FUNDAMENTAL OF

I.C.T

Submitted To: Ms. Khizra Saleem

Submitted by: Hafiz Naveed Ahmad
Roll No: F21BDOCS1M09002
Class: Network & Telecommunication
Subject: Fundamental of I.C.T
Assignment No: 01
Date: 17/12/2021

The Islamia university of

Bahawalpur
Computer science & information
Technology
Lesson 2B
Inputting Data in Other Ways

Review Questions
1. In what ways can you use the pen in a pen-based computer
System?
Pen based computer system can be used in many ways. Pen-based system
including many tablet PCs, personal digital assistants, and other type of
handheld computer use a pen for data input. This device is called stylus. You
hold the pen in your hands and write on a special pad or directly on the screen.
you also can use the pen as a pointing device like a mouse, to select commands
by tapping the screen. people can use the pen for the purpose of making
notes, creating short messages, writing annotations on electronic documents.
PDAs and tablet PCs are popular for those kinds of tasks, which do not require
keyboard.

2. How do most touch screen system work?

Touch screens work well in environments where dirt or weather would render
keyboards and pointing devices useless, and where a simple, intuitive interface
is important. They are well-suited for simple applications, such as automated
teller machines or public information kiosks Touch screens have become
common in fast-food restaurants, department stores, drugstores, and
supermarkets, where they are used for all kinds of purposes, from creating
personalized greeting cards to selling lottery tickets.

3. List one reason why many people believe a PC provides a better

game playing experience than dedicated video game unit do?
Personal computers are widely used as gaming platforms. challenging
dedicated video game is like the Sony PlayStation and others Because PCs offer
higher graphics resolution than standard televisions, many gamers believe
well-equipped I'C provides a better game-playing experience. If your computer
connected to the Internet.
4.Explian how a bar code reader reads a bar code and what it does
with the information from bar code.
Bar code readers are one of the most widely used input devices. The most
common type of bar code reader is the flatbed model, which is commonly
found in supermarkets and department stores Workers for delivery services,
such as FedEx, also use handheld bar code readers in the field to identify
packages These devices read bar codes, which are patterns of printed bars that
appear on product packages. The bar codes identify the product. The bar code
reader emits a beam of light--frequently a laser beam that is reflected by the
bar code image. A light-sensitive detector identifies the bar code image by
recognizing special bars at both ends of the image. These special bars are
different, so the reader can tell whether the bar code has been read right-side
up or upside down. After the detector has identified the bar code, it converts
the individual bar patterns into numeric digits-code the computer can
understand the reader then feeds the data into computer, as though the
number had. the been typed on a keyboard.

5. What does an image scanner do?

The bar code reader is a special type of image scanner. Image scanners (also
called scanners) convert any printed image the intensity of the light's reflection
at every point. lustrates the scanning process. Color scanners use filters to
separate the components of color into the primary additive colors (red, green,
and blue) at each point. Red, green, and blue are known as primary additive
colors because they can be combined to create any other color Processes that
describe color in this manner are said to use RGB color.

6.How does OCR software translate scanned test into text that you
can edit?
If you have scanned a text document, you might want to use optical character
When a scanner first creates an image from a page, the image is stored in the
computer memory as a bitmap. A bitmap is a grid of dots, each dot
represented by one or more bits. The job of OCR software is to translate that
array of dots into text that the computer can interpret as letters and numbers.
To translate bitmaps into text, the OCR software looks at each character and
tries to match the character with its own assumptions about how the letter
should look. Because it is difficult to make a computer recognize an unlimited
number of typefaces and fonts, OCR software is extremely complex and not of
ways 100 percent reliable

7. List three thing you can do with the files you create by recording
your voice on your computer.
You can use a microphone to record your voice and create files on disk.
1. you can embed these files in document.
2. Use them in web page.
3. E- mail them to other people

8. What two capabilities does speech recognition software give you?

1. Some speech recognition software packages accurately 80 to 90
percent of spoken world by using the large stored vocabularies, or
words they can recognize. They user may need to “train” the
software to recognize speech patterns or a pronunciation of some
words. But this procedure is relatively simple.
2. Another enhancement to speech recognition programs is their
ability to recognize continuous speech. Older system required the
user to pause between words, which improve accuracy but greatly
slowed the data-entry process

9. List four audio sources you can use to record music on your
computer.
If your computer has a sound card with the appropriate plugs, you may be
input music form a
1. Compact disc
2. A tape player
3. A radio
4. A record player

10. What can you do with a video capture card?

Using a video capture card the user can also connect other video devices such
as VCRs and camcorders, to the PC. This enable the user to transfer the image
from the video equipment to the PC, and vice versa. Affordable video capture
cards enable home users to edit their videotapes like professionals

Lesson 4A
Transforming Data into Information
Review Questions
1. what is the is difference between data and information?
Data Information
Data is a collection of raw facts and Information is processed, organized
figure which is related to the object is data presented in a given context
called data. and is useful to humans.
Data does not carry a special Information is group of data that
meaning. collectively carry a logical meaning.
Data does not depend on Information depend on data.
information.
It is measured in bits and bytes. Information is measured in meaning
unit like, time, quantity etc.

2. How many characters or symbols can be represented by one

eight-bit byte?
With one byte, the computer can represent one of 256 different symbols or
characters because the eight 1s and 0s in a byte can be combined in 256
different ways. The value 256 is more than the number of symbols: it is the
number of patterns of 0 and 1 that can be created using eight bits. The byte is
an extremely important unit because there are enough different eight-bit
combinations to represent all the characters on the keyboard, including all the
letters (uppercase and lowercase). numbers, punctuation marks, and other
symbols.

3. What is meant by “Word Size”?

The size of the registers, which is sometimes called the word size, indicates the
amount of data with which the computer can work at any given time. The
bigger the word size, the more quickly the computer can process a set of data.
Occasionally, you will hear people refer to "32-bit processors" or 64-bit
processors" or even 64-bit computers" This terminology refers to the size of
the registers in the processor. If all other factors are kept equal, a CPU with 32-
bit registers can process data twice as fast as one with 16-bit registers.

4. What is the difference between arithmetic operations and logical

operations?
Logical Operations: Logical operations include comparisons, such as
determining whether one number is equal to greater than, or less than
another number. Also, every logical operation has an opposite. For example, in
addition to equal to" there is not equal to". An expression containing logical
operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether expression results true
or false.
Arithmetic Operations: Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division or power factor.

5. What is data bus?

The data bus is an electrical path that connects the CPU, memory, and the
other hardware devices on the motherboard. Actually, the bus is a group of
parallel wires. The number of wires in the bus affect the speed at which data
can travel between hardware components, just as the number of lanes on a
highway affects how long it takes people to reach their destinations. Because
each wire can transfer one bit of data at a time, an eight-wire bus can move
right bits at a time, which is a full byte: A 16-bit bus can transfer two bytes, and
a 32-bit bus can transfer four bytes at a time.

6. Describe how virtual memory works.

system or a program on the disk, it can unload, or swap out, nonessential parts
from RAM to the hard disk. Then the computer can load, or swap in, the
program code or data it needs. While this is an effective method for managing
a limited amount of memory, the computer's system performance is slower
because the CPU, memory. and disk are continuously occupied with the
swapping process, swapping unused contents of RAM to the hard disk is known
as virtual memory. For example When the computer needs access to other
parts of an operating if your PC has 128 MB of RAM (or more), you will
notice a dramatic difference in how fast Windows runs because the
CPU will need to swap program instructions between RAM and the
hard disk much less often

7.What is the difference between an LI and an L2 cache?

L1 cache:
1. L1 cache holds the instructions that are recently run
2. It is much faster
3. L1 cache is built directly in the processor chip.
4. L1 cache usually has a very small capacity, ranging from 8 KB to 128 KB.
L2 Cache:
1. L2 cache holds potential upcoming instructions,
2. L2 cache is slightly slower than I cache
3. Current processors include advanced transfer cache, a type of L2 cache
built directly on the processor chip
4. It has a much larger capacity, ranging from 64 KB to 16 MB

8. Describe the role of a computer's system clock.

The computer uses the vibrations of the quartz in the system clock to time its
processing operations. The computer's system dock sets the pace for the CPU
by using a vibrating quartz crystal. The computer's operating speed is tied to
the speed of the system clock. The faster the clock the more instructions the
CPU can process per second, For example, if a computer's clock speed is 800
MHz, it "ticks" 800 million times per second. A dock cycle is a single tick, or the
time it takes to turn a transistor off and back on again. A processor can execute
an instruction in a given number of dock cycles. As the system's dock speed
increases, so does the number of instructions it can carry out each second

9) Why is a CPU often idle?

The bus speed is directly tied into the CPU speed. All processors use a
multiplier to make the CPU run fasten. Since the processor is so much faster
than the bus, the processor spends most of the time idle.
 Example: Consider a system bus that runs at 400 MHz supporting a 1.6 GHz
processor. The fastest the CPU can talk to external devices is 400 MHz however
internally the processor runs at 1.6 GHz or four times the bus speed. The
multiplier in this system is four. Since the processor is so much faster than the
bus, the processor spends most of the time idle

10. Why it is important to have a standard text code?

Early programmers realized that they needed a standard text code that was
agreeable to all of them. In such a system. numbers would represent the
letters of the alphabet, punctuation marks, and other symbols. This standard
code system would enable any programmer or program to use the same
combinations of numbers to represent the same individual pieces of data. That
is an important reason for standard text code.

THE End