HANDWRITTEN TOPIC @ OBJECT AND CLASSES @ POLYMORPHISM [Bcso54 Object Oriented S L ystem Design with C++ [Unit] pic To} Introduction: The meaning of Object Orientation, object identity, Encapsulation, information 1 _| hiding, polymorphism, generosity, importance of modelling, principles of modelling, object oriented ‘modelling, Intoduction to UML, conceptual model of the UML, Architecture. Basic Structural Modeling: Classes, Relationships, common Mechanisms, and diagrams. Class &Object Diagrams: Terms, concepts, modelling techniques for Class & Object Diagrams Collaboration Diagrams: Terms, Concepts, depicting a message, polymorphism in collaboration Diagrams, iterated ‘messages, use of self in messages. Sequence Diagrams: Terms, concepts, AL_| depicting asynchronous messages with/without priority, callback mechanism, broadcast messages Basic Behavioural Modeling: Use cases, Use case Diagrams, Activity Diagrams, State Machine , Process and thread, Event and signals, Time diagram, interaction diagram, Package diagram. Architectural Modeling: Component, Deployment, Component diagrams and Deployment diagrams. Object Oriented Analysis: Object oriented design, Object design, Combining three models, De: algorithms, design optimization, Implementation of control, Adjustment of inheritance, representation, Physical packaging, Documenting design considerations Structured analysis and structured design (SA/SD), Jackson Structured Development TH | (ISD) Mapping object oriented concepts using non-object oriented language, Translating classes into data structures, Passing arguments to methods, Implementing inheritance, associations encapsulation, Object oriented programming style: reusability, extensibility, robustness, programming in the large. Procedural v/s OOP, Object oriented language features. Abstraction and Encapsulation, Obj GH Basics = Overview, Program situcture, namespac operators, typecasting, control structures TV | C++ Functions : Simple functions, Call and Return by reference, functions, Overloading of functions, default a , identifiers, variables, constants, enum, nline functions, Macro Vs. Inline nd functions, virtual functions -guments, fri Objects and lasses : Basics of object and class in C++, Private and public members, static daia and function members, constructors and their types, destructors, operator overloading, type y_| conversion. Inheritance : Concept of Inheritance, types of inherita hierarchical, hybrid, protected members, overriding, virtual base class Polymorphi in C++, Pointes and Objects, this pointer, virtual and pure virtual functions, Implementing polymorphism : single, multiple, multilevel, m = PointeEngineering Express Basics of object and class in C++ OBJECT __||Let’s see an example to create object of student class using sl as the ||. In C++, Object isa real-world entity, for example, chair, car, pen, | |mobile, laptop etc. pe in they binds: on oljectokeran rondo dhatshos ‘inte’ and behaviors — || E |Here, state means data and behavior means functionality. a pie : : Bh 5 . [ | The object is an instance of a class. All the members of the class a can be accessed through object. L reference varie L Student sl; //creating an object of Student L || members and member functions define the properties and behavior of | CLASS. L |Class_is like a blueprint for.an object. dt |/t_is a user-defined data type that_has data members and member || | functions. | Data members are the data variables and member functions are the | | functions used to manipulate these variables together, these data __| class Class_Name access_specifier: Here, ‘cess specifier defines the le f access to the class’: data members, // Body of the class BEngineering Express Example- class ThisClass { public: int var; // data member void print() / member function f cout << "Hello"; /L_C++ program to illustrate how to create o simple class and object #inchude include using namespace std; Define a class named ‘Person’ class Person { public: Data members string name; int age; Member function to introduce the person void introduce() { cout << "Hi, my name is "<< name <<" and fam“ << age <<" years old." << endl; } h int main() t Create an object of the Person class, Person person; accessing data members person .name = "Alice", personI age = 30; / Call the introduce member method person| introduce(); getch(); retum 0; Ouapat ) Hi, my name is Alice and I am 30 years old,Engineering Express Access Modifiers lin C++ classes, we can control the access to the members of the | |the class under that access specifier will have access level. __| ; specif if [| LT lin C++, there are 3 access specifiers that are as follows: _|| Public: Members declared as public can be accessed from outside the cla: | Private: Members declared as private can only be accessed within the |class itself. | Protected: Members declared as protected can be accessed within the class and by derived classe: f if he ‘i ifier i lapplied to every member by default ___________ [//C+- program to demonstrate accessing of data member include ‘include (1);// Cast double to int width — static cast using namespace std; class Test { —_]}} pubic: 1) User-Defined Constructor ——] _ Testd) { cout <<"\n Constructor executed”; } 1 User-Defined Destructor ~Test() { cout << "nDestructor executed”; } — I} ‘mt main() t mnt Ouip 7 Constructor executed , Destructor executed___ Engineering Express Output Default constructor called! Length: 0, Width: 0 Parameterized constructor called! Length: 10, Width: $ Overloaded constructor (with double parameters) called! Length: 15, Width: 7 Copy constructor called! Length: 10, Width: 5 Destructor LL A destructor is a special member function of a class by the same L [name as class name which is executed automatically whenever an L object of a class is destroyed(deleted). L |A destructor is defined to free up the resource that_are no eer | g Lrequired. Lo _||class name as follows: To ad g F (x) i [ ~class name() L £ eVDDECS | ae i ay Wl and destructor ——} Tests; pb ‘include using namespace std; class Test { 1/ User-Defined Constructor Test() { cout <<"\n Constructor executed"; } 1 User-Defined Destructor ~Tesi() { cout << "\nDestructor executed"; } int mang { ‘Output Constructor executed return 0; Destructor executed iLEngineering Express following : Scope Resolution Operator C +: ) | Class Member Access Operators C.,) Sizeof Operator Temary Operator C2: ) pp Defining Operator Overloading | To overload an operator in C++, We are required to define a special | |function called Operator Function = | Operator functions are the same_as normal functions. The only ____| \differences are, that the name of an operator function is always the | | operator keyword followed by the symbol_of the operator,.and operator | | functions are called when the corresponding operator is used. _____| : Carglist) JN 11 body 2 | Type of Operators Unary Operators Binary Operotors| Engineering Express erloading Unary Operato void operator symbol(void) fe 1 body L ___||As we already know, binary operators are the operators that are used | ____||to operate two operands. Therefore, whenever defining an operator | ___|largument because the reference of one argument will.automatically be | ; oi : [function to overload binary operator, we are required to pass only one | |passed to which the operator function will be called. _____|Engineering Express |// Show an example which contain both unary operator and binary }| | /doperator. [ include using namespace std; fi class Point { private: int x, y5 public: #/ Constructor to initialize the point Point(int x ~ 0, int y = 0) x(x), y(y) // Display funetion to print the point void display() const { cout << "(" cox <<", "< using namespace std; int main() { inta=10; — // int type floatb=a; — // Implicit conversion from int to float cout << "Integer a: "<< a << endl; cout << "Float b: "<< b << endl; return 0; Output Integer a: 10 Float b: 10Engineering Express Pri ie Gain OI = ; a iS ah ‘ | In_such cases, you use explicit type conversion using a cast. ____| [7 ee +#include using namespace std; int main() { double x= 9.99; // double type int y = (int)x; _// Explicit conversion from double to int cout << "Double x: " < using namespace std; i/ base class class Vehicle { public: Vehicle() { cout << "This is a Vehicle\n"; } B // sub class derived from a single base classes. class Car : public Vehicle { public Car() { cout << "This Vehicle is Carin"; } hy // main function ‘int main() t /] Creating object of sub class will invoke the constructor of base classes tran Output return 0; This is a Vehicle : This Vehicle is CarEngineering Express == | Multiple Inheritance | Multiple Inheritance is a feature of C++ where a_class can inherit from more than one class. ie one subclass is inherited from moreEngineering Express = ae #include using namespace std; // first base class class Vehicle { public: Vehicle() { cout << "This is a Vehicle\n"; } hs // second base class class FourWheeler { public: FourWheeler() { cout << "This is a 4 Wheeler\n"; } hs // sub class derived from two base classes class Car : public Vehicle, public FourWheeler { public: Car() { cout << "This 4 Wheeler Vehical is a Car\n"; } hs // main function int main() t // Creating object of sub class will // invoke the constructor of base classes. Car obj; turn 0; aes Output This is a Vehicle } This is a 4 Wheeler This 4 Wheeler Vehical is a CarEngineering Express | Syntax £ f le i le : ifier_deri\ £ (a class C. t i class B’: public C — ________— x xEngineering [xpress |\// C++ program to implement Multilevel Inheritance +t #include using namespace std; // base class class Vehicle { public: Vehicle() { cout << "This is a Vehicle\n"; } 1 // first sub_class derived from class vehicle class fourWheeler : public Vehicle { public: fourWheeler() { cout << "4 Wheeler Vehicles\n"; } hs // sub class derived from the derived base class fourWheeler class Car : public fourWheeler { public: Car() { cout << "This 4 Wheeler Vehical is a Car\n"; } hb // main function int main() t // Creating object of sub class will // invoke the constructor of base classes. Car obj; return 0; Output This is a Vehicle 4 Wheeler Vehical This 4 Wheeler Vehical is a CarEngineering Express ; 5 £ i ri I I iz i class A 5 body of the class A 3 wi _class B: public A at £ AS body of class B. LE a class C : public A £ LL body of class C. class D_: public A body of class D.Engineering Express #include using namespace std; // base class class Vehicle { public: Vehicle() { cout << "This is a Vehicle\n"; } hs // first sub class class Car : public Vehicle { public: Car() { cout << "This Vehicle is Car\n"; } Hs // second sub class class Bus : public Vehicle { public: Bus() { cout <<"This Vehicle is Bus\n"; } h // main function int main() t // Creating object of sub class will // invoke the constructor of base class. Car obj; Bus obj2; ae P ‘ . . return 0; Output This is a Vehicle This Vehicle is Car This is a Vehicle This Vehicle is BusEngineering Express |Hybrid_Inheritance | Hybrid Inheritance is implemented by combining more than one type | lof inheritance. For example: Combining Hierarchical inheritance and | i 2 P ep aes agree 5 a class A: public BE 2 class C ; public BE 2Engineering Express a . ion of Hybri A #include using namespace std; // base class class Vehicle { public: Vehicle() { cout << "This is a Vehicle\n"; } 1 h // base class class Fare { public: Fare() { cout << "Fare of Vehicle\n"; } i !/ first sub class class Car : public Vehicle { public: Car() { cout <<"This Vehical is a Car\n"; } hi // second sub class class Bus : public Vehicle, public Fare { public: Bus() { cout << "This Vehicle is a Bus with Fare\n"; } 4 // main function int main() { // Creating object of sub class will //invoke the constructor of base class, Bus obj2; return 0; } Output This is a Vehicle Fare of Vehicle This Vehicle is a Bus with Fare| Engineering Express |