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    heart failure

    Uploaded by

    Mohit gohel

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    heart failure

    Uploaded by

    Mohit gohel
    0 views2 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

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    heart failure

    Uploaded by

    Mohit gohel

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    definition: a pathophysiology condition on which impaired cardiac function is

    unable to maintain an adequate circulation of blood for metabolic needs of tissue


    • it can be acute or chronic, congestive heart failure is used for chronic
    condition

    ETIOLOGY
    Could be caused by one of these factors individually or in combination

    intrinsic pump failure


    Most common and imp cause of chf is weakening of ventricular muscles, due to
    which heart fails to pump
    Other disease which may culminate in heart failure are ==ischaemic heart dis-
    ease== ==Beri beri== ==atrial fibrillation==

    increased heart workload


    Increased workload on heart results in increased myocardial demand and could
    be in form of pressure or volume
    1. Pressure load: could occur due to systemic or circulatory hypertension or
    valvular disease(mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis), chronic lung disease
    2. Volume load: when a ventricle is required to pump more blood than usual,
    as seen in severe anemia and hypoxia, valvular insufficiency

    impaired filling of cardiac chambers


    May occur due extra cardiac defects in filling of heart ==constructive pericardi-
    tis== ==Cardiac tamponade==

    types of heart failure


    Could be acute or chronic, right or left soded, forward or backward

    acute and chronic


    OTBO of wether the disease develops spontaneously or slowly

    acute
    Sudden and rapid heart failure occurs in the following condition 1. ==Myocar-
    dial infarction== 2. ==Valve rupture== 3. ==Cardiac tamponade==
    In acute HF, cardiac output is lowered suddenly resulting in systemic hypoten-
    sion, but oedema doesnt occur, instead ==hypoxia occurs==

    1
    chronic
    Due to 1. ==Myocardial ischaemia== 2. ==Multivalvular heart disease== 3.
    Arterial hypertension
    In CHF, regulatory mechanisms such as tachycardia, vaporization and cardiac
    hypertrophy try to regulate the cardiac output, which ==results in oedema==

    left and right


    Functionally both sides of the heart are different and independent
    Clinical manifestation of heart failure results from accumulation of excessive
    fluid upstream to upper chambers

    left sided
    Initiated by stress to the left side Major causes: 1. ==Systemic hypertension==
    2. ==Aortic or mitral valve disease== 3. ==Restrictive pericarditis==
    left side CHF is bought about due decreased output from left ventricle causing
    fluid accumulation in the lungs upstream
    Major pathological changes are
    • pulmonary congestion and oedema causes dysponea
    • decreased output caused hypoperfusion and diminished oxygenation of
    tissue, causing tubular necrosis

    right sided
    It occurs more as a consequence of left sided heart failure, however some condi-
    tions affect the RV primarily 1. Consequence of LHF 2. ==Cor pulmonary==
    in which RV failure occurs due to intrinsic lung disease 3. Pulmonary valve
    disease
    Consequences of RHF are upstream, causing systemic or portal venous conges-
    tion
    pathological changes - systemic venous congestion in tissues and organs, passive
    congestion of liver and kidneys, leg veins and neck veins - reduced cardiac output
    causing systemic stagnation causing anoxia,cyanosis and coldness of extremities

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