the things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or
cloud.
 Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to
real-time analyzing the data collected and use them to build
effective business intelligence
 Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the
user experience as well.
 AI: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of
data.
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 Cont’d…
 Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and
measure any change in the environment and report on their
status.
 IoT technology brings passive networks to active networks.
 Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology,
product, or services to active engagement between each other.
 Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint
management of all the IoT system otherwise; it makes the
complete failure of the system.

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IoT System

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Benefits of IoT for an Organization
The internet of things offers a number of benefits to
organizations, enabling them to:
 Monitor their overall business processes;
 Improve the customer experience;
 Save time and money
 Enhance employee productivity;
 Integrate and adapt business models
 Make better business decisions; and
 Generate more revenue.
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 Advantages of Internet of Things
 Efficient Resource Utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how each
device work we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as well as monitor
natural resources.

 Minimize Human effort: As the devices of IoT interact & communicate with each other and
do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.

 Save Time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the
primary factor which can save through IoT platform.

 Enhance Data Collection: Modern data collection suffers from its

limitations and its design for passive use.
 IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where
humans really want to go to analyze our world.
 It allows an accurate picture of everything.

 Improve Security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

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 Dis-Advantage of Internet of Things
 As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker
could steal confidential information also increases.
 Enterprises may have to deal with massive numbers even millions
of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device
will become corrupted/ dishonored.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT,
it’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other

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 Challenges of Internet of Things
 Security: The system offers little control despite any security measures, and
it can be lead the various kinds of network attacks.

 Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system
provides substantial personal data in maximum detail.

 Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large
technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

 Cost versus Usability: the cost of components that are needed to support
capabilities such as sensing, tracking, and control mechanisms need to be
relatively inexpensive in the coming years.

 Interoperability: “connected” systems be able to “talk the same language” of

protocols and encodings.

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 Architecture of Internet of Things (IOT)
There is not such a unique or standard consensus on the Internet of
Things (IoT) architecture which is universally defined.
The IoT architecture differs from their functional area and their
solutions.
 In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists
of hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.
it is considered as three layers: -
1. Perception Layer
2. Sensing Layer
3. Network Layer and
4. Application Layer
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Cont’d…

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1. Sensing Layer
 The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify any
phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain data from
the real world.
 A sensor hub:- is a common connection point for multiple
sensors that accumulate and forward sensor data to the
processing unit of a device.
 Actuators-can also intervene to change the physical
conditions that generate the data.
 Some Examples of Sensors are:
A. Motion Sensors:-Motion sensors measure the change
in motion as well as the orientation of the devices.
B. Environmental sensor: the main purpose is devices
is to help the devices to take autonomous decisions
according to the changes of a device’s peripheral.
C. Position sensors:- Position sensors of IoT devices
deal with the physical position and location of the
device.
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2. Network Layer
The network layer acts as a communication channel
to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to
other connected devices.
In IOT network layer is implemented by using
diverse communication technologies.
e.g: Wi-fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Zwave, Lora, Cellular Network e.t.c

To allow data flow between other devices within the

same network.

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3. Data Processing Layer
 It consists of the main data processing unit of IoT
devices.
 It takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses the data to make decisions based on the
result.
 In IoT devices (smart watch, smart home hub, etc.)
the data processing layer also saves the result of
the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
 May share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.

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4. Application Layer
 The application layer implements and presents the
results of the data processing layer to accomplish
disparate applications of IoT devices.
 The application layer is a user-centric layer that
executes various tasks for the users.
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which
include
o smart transportation
o smart home
o personal care
o healthcare, etc.
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 Measurement Devices of IoT
 Accelerometers  Pressure Sensors
 Temperature Sensors  Gas RFID Sensors
 Magnetometers  Humidity Sensors
 Proximity Sensors 11  Microflow Sensors
 Gyroscopes
 Image Sensors
 Acoustic Sensors
 Light Sensors

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 IoT Network requirements

Depending on the specific devices and IoT network require:

 The ability to connect large numbers of heterogeneous IoT
elements
 High reliability
 Real-time awareness with low latency
 The ability to secure all traffic flows
 Programmability for application customization
 Traffic monitoring and management at the device level
 Low-cost connectivity for a large number of devices/sensors.
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 Applications of Internet of Things
1. Healthcare
 Wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’ health at home,
thereby reducing hospital stays while still providing up to the minute real-time
information that could save lives.
 Putting IoT sensors on critical equipment means fewer breakdowns and
increased reliability, which can mean the difference between life and death .
2. Agriculture
 IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light,
temperature, humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected
sensors.
 For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of microclimate
conditions a reality, which in turn increases production.
 For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil moisture
and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better control smart irrigation
and fertilizer systems.
 If the sprinkler systems dispense water only when needed, for example, this
prevents wasting a precious resource.

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 Cont’d…..
3. Transportation,
 IoT provides improved communication, control, and data distribution.
 include personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, trains, and other
equipment.
 It extends throughout the entire system of all transportation elements such
as traffic control, parking, fuel consumption, and more.

4. Consumer Use
 Wearable's cover accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple watches,
health monitors, to name a few.
 These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and
fitness.
 Smart homes take care of things like activating environmental controls so
that your house is at peak comfort when you come home.
 Security is made more accessible as well with the consumer having the
ability to control appliances and lights remotely
 Activating a smart lock to allow the appropriate people to enter the house
even if they don’t have a key.

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 Cont’d…
5. Education
 IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery, business, and
healthcare.
 It customizes and enhances education by allowing optimization of all content and forms of
delivery. It enables educators to give focus to individuals and their method.
 It also reduces costs and labor of education through automation of common tasks outside of
the actual education process.
6. Environmental Monitoring
 environmental protection, extreme weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species
protection, commercial farming, and more.
 In these applications, sensors detect and measure every type of environmental change.
7. Housing/building
 IoT applied to buildings and various structures allows us to automate routine residential and
commercial tasks and needs in a way that dramatically improves living and working
environments.
 This, as seen with manufacturing and energy applications, reduces costs, enhances safety,
improves individual productivity, and enhances quality of life.
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 Cont’d…..
8. Insurance:
 Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT wearable's such as
Fitbit.
 In fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies and encourage healthier habits,
which in the long run benefits everyone, insurer, and customer alike.

9. Manufacturing:
 RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a product from its start on the
factory floor to its placement in the destination store, the whole supply chain from start to
finish.

10. Retail:

 Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control warehouse automation and robotics,
information gleaned from IoT sensors..

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 IoT Based Smart Home
 Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and
monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones
or over the web with no physical distance limitations.
 These “smart” devices have the potential to share information
with each other given the permanent availability to access the
broadband internet connection.
o Remote Control Appliances
o Weather
o Smart Home Appliances
o Safety Monitoring
o Intrusion Detection Systems
o Energy and Water Use

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 IoT Based Smart City
 Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in
buildings, bridges and historical monuments.
 Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
 Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public
announcement systems.
 Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning
messages and diversions according to climate conditions and
unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.

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 Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available
in the city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest
available spaces.
 Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to
optimize the trash collection routes.
• Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the
sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.

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 IoT Based Smart Farming
o Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.
o Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay,
straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.
o Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation
and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements.
o Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal
farms to ensure its survival and health.
o Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better
monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the
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agriculture fields
 Cont’d…
The criteria for choosing the platform may be as follows:
Price and pricing model.
Availability of a free tier.
The development team experience.
Other IoT platforms
 Google Cloud IoT
 Microsoft Azure IoT Suite
 SAP
 Salesforce IoT
 Oracle Internet of Things
 Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
 Bosch IoT Suite
 IBM Watson Internet of Things
 ThingWorx IoT Platform

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 Thank You!!!
Have A Nice Time!!!

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