Student's marks in a particular course for two consecutive years are given in the

students.

1. Conduct a two population Z-test for comparing the means of the marks, wheth
a) same in both the year (For significance level 0.05 and 0.01)
b) the difference between 1st year mean and 2nd year mean is 2 (For signific
State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses properly.

2. Comment on what type of t test may be applicable for these datasets. Perform
ars are given in the next sheet. In year 1 the population consists of 122 participants and

of the marks, whether they are

.01)
an is 2 (For significance level 0.05 and 0.01)

e datasets. Perform that two population t test also for the same datasets.
122 participants and in year 2, the population consists of 192

sets.
 Marks
Year 1 Year 2
56.50 70.10
61.64 65.20
65.64 57.90
65.93 72.40
43.93 46.30
42.79 62.20
60.14 62.90
69.29 61.20
59.79 63.60
59.43 69.40
57.29 59.30
66.64 48.00
58.29 49.40
61.79 68.30
60.79 63.10
67.50 63.10
56.50 67.80
63.00 31.50
68.00 67.00
75.29 55.40
61.00 43.50
55.00 65.10
69.43 65.30
68.79 60.30
54.93 70.30
56.50 67.50
49.43 59.00
72.64 46.40
67.93 54.05
64.29 58.60
62.29 38.40
60.00 57.00
59.43 52.15
54.07 65.80
48.07 0.00
57.79 53.30
64.29 66.50
55.57 66.40
62.00 54.10
67.64 60.80
59.93 65.10
61.00 45.50
63.79 56.70
52.43 60.90
58.79 46.40
71.50 60.60
66.50 52.50
64.14 44.10
51.14 63.30
55.43 79.55
47.64 68.90
61.64 65.40
60.57 45.40
53.29 48.80
60.07 68.00
66.00 56.00
64.14 50.60
65.29 52.50
59.79 64.10
62.00 61.20
50.14 54.50
68.79 46.70
77.00 54.30
73.43 53.80
66.14 53.00
71.14 66.20
63.29 48.00
51.79 42.50
66.64 54.90
56.64 59.00
62.57 61.30
47.21 70.30
72.29 61.50
71.29 75.80
54.36 79.50
55.07 63.00
60.07 49.00
72.79 48.10
62.93 69.30
51.21 54.10
62.57 63.20
57.00 47.50
56.07 66.30
49.57 59.10
57.29 51.50
68.64 69.10
77.00 45.10
43.86 60.70
61.43 53.30
65.50 67.70
43.29 52.70
63.29 50.10
47.86 59.50
46.93 47.30
61.71 49.40
61.79 48.30
56.71 71.10
59.29 58.00
65.29 71.80
67.50 59.60
56.21 49.80
67.93 62.50
59.57 40.00
58.93 52.70
59.93 57.10
55.07 53.60
49.93 61.90
58.07 57.60
51.43 69.80
60.64 61.90
57.64 75.20
64.93 62.15
60.29 59.80
74.07 58.10
51.21 60.80
60.29 58.20
57.21 56.20
60.93 47.60
57.21 69.80
45.07 69.10
60.43 54.30
59.93 61.70
37.80
61.20
55.40
69.30
47.40
38.90
51.38
78.30
50.70
66.10
65.30
59.80
68.30
57.00
48.90
76.00
47.20
76.75
56.30
46.50
55.40
59.20
60.30
61.70
73.40
50.10
52.00
60.35
49.00
68.10
56.50
57.90
60.50
69.10
52.90
60.70
50.60
51.20
59.80
64.50
47.10
62.50
43.80
69.60
51.50
66.00
40.70
45.40
20.80
49.90
55.00
53.00
49.70
34.50
53.30
46.20
50.50
58.40
74.20
60.60
53.00
44.20
63.60
47.20
65.70
63.60
60.60
67.70
73.70
74.03
Two-tailed test Two-tailed test
Hypothesis H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 HypothesisH0: µ1 - µ2 = 0
H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0 H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0

Level of confidence 95% Level of co 95%

Significance α = 0.05 Significanc α = 0.05

Sample mean year 1 x̅₁ 60.25 Sample mea

x̅₁ 60.25
Sample mean year 2 x̅ 2 57.59 Sample mea
x̅ 2 57.59

n1 122 Sample n1 122

Sample size n2 192 size n2 192

n
Population Standard σ1 7.413182 Standard σ1 7.413182
Deviation σ2 10.56202 Deviation σ2 10.56202

p - value approach Critical value approach

zα/2 = 1.96

z= 2.62 z= 2.62
cumulative 0.9956
p= 0.0044 z > zα/2
2*p = 0.0088

2p < α

Hence we reject H0 hypothesis. Hence we reject H0 hypothesis.

We are 95% confident that the difference between students We are 95% confident that the difference between student
marks in year 1 and year 2 are different marks in year 1 and year 2 are different

Difference between the population mean Difference between the population mean
Level of co 99%
Level of confidence 95% Significanc α = 0.01
Significance α = 0.05

µ1 - µ2 = 0.67 to 4.65 µ1 - µ2 = 0.04

We are 95% confident that the difference between the mean is We are 95% confident that the difference between the mean
0.67 to 4.65 0.04 to 5.27
Two tailed test Two tailed test
Hypothesis H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 HypothesisH0: µ1 - µ2 = 0
H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0 H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0
Level of confidence 99% Level of co 99%
Significance α = 0.01 Significanc α = 0.01

Sample mean year 1 x̅₁ 60.25 Sample mea

x̅₁ 60.25
Sample mean year 2 x̅ 2 57.59 Sample mea
x̅ 2 57.59

n1 122 Sample n1 122

Sample size n2 192 size n2 192
Populatio
n
Population Standard σ1 7.413182 Standard σ1 7.413182
Deviation σ2 10.56202 Deviation σ2 10.56202

p - value approach Critical value approach

zα/2 = 2.576

z= 2.62 z= 2.62
cumulative 0.9956
p= 0.0044 z > zα/2
2*p = 0.0088

2p < α

Hence we reject H0 hypothesis. Hence we reject H0 hypothesis.

We are 99% confident that the difference between students We are 99% confident that the difference between students
marks in year 1 and year 2 are different marks in year 1 and year 2 are different
lue approach

e difference between students

d year 2 are different

the population mean

5.27
difference between the mean is
 difference between students
different
Two-tailed test Two-tailed Two-tailed test
Hypothesis H0: µ1 - µ2 = 2 HypothesisH0: µ1 - µ2 = 0
H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 2 H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0

Level of confidence 95% Level of co 95%

Significance α = 0.05 Significanc α = 0.05

Sample mean year 1 x̅₁ 60.25 Sample mea

x̅₁ 60.25
Sample mean year 2 x̅ 2 57.59 Sample mea
x̅ 2 57.59
n
Population Standard σ1 7.413182 Standard σ1 7.413182
Deviation σ2 10.56202 Deviation σ2 10.56202

p - value approach Critical value approach

zα/2 = 1.96

z= 0.65 z= 0.65
cumulative 0.7422
p= 0.2578 z < zα/2
2*p = 0.5156

2p > α

Hence we fail to reject H0 hypothesis. Hence we fail to reject H0 hypothesis.

We cannot conclude that the difference between the mean marks
We cannot conclude that the difference

Difference between the population mean Difference between the population mean
Level of co 99%
Level of confidence 95% Significanc α = 0.01
Significance α = 0.05

µ1 - µ2 = 0.66675 to 4.647963 µ1
We- are
µ2 =95% confident that the
0.04difference between the mean
We are 95% confident that the difference between the mean is 0.0.04 to 5.27
Two tailed test Two tailed test
Hypothesis H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 HypothesisH0: µ1 - µ2 = 0
H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0 H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0

Level of confidence 99% Level of co 99%

Significance α = 0.01 Significanc α = 0.01

Sample mean year 1 x̅₁ 60.25 Sample mea

x̅₁ 60.25
Sample mean year 2 x̅ 2 57.59 Sample meax̅ 2 57.59
Populatio
n
Population Standard σ1 7.413182 Standard σ1 7.413182
Deviation σ2 10.56202 Deviation σ2 10.56202

p - value approach Critical value approach

zα/2 = 2.576

z= 0.65 z= 0.65
cumulative 0.7422
p= 0.2578 z > zα/2
2*p = 0.5156

2p > α

Hence we fail to reject H0 hypothesis. Hence we fail to reject H0 hypothesis.

We cannot conclude that the difference between the We cannot conclude that the difference between
lue approach

fail to reject H0 hypothesis.

ot conclude that the difference between the mean marks is 2

the population mean

5.27
difference between the mean is
ct H0 hypothesis.
that the difference between the mean marks is 2
Test statistic applicable: Test statistic for hypothesis test about µ 1 - µ2 and σ1 and σ2 unknown

Welch t test (Assuming Unequal Variance)

We use Welch t test because unequal population standard deviations are frequently encountered and using pooled procedure
Two-tailed test

Hypothesis H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0
H a: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0

Level of confidence 95%

Significance α = 0.05

Sample mean year x̅₁ 60.25

Sample mean year x̅ 2 57.59

Sample Standard s1 7.443752

Deviation s2 10.56202

n1 122
Sample size n2 192

p - value approach Critical value approach

tdf = 2.611789 α /2= 0.025

df = 308.6303 ≈ 308 df = 308.6303 ≈ 308

p-value <0.005 t0.025= 1.96

α /2= 0.025
tdf = 2.611789
p < α /2
tdf > t0.025
Hence we reject H0 hypothesis. Hence we reject H0 hypothesis.
We are 95% confident that the differenceWe are 95% confident that the difference between students marks in year 1 and year
ered and using pooled procedures may not provide satisfactory results, especially if the sample sizes n1 and n2 are quite different

tudents marks in year 1 and year 2 are different

n2 are quite different