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Module 1 Iot

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13 views4 pages

Module 1 Iot

Uploaded by

lusifer Potter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Internet of Things (An Overview): Definition and Characteristics of IoT


The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other
physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity,
allowing them to collect and share data. These devices, often called "smart objects," can range from simple
smart home devices like thermostats to complex industrial machinery and transportation systems.

Benefits of IoT:

• Enhanced Decision Making: By analyzing the vast amounts of data collected by IoT devices,
organizations can make informed decisions.
• Improved Safety: IoT can be used to monitor and control safety-critical systems, reducing the risk
of accidents and incidents.
• New Business Opportunities: IoT opens up new avenues for innovation and business models, such
as smart cities, connected homes, and industrial automation.

Challenges of IoT:

• Security: Protecting IoT devices from cyberattacks and ensuring data privacy is a major challenge.
• Scalability: As the number of IoT devices grows, managing and scaling the infrastructure becomes
increasingly difficult.
• Cost: The initial investment in IoT technology can be significant, especially for large-scale
deployments.

IoT Protocols

MQTT: A lightweight, real-time messaging protocol for low-power devices, great for home automation.

CoAP: An efficient protocol using UDP for devices with limited resources, suitable for industrial IoT.

HTTP: Web-based, heavier on resources, but compatible with many services.

AMQP: Secure and reliable for message-heavy environments, often used in enterprise IoT.

LwM2M: A device management protocol for large IoT deployments, enabling remote updates.

Zigbee: A low-power, mesh network for home automation and short-range communication.

LoRaWAN: Long-range, low-power network ideal for remote monitoring in smart cities.

NB-IoT: A cellular protocol for hard-to-reach areas, used for smart meters and asset tracking.
In IoT communication, REST and WebSockets are two commonly used APIs for data exchange:

1. REST (Representational State Transfer)


REST is a web service API that uses HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to enable
communication between devices. It’s stateless and request-response-based, which makes it ideal
for simple, non-continuous data exchanges. REST is widely used in IoT for tasks like data retrieval or
device configuration, especially when real-time communication isn’t critical.

Advantages:

• Simple to implement and widely supported.


• Stateless, reducing server memory usage.

Disadvantages:

• Limited for real-time communication.


• Requires more overhead for frequent requests.

2. WebSockets
WebSockets provide a persistent, bidirectional communication channel over a single TCP
connection. Unlike REST, which is stateless, WebSockets allow devices to maintain an open
connection, enabling real-time data transfer. This makes WebSockets ideal for IoT applications
needing continuous updates, like live monitoring, alerts, or device control.

Advantages:

• Enables real-time, bidirectional communication.


• Reduces latency with a continuous open connection.

Disadvantages:

• More complex to implement and manage.


• Consumes more resources with open connections.

REST API WEB SOCKET API


It is Stateless protocol. It will not store the It is Stateful protocol. It will store the data.
data.
It is Uni-directional. Only either server or client It is Bi-directional. Messages can be received
will communicate. or sent by both server or client.
It is Request-response model. It is Full duplex model.
HTTP request contains headers like head It is suitable for real-time applications. It
section, title section. does not have any overhead.
New TCP connection will be set up for each Only Single TCP connection.
HTTP request.
Both horizontal and vertical scaling (we can Only vertical scaling (we can add resources
add many resources and number of users both only vertically).
horizontally and vertically).
It depends upon the HTTP methods to retrieve It depends upon the IP address and port
the data.. number to retrieve the data
It is slower than web socket regarding the web socket transmits messages very fastly
transmission of messages. than REST API.
It does not need memory or buffers to store It requires memory and buffers to store the
the data. data.
RFID application

• RFID uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects, highly
valuable for various reasons:

1. Asset Tracking and Inventory Management


o Enables real-time tracking.
2. Supply Chain and Logistics
o RFID can track products throughout the supply chain.
o Allows to monitor goods in transit, improve traceability.
3. Smart Retail
o RFID enables automated checkouts, inventory management, and personalized marketing.
4. Access Control & Security
o Widely used in access control systems.
o Allows automated and trackable entry, reducing need for manual checks.
5. Healthcare
o Tags on medical equipment, medications, and patient wristbands help hospitals track
resources, avoid errors, and monitor patients' movement and safety.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Application

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have various applications across industries due to their ability to collect
and transmit data from remote locations. Key applications include:

1. Environmental Monitoring: Used for tracking weather conditions, air quality, and natural disaster
detection (e.g., earthquakes, forest fires).
2. Healthcare: Monitors patient vitals remotely and tracks biomedical data in hospitals.
3. Agriculture: Helps in precision farming by monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and crop health
to optimize yields.
4. Industrial Automation: Supports equipment monitoring and predictive maintenance to reduce
downtime.
5. Smart Cities: Used for infrastructure management, traffic monitoring, waste management, and
smart lighting systems.

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