Lab Manual

Mechanism &
Mechanical Vibration
Lab
(ME – 433)

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES &

TECHNOLOGY

PAKISTAN NAVY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FALL-

2024

SUBMITTED BY :

REG. NO. :

SUBMITTED TO : MR. ABDUL MUJEEB

 ME – 433 MECHANISM & MECHANICAL VIBRATION LAB
Required Course: ME-433 Mechanism & Mechanical Vibration Lab
Catalogue Description: Credit Hours: 0-1.
Experiments on Vibration and control, to supplement the
theoretical Knowledge

Prerequisite: Nil
Co-requisite: Nil
Textbooks: Lab Manuals associated with Equipment
Reference Books: Nil
Course Objectives: To supplement the theoretical knowledge of Vibration study
with Laboratory Experiments.
Course Outcomes: Specific course learning outcomes are:

BT
CLO No. Course Learning Outcomes PLO Level

At the end of the Lab work the students will be able to:

CLO1 Ability to conduct experiments as well as to analyse & PLO4 P3

interpret

CLO2 Demonstration ability to conduct experiments both PLO9 P3

individually and in team

CLO3 Ability to use techniques, skills & modern engineering tools PLO5 P4
necessary for engineering practice

CLO4 Ability to establish the purpose of lab, analyse & reproduce PLO2 A2
the concept scientifically

BT= Bloom Taxonomy; C=Cognitive Domain; A= Affective domain

Prepared By
Engr. Abdul Mujeeb Lab Engineer (ES)
LAB INSTRUCTIONS
1. No late submissions
2. If you miss the submission time, you will be marked zero in that lab
3. If cheating or plagiarism is observed in the lab report, zero will be marked in that
lab.
4. Detailed calculations should be shown.
5. Neat work will earn good marks.
6. Graphs could be made by hand or using MS excel.
7. Every student is required to take the experiment readings on a small piece of
paper and get them signed by the instructor and attach them to the respective
lab sheet afterward.

LAB MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Lab Assessment Rubric is attached. All Labs are assessed on the basis of the attached
rubrics.
 Table of Content
Lab Conductio Signatur
Objective
No n Date e
To understand the working of cam and follower
1
and to draw displacement curves.
To analyze the variation of displacement of
oscillating rocker in relationship with crank
2
rotation and draw graph between rocker
oscillation and crank rotation.
To determine velocity ratio across the coupling
with various displacements and also plot
3
central disc displacement against rotational
position (Oldham coupling).

4 Gear Train Mechanism

The objective of the experiment is to determine
the relationship between governor speed and
5
ball radius and compare the experimental
results with theory.
To find the mechanical advantage, velocity
ratio, and efficiency of worm and worm wheel
6
and plot a graph between Efficiency v/s load
and Effort v/s load.

To determine the Center of Percussion of the

7
compound pendulum.

To determine the Damping coefficient of the

8
Free Vibration System.

To compute the natural frequency and forcing

9 frequency of the forced vibration system
without damping.
 Experiment # 01
Objective:
To understand the working of cam and follower and to draw displacement curves.

Apparatus:

1. Protector 2. Cam
3. Follower 4. Dial Gauge
5. Rocker

Theory:
A cam and follower system is system/mechanism that uses a cam and follower to create a
specific motion. The cam is in most cases merely a flat piece of metal that has had an
unusual shape or profile machined onto it. This cam is attached to a shaft which enables it
to be turned by applying a turning action to the shaft. As the cam rotates it is the profile or
shape of the cam that causes the follower to move in a particular way. The movement of the
follower is then transmitted to another mechanism or another part of the mechanism.
The Cam and Follower Apparatus enables student to measure the displacement of cams
over an angle of 360°. Displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams can be plotted and
compared. The displacement is measured by a dial gauge. The angle can be measured by a
protractor. Four various cams and a roller, tangent and rocker arm follower are provided.
The cams and followers are mounted with knurled screws.

Cam & Follower Combinations

Convex cam-cup follower

Tangent cam-roller follower

Concave cam — roller follower

 Unsymmetrical cam — rocker arm

The transformation of one of the simple motions, such as rotation, into any other motions is
often conveniently accomplished by means of a cam mechanism A cam mechanism usually
consists of two moving elements, the cam and the follower, mounted on a fixed frame. Cam
devices are versatile, and almost any arbitrarily- specified motion can be obtained. In some
instances, they offer the simplest and most compact way to transform motions.
A cam may be defined as a machine element having a curved outline or a curved groove,
which, by its oscillation or rotation motion, gives a predetermined specified motion to
another element called the follower. The cam has a very important function in the operation
of many classes of machines, especially those of the automatic type, such as printing
presses, shoe machinery, textile machinery, gear-cutting machines, and screw machines. In
any class of machinery in which automatic control and accurate timing are paramount, the
cam is an indispensable part of mechanism. The possible applications of cams are
unlimited, and their shapes occur in great variety. Some of the most common forms will be
considered in this chapter.
Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, corresponding to the point of a fictitious
knife-edge follower. It is used to generate the pitch curve. In the case of a roller follower, the
trace point is at the center of the roller.
Pitch curve: The path generated by the trace point at the follower is rotated about a
stationary cam.
Working curve: The working surface of a cam in contact with the follower. For the
knifeedge follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a
close or grooved cam there is an inner profile and an outer working curve.
Pitch circle: A circle from the cam center through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is
used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a given pressure angle.
Prime circle (reference circle): The smallest circle from the cam center through the pitch
curve
Base circle: The smallest circle from the cam center through the cam profile curve.
Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or
rotates.
Follower displacement: The position of the follower from a specific zero or rest position
(usually it's the position when the follower contacts with the base circle of the cam) in
relation to time or the rotary angle of the cam.
Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the
instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle is important in cam design
because it represents the steepness of the cam profile
Operating Procedure:
1. Adjust the follower according to cam.
2. Take the 0 point on the graduated disc in front of the pointer.
3. Now turn the cam shaft and observe value of displacement for each 30-degree revolution.
4. The dial gauge is in pre stressed so subtract its initial value from the values displayed on
dial at any instant.
5. Enter data in the table and draw the displacement curve.

Observation:
Angle (θ°) Displacement (mm)
0 0
10 0.04
20 0.09
30 0.18
40 0.30
50 0.41
60 0.57
70 0.69
80 0.85
90 1.01
100 1.18
110 1.41
120 2.52
130 6.66
140 11.03
150 12.72
160 13.08
170 13.26
180 13.30
190 13.20
 200 13.06
210 12.62
220 10.55
230 7.37
240 2.78
250 1.2
260 0.96
270 0.85
280 0.74
290 0.55
300 0.39
310 0.26
320 0.15
330 0.04
340 -0.01
350 -0.02
360 0

Graph :
 Experiment # 02
Objective:
To analyze the variation of displacement of oscillating rocker in relationship with crank
rotation and draw graph between rocker oscillation and crank rotation.

Apparatus:
Whitworth's quick return is used to generate uneven reciprocating motion with slow feed
and quick return. This table model clearly demonstrates the transmission behavior of such
a layout. The input angle is set by turning the crank. The output stroke is read on a ruler on
the slider. The transmission components are manufactured in aluminum. All axles are
equipped with ball bearings. Due to its low weight, the unit is easy to carry using the two
handles.

1. Slider 2. Link 2
3. Link 1 4. Crank

Theory:
The Whitworth quick return mechanism converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion,
but unlike the crank and slider, the forward reciprocating motion is at a different rate than
the backward stroke. At the bottom of the drive arm, the peg only has to move through a
few degrees to sweep the arm from left to right, but it takes the remainder of the revolution
to bring the arm back. This mechanism is most commonly seen as the drive for a shaping
machine.

SUMMARY OF THEORY:
In order to simplify the study of mechanisms, it is necessary to understand some definitions
and the basic knowledge as follows:
MECHANISM is defined as combinations of rigid bodies formed and connected to each
other and transmit relative motion to each other such as crankshaft connecting rod and
piston of an engine.
MACHINE is defined as a combination of a mechanism or more to transmit force and
motion from the source of power to another resisting element, for example: an operation of
an internal combustion engine.
The motion of a mechanism, which each point of the element moves in parallel planes is
called "PLANE MOTION".
1. If each point moves in straight line and parallel to each other, the motion is known as
"TRANSLATION".
2. If each point moves with a constant distance from its axis, this motion is known as
"ROTATION".
3. The movement of a point of a mechanism may also be in translation, rotation or
both. However, there are some other types of movements which the position of moving
points may not be in the same plane for example: THREAD MOTION, HELICAL MOTION etc.
When an element of a mechanism moves through all the possible positions and returns to
its original position, it is said to have completed a cycle of motion and the amount of time
required for this completed a cycle is called "PERIOD".
The movement of each element of a mechanism may be "CONTINUOUS" or the element may
move for a I period and then stop and repeat the same step again. This is called
"INTERMITIENT" or moves to and fro which is called "RECIPROCATING"
When two elements of a mechanism connected or joined to each other, each element is
called "PAIRING ELEMENT" and the two connected elements, is called "PAIRS".
When an element has two or more pairing elements, it is called "LINK". When a number of
links are connected in pairs into a system, it is called "KINEMATIC CHAIN".
Mechanisms which have the same type of elements but with interchanged function of
elements, is called "INVERSION" as shown in figure below:
Procedure:
1. Bring the crank and the rocker at reference points and mark these points.
2. For a given angle of rotation (fixed), note down the displacement of Rocker.
3. Plot a graph between the Rocker displacement and Crank rotation.
4. Assume that Crank is rotating with a uniform speed.
5. Replace the Crank angle with equal interval of time & draw Rocker displacement versus
time, find slope at each reading. Then draw velocity-time graph.
6. From Velocity -Time graph, take slope of velocity curve & draw acceleration graph.
7. Compare the results of each graph and draw them on a single graph with time along x-
axis.
Observation :
Crank Rotation Time Slider Position Slider
(θ°) (Sec) (mm) Displacement
(mm)
0 0 0
30 1 1
60 1.4 0.4
90 5.5 4.1
120 10.2 4.7
150 12.1 1.9
180 12.2 0.1
210 11 1.2
240 9.5 1.5
270 7.4 2.1
300 5.1 2.3
330 3 2.1
360 1.2 1.8

Graph :
 Experiment # 03
Objective:
To determine velocity ratio across the coupling with various displacements and also plot
central disc displacement against rotational position (Oldham coupling).

Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of two hubs with a diametric key. Between the hubs is a disc with
two diametric slots which are mutually perpendicular. The slots engage with the keys on
the hubs. The input and output shafts are fitted with scales and pointers, provision is made
to offset the output shaft by sliding the bracket on the base and its displacement is
indicated on a small scale.

1. Rotating pointer 2. Scale boss 1

3. Coupling hub 4. Bracket
5. Central Disc 6. Scale boss 2

Theory:
The Oldham Coupling Apparatus is a constant velocity coupling which may be used where
low speed shafts are found with parallel axes.
The coupling is named after John Oldham (1779-
1840) who introduced it into machinery for printing
banknotes for the Banks of England and Ireland.
A mechanism is derived from a closed kinematic chain
by making one of its links stationary. If a different link
is chosen as the stationary member the same closed chain will yield as many different
distinct mechanisms as there are links in the chain. The process of fixing different links in
the chain. The process of fixing different links to create different mechanisms is called
kinematic inversion.
The mechanism shown below is the Scotch Yoke or Slotted Link which consists of four rigid
links
connected by two revolute pairs R12 and two prismatic pairs P34. if the crank is rotated at
constant angular velocity the yoke translation is sinusoidal with time
If an inversion is made by fixing the crank, which is link 2, we obtain Oldham's Coupling.
This transmits rotation between two parallel shafts with an angular velocity ratio of unity.
The main practical disadvantage of the coupling is that the central disc follows an
oscillatory path. Consequently, if the shafts rotate with any speed at all there is an inherent
vibration and dynamic loading on the coupling, shafts and bearings. These have then to be
built larger than circumstances would otherwise dictate in order to absorb the vibration
induced forces.

Procedure:
1. Start with both shaft scales on zero.
2. Turn the input shaft through 30° and read the output shaft.
3. Do this for a full 360° and tabulate your results in table.
4. Set the shaft displacement to the maximum of 15mm.
5. Use a ruler to measure the horizontal displacement of the central disc relative to either
the input or the output shaft boss.
6. Take readings every 30°.

7. If you consider it necessary the angular interval may be decreased.

Observation :
Input Shaft Output Shaft

0 mm 5 mm 10 mm 15 mm
0° 180 179 179 177
30° 150 149 148 146
60° 120 118 119 115
90° 90 89 88 86
120° 60 59 57.5 56
150° 30 29.5 28 28
180° 0 0 0 0
210° 330 331 329 328
240° 300 301 299 298
270° 270 272 269 267
300° 240 241 239 237
330° 210 210.5 208 208

Graph:
 Experiment # 04
Introduction
A gear train is formed by mounting gears on a frame so that the teeth of the gears engage.
Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other
without slipping: this provides a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next.

Nomenclature
In a pair of gears, the larger is often called the GEAR and, the smaller one is called the
PINION.
1. Pitch Surface: The pitch surfaces of the gears are imaginary planes, cylinders or cones
that roll together with out slipping.
2. Pitch circle: It is a theoretical circle upon which all calculations are usually based. It is
an imaginary circle that rolls with out slipping with the pitch circle of a mating gear.
Further, pitch circles of a mating gears are tangent to each other.
3. Pitch circle diameter: The pitch circle diameter is the diameter of pitch circle.
Normally, the size of the gear is usually specified by pitch circle diameter. This is
denoted by "d"

4. Top land: The top land is the surface of the top of the gear tooth
5. Base circle: The base circle is an imaginary circle from which the involute curve of the
tooth profile is generated (the base circles of two mating gears are tangent to the
pressure line)
6. Addendum: The Addendum is the radial distance between the pitch and addendum
circles. Addendum indicates the height of tooth above the pitch circle.
7. Dedendum: The dedendum is the radial distance between pitch and the dedendum
circles. Dedendum indicates the depth of the tooth below the pitch circle.
8. Whole Depth: The whole depth is the total depth of the tooth space that is the sum of
addendum and Dedendum.
9. Working depth: The working depth is the depth of engagement of two gear teeth that
is the sum of their addendums
10. Clearance: The clearance is the amount by which the Dedendum of a given gear
exceeds the addendum of it's mating tooth.
11. Face: The surface of the gear tooth between the pitch cylinder and the addendum
cylinder is called face of the tooth.
12. Flank: The surface of the gear tooth between the pitch cylinder and the root cylinder is
called flank of the tooth.
13. Face Width: is the width of the tooth measured parallel to the axis.
14. Fillet radius: The radius that connects the root circle to the profile of the tooth is called
fillet radius.
15. Circular pitch: is the distance measured on the pitch circle, from a point on one tooth
to a corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
16. Circular tooth thickness: The length of the arc on pitch circle subtending a single gear
tooth is called circular tooth thickness. Theoretically circular tooth thickness is half of
circular pitch.
17. Width of space: (tooth space) The width of the space between two adjacent teeth
measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, tooth space is equal to circular tooth
thickness or half of circular pitch.
18. Working depth: The working depth is the depth of engagement of two gear teeth, that
is the sum of their addendums
19. Whole depth: The whole depth is the total depth of the tooth space, that is the sum of
addendum and dedendum and (this is also equal to whole depth + clearance)
20. Centre distance: it is the distance between centres of pitch circles of mating gears. (it is
also equal to the distance between centres of base circles of mating gears)
21. Line of action: The line of action is the common tangent to the base circles of mating
gears. The contact between the involute surfaces of mating teeth must be on this line to
give smooth operation. The force is transmitted from the driving gear to the driven gear
on this line.
22. Pressure angle: It is the angle that the line of action makes with the common tangent
to the pitch circles.
23. Arc of contact: Is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth moves from the
beginning to the end of contact with mating tooth.
24. Arc of approach: it is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth moves from its
beginning of contact until the point of contact arrives at the pitch point.
25. Arc of recess: It is the arc of the pitch circle through witch a tooth moves from the
contact at the pitch point until the contact ends.
26. Contact Ratio?
Velocity ratio: if the ratio of angular velocity of the driving gear to the angular velocity of
driven gear. It is also called the speed ratio.
27. Module: It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter in mith meters to the number of teeth. it
is usually denoted by 'm' Mathematically
m =D/Z
28. Back lash: It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness as
measured on the pitch circle.
29. Velocity Ratio: Is the ratio of angular velocity of the driving gear to the angular velocity
of driven gear. It is also called the speed ratio.
Explanation
Ordinary Gear Trains:
Gear trains consist of two or more gears for the purpose of transmitting motion from one
axis to another. Ordinary gear trains have axes, relative to the frame, for all gears
comprising the train. Figure 1 shows a simple ordinary train in which there is only one gear
for each axis.

Velocity Ratio:
We know that the velocity ratio of a pair of gears is the inverse proportion of the diameters
of their pitch circle, and the diameter of the pitch circle equals to the number of teeth
divided by the diametral pitch. Also, we know that it is necessary for the to mating gears to
have the same diametral pitch so that to satisfy the condition of correct meshing. Thus, we
infer that the velocity ratio of a pair of gears is the inverse ratio of their number of teeth.

These equations can be combined to give the velocity ratio of the first gear in the train to
the last gear:
 Note:
• The tooth number in the numerator are those of the driven gears, and the tooth
numbers in the denominator belong to the driver gears.

• Gear 2 and 3 both drive and are, in turn, driven. Thus, they are called idler gears.
Since their tooth numbers cancel, idler gears do not affect the magnitude of the input-
output ratio, but they do change the directions of rotation. Note the directional arrows in
the figure. Idler gears can also constitute a saving of space and money (If gear 1 and 4
meshes directly across a long center distance, their pitch circle will be much larger.)

• There are two ways to determine the direction of the rotary direction. The first way
is to label arrows for each gear as in Figure 1. The second way is to multiple mth power of "-
1" to the general velocity ratio. Where m is the number of pairs of external contact gears
(internal contact gear pairs do not change the rotary direction). However, the second
method cannot be applied to the spatial gear trains.
 Experiment # 05
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to determine the relationship between governor speed
and ball radius and compare the experimental results with theory.

The Apparatus:
The apparatus-is-illustrated upon page-three-of-this-manual. It consists of a main unit
which houses a variable speed drive and spindle with a tachometer. The governor heads are
attached to the spindle in turn, as required for experimentation. A digital caliper with depth
probe is used to measure gover- nor sleeve lift.

Procedure:
Check that the apparatus speedo control is at zero and press the emergency stop, then open
the guard. A governor head is fastened to the spindle by two capscrews which should be
undone to allow removal of the head. Check the mechanism is free to move and fit the
governor head to be tested. Ensure the two capscrews holding the head to the spindle are
tight. Then close the guard and release the emergency stop button.
Place the digital calipers on the guard lid and extend the depth probe to touch the anvil on
top of the governor spindle. Press the on/zero button. Now raise the probe or remove it
from the apparatus. DO NOT press any of the buttons on the digital calipers. Adjust the
apparatus speed and allow it to stabilise. You may need to make a slight adjustment to the
speed control as there will be some drift as the unit warms up, despite feedback sensing in
the control unit. Place the digital calipers on the bridge piece and carefully extend the depth
probe until it just touches the governor head anvil. Note the speed and caliper readings.
Repeat to obtain a series of readings over the full displacement of the governor.
The Porter and Proell governors can have extra sleeve weights added, they are
approximately 25gm and may be checked on a suitable scale. The Hartnell governor can
have its initial spring compression adjusted. The screw has a
1mm pitch and thus by counting turns and knowing the
spring rate of 1,31 n/mm we know the force.

Porter Governor
The small size of the governor mechanism means that the
mass of the linkage has a significant effect and thus cannot be
ignored. The table below gives predicted speed and sleeve
displacement values. If these are compared to values based on
ball weight alone it will be found that the operating speed
range is predicted to be higher.
Proell Governor
A Proell Governor is similar to a Porter Governor except that the balls are attached to
vertical extensions of the lower arm. This had the effect of reducing the change in speed
which is necesary for a given sleeve movement. Thus the Proell Governor is more sensitive
than a Porter Governor.
Consider a Proell Governor mechanism, one half of which is shown in the diagram below.

The top and the bottom arms are of length a and

pivot at a distance c from the axis of rotation. Let
the distance between the fixed end of the top
arm and the lower end of the bottom arm be b.
When the governor speed is ω
let the sleeve displacement be x
and the arm pivot path radius be r and the ball
path radius be гb:

The centrifugal forec F is given by :

The dimension e can be determined from the geometry of the linkage in terms of the
displacement x.
We now see that by substitution into equation (3) we can obtain an equation for ω in terms
of the linkage geometry and the sleeve displacement, x. As all the quantities are known we
can thus predict the governor speed - displacement characteristics.

Proell Governor
The miniature Proell Governor has similar characteristics to the Porter Governor. The table
below gives predicted speed and sleeve displacement values.

Hartnell Governor:
Observation (Governer):
0 Weight 1 Weight 2 Weight 3 Weight 4 Weight

RPM x RPM x RPM x RPM x RPM x

Graph:
 Experiment # 06
Objective:
To find the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, and efficiency of worm and worm wheel
and plot a graph of following:
1. Efficiency v/s load and;
2. Effort v/s load.

Apparatus:

1. Wheel 2. Worm
3. Frictionless bearing 4. Rotating drum

Theory:
The Worm and Wheel Apparatus consists of a toothed wheel fixed with a drum on the wheel
meshes with the toothed wheel. The worm is fixed on a metallic spindle. The spindle carries
a pulley from which hangs for application of effort. Another string also passes on the drum
to carry the weight to be lifted. The worm and worm wheel arrangement are widely used
for performing mechanical jobs. As in screw jack this arrangement also fundamentally
provides some mechanical advantage & this is used to lift the loads. The concept that rolling
friction is less than sliding friction is used in this experiment. At the point of release the
string is in a state of pure rolling with respect to the drums.
SUMMARY OF THEORY:
A machine is an assembly of rigid bodies designed for the purpose of converting energy or
for transmitting a force or torque thus doing work. An example of a simple machine found
in the Mechanics laboratory is that of a worm and wheel.

Mechanical Advantage:
A machine is usually designed so that the load overcome is greater than the effort applied.
The ratio of load to effort is known as the mechanical advantage of the machine. Therefore
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 =

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕
In an ideal machine there is no friction and the ratio load/ideal effort is then called the ideal
mechanical advantage. In practice the actual mechanical advantage is always less than the
ideal and is obtained by experiment.

The Effort - Load graph - the law of the machine:

If an experiment is carried out on a machine to determine the effort E required to lift a load
W for a range of values of the load then a straight line is usually obtained. Since the graph is
a straight line, the relation between E and W may be represented by the equation
𝑬 = 𝒂𝑾 + 𝒃
Where a and b are constants which are obtained from the graph.
This equation is known as the law of the machine

The Mechanical advantage - Load curve

A graph of mechanical advantage against load can be plotted from experimental values.
From such a graph the mechanical advantage at any load may be obtained. Usually, the
mechanical advantage increases with load but there is no straight line relationship between
these two quantities.

Friction effort
The effort required at any particular load to overcome friction alone is called the friction
effort. The actual effort E required at any load is made up of two parts:
1. The effort required to move the load if the machine was ideal
2. The effort to overcome friction
Therefore, friction effort = actual effort - ideal effort
𝑾
= 𝑬−
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
A worm wheel is a simple lifting machine. The basic motion of the Lifting Machines is the
rotary motion. This is usually achieved using pulleys and belts. However, in those machines
where a positive drive (i.e. no slip drive) is essential and no slip between belt and pulleys
can be accepted, a toothed belt and pulley is used. A gear is a wheel with accurately
machined teeth round its edge. One type of gear is the WORM and the WORM WHEEL.
This lifting machine consists of the following parts:
1. Worm: It is a gear with just one tooth. The tooth is in the form of a screw thread.
2. Worm Wheel: This is like a normal gear wheel.
3. Load Drum: This is mounted on the worm wheel and rotates when load to be lifted is
applied to it.
4. Metallic Spindle: This is attached to the worm. It is attached to a pulley where the effort
is applied.

Elements of worm and worm wheel apparatus:

A worm gear, or worm wheel, is a type of gear that
engages with a worm to greatly reduce rotational
speed or to allow higher torque to be transmitted. The
image below shows a section of a gear box with bronze
worm gear being driven by a worm. A worm gear is an
example of a screw.
The arrangement of gears seen below is called a worm
and worm wheel. The worm, which in this example is
brown in color, only has one tooth but it is like a screw
thread. The worm wheel, colored yellow, is like a
normal gear wheel or spur gear. The worm always
drives the worm wheel round, it is never the opposite
way round as the system tends to lock and jam.

The apparatus consists of a toothed wheel fixed with a drum on it. The worm meshes with
the toothed wheel. The worm is fixed on a metallic spindle. The spindle carries a pulley
from which a string hangs for application of effort. Another string also passes on the drum
for carrying the weight to be lifted.
D= diameter of pulley attached to worm =97mm
d = diameter of drum fixed on wheel = 97mm

T= number of teeth on worm wheel = 30mm

If one revolution is given to the pulley, only one
tooth of worm wheel moves of the worm
threads are of a single start.
V.R. = D T/2d
M.A. = W/P
Efficiency = M.A/V.R. = (W/P) / (D*T/2*d)
= (W/P)*(2d/DT)*100

Procedure:
1) Measure the circumference of drum and pulley with the help of outside caliper.
2) Wrap the string round the pulley of the worm for effort and also wrap string round the
drum to carry the load.
3) Suspend some load to the string passing round the drum and go on adding weights.
4) Add weight to the effort hanger until it moves down.
5) Repeat the experiment with different loads.

Observation:
V.R. =D T/2d M.A.=
W/P
η = % Efficiency = M.A/V.R
Sr. # Load (N) Effort (N) Mechanical Velocity Efficiency %
Advantage Ratio
1 5 1.5
2 7.5 1.72
3 110 1.9
4 12.5 1.4
5 15 1.6
Graph:
(a): Effort v/s Load

(b): Efficiency v/s Load

 Experiment # 07
Objective:
To determine the Center of Percussion of the compound pendulum.

Apparatus:
Universal Vibration Apparatus

Required components:

• MM320-a1 Pendulum cross beam

• MM320-a6 Center of percussion accessories.
• Light rod with 50 mm diameter steel ball and knife edge.
• Wooden board with sliding weight.

Theory:
A simple pendulum consisting of a steel ball adjustable on a slender rod and suspended on a
knife-edge within a groove to prevent any movement along the supported horizontal cross
beam.
A compound pendulum of a wooden rectangular board with a slidable steel weight along a
central groove is mounted. The knife-edge of the compound pendulum is not constrained in
a groove on a crossbeam so that the horizontal movement of the knife-edge is permissible
as part of the condition of this experiment.
The center of percussion of the compound pendulum is defined as being the distance q o
from O. Such that a simple pendulum of equivalent length q o will produce the same periodic
time. We can perform the simple pendulum experiment by adjusting the steel ball distance
L to have the same period as the compound pendulum:
The period of oscillation can be calculated as:

where; r = distance of center of mass from point of suspension O. And

So,

Operating Procedure:
1. Install the pendulum cross beam on top of the twin frame.
2. Place both the steel ball pendulum and the wooden compound pendulum on the cross beam.

3. With the slidable steel weight at a certain distance (w) , determine the distance ‘r’ of
the center of compound mass from the knife-edge of the compound pendulum by
either balancing on its side or taking the moments about point O knowing the
masses of the wooden board as well as of the steel weight.
4. Vary the value ‘w’ by sliding along the central groove of the board and each time &
determine the value ‘r’ and perform 20 oscillations to obtain the average periodic
time
‘T’.
5. Determine ko and kG from above equations and then record in the table.
 6. Calculate the center of percussion ‘qo’ or equivalent length ‘L’ and then verify these
values by performing experiments.

Observation:
Center of
percussio
Time for 10 T w Center of ko kG n L
S# Oscillations gravity, r

(sec) (m) (m) (m) qo (m)

(sec) (m)

(m)
01 24.89 1.245 0.195 0.195 0.274 0.192 1.969

02 25.9 1.295 0.239 0.239 0.314 0.205 1.736

03 25.33 1.266 0.29 0.29 0.339 0.175 1.364

04 26.5 1.325 0.305 0.305 0.364 0.199 1.426

05 25.16 1.258 0.355 0.37 0.381 0.090 1.059

06 26.84 1.342 0.53 0.53 0.487

Calculations:
Questions:
Q1: Give three practical applications of center of percussion.

Q2: Why center of percussion is necessary for a system while designing?

Q3: What is the difference between simple pendulum and compound pendulum with
respect to center of percussion? Also Define the Radius of gyration.
 Experiment # 08
Objective:
To determine the Damping coefficient of the Free Vibration System.

Apparatus:
Universal Vibration Apparatus.

• MM320-b1 : Coil spring bracket for attachment to the top frame.

• MM320-b2 : Helical spring.
• MM320-c3 : Steel beam: 25x12x750 mm approx.
• MM320-c6,8 : Drum recorder and pen for beam vibration.
• MM320-c11 : Damper.

Theory:
A free vibration system is the one
in which the system is left to
vibrate freely after some initial
disturbance.
In this practical, we
have a cantilever beam
that is connected with a spring
and damper as shown in figure.
If we take moment about point O (pivot point), then we get: ------------------------------ (1)

And

To find decaying

------------------------------ (2)

------------------------------ (3)

amplitudes of 2 consecutive

cycle n, we take natural logarithm on the solution to obtain:

 --------------------- (4)

Hence by tracing 3
consecutive amplitudes on the same side
of the equilibrium line and using
equations (1),(2),(3) and (4) the value
“c” damping coefficient can be
determined.

Operating Procedure:
1. Fix all the components and connections with the speed controller.
2. Measure the speed of the recorder drum by tracing and measuring a line on the
drum for a period of 20 seconds using the stopwatch. This can be double-checked by
visually observing and counting the distance on the drum.
3. Create the amplitudes by pulling down the beam at the spring end by approximately
20 mm then release. For a given orifice area of the dashpot, vary the distance ‘a’ and
trace out the decaying amplitudes on chart recorder paper.
4. Use different piston areas and repeat the process of tracing the decaying amplitudes
at various distances of ‘a’.
5. Use the traces obtained to calculate the value ‘c’ of damping coefficient by means of
equations (1) to (4), then tabulate and plot the results using only the largest and mid
orifice areas of the dashpot.

Observation:
Spring to Pivot distance, b : ______________ m
Mass of Beam, m : _____________________ kg
Length of Beam, L : ____________________ m
 𝑦𝑛 𝑦𝑛
Time for 10

𝑙𝑛[ ]
Damper Vibration Damping
to pivot
𝑦𝑛+ 𝑦𝑛+1
a2 T A A*Io Coefficien
distance (sec) t “c”
‘a’ 1 sec s- s-1.kg.m2 Ns/m
1
m 2 or
m kg/s

0.15 0.0225 1.09 0.088 4 0.4 0.44 0.156

0.25 0.0625 1.52 0.418 3 0.3 2.78 0.984

0.4 0.16 2.22 0.78 2 0.2 7.88 2.78

Calculations:
Graph:
Plot graph between a2 and A*Io

Graphs:
Questions:
Q1: Give three practical applications of free Vibration system.

Q2: What are the different types of damping? Explain briefly.

 Experiment # 09
Objective:
To compute the natural frequency and forcing frequency of forced vibration system without damping.

Apparatus:
Universal Vibration Apparatus

• MM320-b1: Coil spring bracket for attachment to the top frame.

• MM320-b2: Helical springs.
• MM320-b5: Weight.
• MM320-c1: Trunnion with bearing hinge for beam end and attachment to vertical frame.
• MM320-c3: Steel beam: 25 x 12 x 750 mm (approx.)
• MM320-c5: Beam guide frame.
• MM320-c6: Drum recorder with control switch and pen for beam vibration.
• MM320-c8: Speed controller
• MM320-c9: Exciter motor, 30 W, 3000 rpm.

Theory:
Forced vibration is a system in which the body vibrates under the influence of an external
force.
In this experiment, we have a forced vibration system but without damper.
The free body diagram of the system is given below:
Equation of motion is given as:

where,
------------- (1)

------------- (2)

A = aFo
The solution of above eq. is given as:

------------------ (3)

Hence the amplitude becomes infinitely large when B - ω 2 = 0.

At this condition, the system is under resonance condition and the excitation motor speed is
said to be at critical speed.

Since some damping does exist in the system, the amplitude does not
quite become infinite as predicted by the theory.
The spring stiffness can be calculated as:
Operating Procedure:
1. Connect the recorder and the exciter motor to the speed control unit. Adjust the
beam to be horizontal.
2. Bring the chart recorder into contact with the pen so that the pen just touches the
recording paper.
3. Install all the components at their desired position as shown in figure.
4. Start the motor from the speed controller and set the speed at desired value.
5. Note the time of 20 oscillations by means of the stop-watch then calculate the time
for one cycle (periodic time).
6. Determine the values of Io , k and .
7. Repeat the same procedure at different motor speed and calculate all above values.

Observation:
Mass of beam, mbeam = 1.89 kg , Mass of motor with disc, M = 6.735 kg
Motor Distance, a = 0.38 m , Spring distance, b = 0.64 m , Beam length, L = 0.745 m
Deflection at pen = 11 mm , Weight at motor = 2 kg , Paper speed = 20 mm/s

Mass of motor with

Additional weight disc plus additional Motor Speed Time for 20
m weight oscillations
rpm
kg kg sec

0 6.735 1000 11.71

0.5 7.235 1000 11.97

1 2.735 1000 12.2

1.5 8.235 1000 13.54

2 8.725 1000 14.21

 Mass moment Parameter 'B1/2' Parameter 'B1/2'
of inertia about or or Forced Vibration Frequency
'o' ωn ωn
I o, Unbalanced Oscillating
kg.m2 rad/s Hz speed Frequency
Hz Hz
1.322 19.54 3.109 1.707

1.3983 19.03 3.028 1.671

1.4665 18.56 2.953 1.639

1.538 18.12 2.883 1.477

1.6109 17.70 2..817 1.407

Calculations:

Graphs: