UNIT TWO

A CONSUMER´S WORLD.

1) READING-COMPREHENSION.
Read the text and answer the questions in English.

LET´S WORK WITH THIS VOCABULARY !

E1
E2

E1: E2:
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5.

MY LIST OF WORDS – VOCABULARY TO REMEMBER:

AND TRY TO USE
- Charity: - -
- Auction: - -
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 2) VIDEO/LISTENING ACTIVITY.
CULTURE VIDEO: SUPERMARKETS:
a. Listen to the information in this video and answer the questions:
Introduction:
What´s a chain of supermarkets?
It´s a ...

3.When did Jack Cohen start selling a few

A/ groceries from a stall?
1. How many Tesco stores are there in - in 1990
14 different countries? - in 1919
- 8,600 - in 1989
- 6,080 4. How was the name “Tesco” created?
- 6,800 - out of the name of the original small shop
2.How many employees ate there? - out of Jack COhen + TE Stockwell
- 840 - at random
- 480,000 5. When did the first TESCO shop open in London?
- 4,800 - in 1919
- in 1939
- in 1929

B/ Complete the following paragraph about the video:

In (1) ______________, Tesco opened (2) ____________ (3) _____________ (4) ______________
(5) ______________ and it was a huge success. Tesco sold (6) ________ - ________ (compound adjective)
petrol because it attracted more customers to the stores. The customers bought petrol and then browsed
(7) ______________ (8) ________ - ________ (compound adjective) (9) ______________ in the
supermarket´s aísles. (10) ____________ (11) ______________ (12) ______________ they left, they´d usually
purchased more than just petrol!
In (13) ______________, the supermarket started Tesco.com. For the first time, consumers (14)
______________ (15) ______________(16) ______________(17) ______________(18) ______________.
They could simply order online and a staff member (19) ______________ and (20) ______________ their
groceries.

C/ IN PAIRS. GIVE YOUR OPINION ABOUT ONE OF THESE TOPICS AND GET READY TO TELL THE CLASS:

1. What do you think about buying in supermarkets, instead of small shops? Advantages and disadvantages.

2. Choose one supermarket that you know and talk about the products and possibilities it offers, using
suitable vocabulary.

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 GRAMMAR
CONTENTS:
3) GRAMMAR. The past tense: SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS, PERFECT.
1) PAST TENSES a. Use, form and typical time references.
b. Used to/often did …

PAST SIMPLE
A.- TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES
1.- Yesterday
2.- Last … week, month, year … , Monday …
3.- Three weeks, six months, two years … ago

B.- USE
- To talk about completed events or actions in the past
- To talk about a series of events that happened one after another.
- To express a short action that happens in the middle of a longer action (Past Continuous).
- To talk about something that happened regularly in the past (similar to “used to”)
Example: When I was a little girl, I wore funny hats.
= When I was a little girl, I used to wear funny hats.

(1):“USED TO” / (2): “(FREQUENCY ADVERB) + PAST SIMPLE" : TO EXPRESS OR TALK ABOUT PAST HABITS.
Ex. When I was at university, I used to drive to Nashville every month or so.
Ex. When I was at university, I often drove to Nashville every month or so.

SPELLING RULES:

PAST CONTINUOUS
A.- TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES
1.- Yesterday
2.- Last … week, month, year … , Monday …
3.- Three weeks, six months, two years … ago

B.- USE
- To talk about something that was in progress at a certain time in the past
Example: Yesterday morning I was doing the housework for two hours, in the end I felt exhausted.
- To talk about an interrupted action in the past
Example: Yesterday morning when I was doing the housework, Martha arrived with some friends.
- We often use the past continuous after WHILE/AS to express two actions that were taking place at the same time:
Example: Yesterday morning when I was doing the housework, Martha was repairing the car.
**REMEMBER YOUR STATIVE VERBS

PAST PERFECT

A.- TYPICAL TIME REFERENCES

1.- Yesterday
2.- Last … week, month, year … , Monday …
3.- Three weeks, six months, two years … ago

B.- USE
… - To talk about past actions or situations that happened before another past action or situation.
Ex. When I got home, my parents had already left.

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 WATCH OUT! :
These examples of past tenses are all right, but they express different ideas:
 I was having a shower when you arrived.
 I had a shower when you arrived.
 I was having a shower while you were watching TV.
 I had a shower, watched TV and later went to bed

Past Continuous
*WATCH OUT!: Completed past action
**See special uses

. THE PAST:
Time references DON´T MAKE a difference

Past Simple Past Perfect

Completed past action Completed past action
**See special uses **See special uses

*FOR PEOPLE WHO DON´T USUALLY FEEL CONFIDENT ABOUT THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH
TENSES.

DO SOME BASIC PRACTICE IF NECESSARY:

Change into all these tenses and forms:

PAST SIMPLE: PAST CONTINUOUS: PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:

AFF. She studies French. AFF. AFF.

INT. INT. INT.

NEG. NEG. NEG.

IF YOU STILL MAKE MISTAKES ... DO SOME MORE PRACTICE:

**(You can give it to your teacher for checking).
 We eat fruit.
 He writes letters.
 She goes to school.
 They play games.

1.- CHOOSE THE CORRECT TENSE FOR THE VERBS IN BRACKETS:

a. Simple Past or Present Perfect?

1) We in a restaurant in May 2001. (to work)

2) Jack the window of the gym this morning. (to break)

3) I'm sorry. I my diary. (to forget)

4) Last Monday she her computer. (to check)

5) They the bike. It looks new again. (to clean)

6) Two years ago Mary Bath. (to visit)
7) I to Siberia yet. (not/to be)

8) Yesterday we volleyball. (to play)

9) you ever magic tricks? (to do)

10) The children their room. It's still dirty. (not/to clean)

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 b. Past simple or continuous?

2.- TIME REFERENCES IN SENTENCES – Which sentence/question is correct?

1. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.
Alexander Fleming has discovered penicillin in 1928.

2. Did he ride his bike two hours ago?

Did he ride his bike yet?

3. We have cleaned the car last Thursday.

We have just cleaned the car.

4. My grandmother has already got up.

My grandmother has got up an hour ago.

5. I have not visited my uncle two weeks ago.

I have not visited my uncle yet

6. Have you ever seen a rattlesnake?

Have you seen a rattlesnake yesterday?

7. They have never written a text message.

They have not written a text message in the last lesson.

8. They went to town yet.

They went to town yesterday.

9. We already bought this car.

We bought this car in 2003.

10. Jane ever moved to England.

Jane moved to England in August 2006

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3.- NEGATE THE SENTENCES.

1) Simon ordered a pizza. 6) Matthew looked after the baby.

2) The pupils were in the gym. 7) He has missed the school bus.

3) She has sent an invitation card. 8) I woke up at 8 o'clock.

4) The children have cleaned their teeth. 9) You have understood the text.

5) A thief stole the handbag 10) We've worked in a snack bar.

4.- USE THE PAST PERFECT TO COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES.

2) MODIFIERS: WE CAN ADD MORE INFORMATION TO ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS, USING

THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN ENGLISH:

+ ADJECTIVES / NOUNS
+ ADJECTIVES + NOUNS COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
*ENOUGH V (after the adjective) V (before the noun) V V
(a) few X V V X
*(A) LITTLE V *a little(expensive) V X V
Lots of/a lot of/ X V V V
plenty of
Too many X V V X
Too much X V X V

+ADJECTIVES
Paticularly/completely/extremely/absolutely EXAMPLES:
--------------------------- + NOUNS
Very/really/so/ 1. enough money/enough students
--------------------------- V 2. a few students (+)/few students (-)
Quite/pretty/rather(*-) / fairly(*+) 3. a little sugar (+)/little sugar (-)
--------------------------- 4. a lot of/lots/plenty of students
Too 5. too many students/too much sugar
------------------------
Much (*+ comparative)

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 +ADJECTIVES
6. absolutely/particularly/completely/extremely … beautiful
7. really/very/so expensive
*such: It´s such an expensive book!
8. quite/pretty/(*-)rather expensive, (*+)fairly interesting
9. a little/a bit expensive
10. much *more expensive/much *cheaper

*ENOUGH: These clothes aren´t good enough for me; I usually buy quality items.
*A LITTLE (BIT): These clothes are a little (bit) expensive. I´m afraid I can´t afford them.

DO SOME PRACTICE ON MODIFIERS

E1.

E2.

E3.
. Your answers:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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 3) USING CONNECTORS.
BASIC LINKERS: 2nd GROUP
BASIC LINKERS: 1 GROUP
ST 1. ADDITION
1. REASON 1a. And, in addition (+sentence)
1a. Because, for, as, since (+sentence) *adverbs: also, too, as well
1b. Because of, owing to, due to (+ -ing / NP) 1b. In addition to, as well as (+ -ing / NP)

2. CONTRAST 2. RESULT
2a. But, even though, although, though, however 2a. So, in consequence, thus, therefore (+sentence)
(+sentence) 2b. As a result of (+ -ing / NP)
2b. Despite, inspite of (+ -ing / NP)
3. PURPOSE
3a. So that (+sentence)
3b. to-infinitive

EXERCISES ABOUT CONNECTORS.

1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD: BECAUSE/BECAUSE OF FOR REASON
1) I couldn't attend the party _______________ I had a prior commitment.
2) We postponed the picnic _______________ the bad weather forecast.
3) She was late for work today _______________ her car broke down.
4) They canceled the flight _______________ a technical issue.
5) He was smiling _______________ he received good news.
6) The school was closed today _______________ a snowstorm.
7) We decided to stay indoors _______________ the heavy rain.
8) Sarah couldn't focus on her homework _______________ she was tired.
9) The concert was amazing _______________ the talented musicians.
10) The project failed _______________ a lack of proper planning.

2. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD: ALTHOUGH/DESPITE – INSPITE OF FOR CONTRAST.

1. _______________ it was raining heavily, they decided to go for a walk.
2. She managed to finish the marathon, _______________ she was feeling unwell.
3. _______________ the challenges they faced, the team emerged victorious.
4. He passed the exam, _______________ he didn't study much.
5. _______________ her fear of heights, she climbed to the top of the mountain.
6. _______________ the long hours of practice, the performance was flawless.
7. They enjoyed the concert, _______________ it was quite loud.
8. _______________ his busy schedule, he found time to read a book every week.
9. _______________ the cold weather, they went camping in the mountains.
10. _______________ his reluctance, he agreed to help us with the project.

3. REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTECES, USING TOO – AS WELL/ALSO FOR ADDITION.

1. I love to swim, and I enjoy playing tennis. (ALSO)

I…

2. He enjoys reading books, and watching movies. (TOO)

He …

3. They went hiking in the mountains. They visited a beautiful waterfall. (AS WELL)

They …

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 4. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH “SO/SUCH (A) … THAT …” TO EXPRESS REASON AND RESULT.

1. She was ______________ tired that she fell asleep at her desk."
2. It was ______________ hot day ______________ we decided to go to the beach.
3. The movie was ______________ boring ______________ people left the theater.
4. The restaurant had ______________ delicious food ______________ I want to go there again.

5. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH “SO THAT/TO-INFINITIVE” FOR PURPOSE.

1. She turned up the volume _______________ she could hear the music clearly.
2. He studied hard all night _______________ he could pass the exam.
3. They cleaned the house thoroughly _______________ it would be spotless for the guests.
4. I'm going to the grocery store _______________ some fresh vegetables for dinner.
5. She practiced yoga every morning _______________ she could improve her flexibility.

1) VOCABULARY.
A CONSUMER´S WORLD.
EXAM VOCABULARY
It´s so obvious that you´ll need SUITABLE VOCABULARY to talk and write about this topic and to
express your ideas and opinions in English. Look at the words in the boxes and REMEMBER AND USE
AS MANY as possible. I´m sure they´ll help you!!
*EXAM: EXPLAIN/GIVE A SYNONYM IN ENGLISH OR USE IN CONTEXT:

USEFUL VOCABULARY
 An auction: a public sale of products to the person who offers the highest amount of money. You can do it online.
 Charity fundraising auctions: this is a way to get money to help the people who need it or for a good cause.
 An item: a product, an object …
 A bid: the offer of an amount of money to buy a product.
 A skill: an ability.
 Volunteering: offer yourself to do something for other people
 Top tips: the best ideas or recommendations.
 Success: a favourable result.
 MORE VOCABULARY:
 The local news: the report of the events in a particular city or place.
 A shelter: a place to get protection.
 A slogan: a publicity image
 Too: as well, also.
 An advert: a commercial, publicity of a product
 A dog shelter: a protection or refuge for a
 An advertiser: person who wants to sell
dog. A kennel.
 A sale: a good opportunity to buy cheaper
 Gardening: taking care of gardens.
 A radio/TV channel: means of communication
 A gardener: a person who does the
 A company: a firm
gardening.
 Painting a fence: repair a barrier bordering
a field
USEFUL VERBS:
 Dog walking: take your dog for a walk.
 To advertise: announce/give information of a product.
 To promote: To advertise.
 To raise: get, collect (money)
 To appeal: attract.
 To offer: give
 To recommend: advise
 To convince: persuade.
 To join in: to come together.
 To come along: to accompany a person or group.
 To claim: to say something is true, but without evidence...
 To expect: to suppose, know or assume that something is going to happen.
 **(confusing words: wait/hope).
 To make sure: ensure, make certain.
 To broadcast: transmit through a radio station or the TV.
 *(broadcast – broadcast - broadcast)
 To bid: to make an offer of money for a product.
 *Bid – bid (past) – bid (participle)

*WATCH OUT:
There are other interesting verbs that you surely know: Mean, recommend, volunteer,
inform, exaggerate, appear…

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 1. Advanced
2. Effective
3. Tempting
4. Unconventional
TALKING ABOUT BUYING THINGS: 5. Unusual
USEFUL WORDS/EXPRESSIONS 6. Daring
7. Imaginative
8. Creative
1. Free 1. Limited-edition
2. Valuable 2. Affordable
3. Guaranteed 3. Essential
4. Amazing/incredible 4. Tested
5. Everything included/everything you need 5. Remarkable
6. Safe and effective 6. Professional
7. Powerful AND TRY TO USE 7. Guaranteed
8. Premium 8. Lifetime
9. 100% money-back guarantee 9. Highest
10. Last chance 10. Lowest
11. Buy one, get one 11. Revolutionary
12. Once-in-a-lifetime 12. Inspiring
13. Exclusive
14. Unique

1) YOUR VIEW – VIDEO ACTIVITY: “Volunteering”

Watch the video (3 times) and get answers for the following exercises:

E1. Choose the correct answer.

1) What´s a gap year?
A. A year that you can take off work if you want to study
B. A year between school and university
C. Your first year at university
ANDY
2) He started volunteering because …
A. He wanted to make friends
B. He wanted to save money
C. He wanted to travel
3) He was informed about a local charity by …
A. His teacher
B. His friends
C. His parents

SARAH
4) When does Sarah volunteer?
A. She volunteers during the week
B. She volunteers on Saturdays
C. She volunteers on Sundays
5) What´s the most important thing for her when volunteering?
A. Enjoy
B. Learn
C. Visit new places
6) What time does she start at the local dog kennel?
A. At 08:30h
B. At 07:00h
C. At 9:00h
7) How long did Sam work at the kennel?
A. 1 week
B. 1 month
C. 1 day
MOLLY
8) What type of volunteering does Molly do?
A. At a local summer camp for teenagers.
B. At a local summer camp for children.
C. At a local summer resort for families

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 2) PRONUNCIATION:

–ED (PAST SIMPLE AND PARTICIPLE - REGULAR ENGLISH VERBS):

1. We pronounce /t/ after voiceless (sordos) final sounds.
**except /t/
 Voiceless (=unvoiced) sounds: /p,t,k,f,θ,s,h,t∫,∫/
Examples: looked, pushed, dressed, helped, etc.

2. We pronounce /d/ for voiced (sonoros) final sounds.

**except /d/
 Voiced sounds: /b,d,g,v,ð,z,tƷ,Ʒ,m,n,ŋ,l,r/ + all vowel sounds.
Examples: filled, believed, enjoyed, etc.

3. We pronounce /id/ for /t/-/d/ final sounds.

Examples: needed, waited, repeated, decided, etc.

CLASSIFY THESE VERBS ACCORDING TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF –ED

Stopped Asked
Ended Finished
Pointed Loved
Presented Called
Mixed Liked
Watched Studied
Walked Stayed
Kissed Married
Decided Worked
Investigated Dressed
Danced Talked

/t/ /d/ /id/

E2.
a. Write the past tense for the following regular verbs, which are mentioned in the video.
b. Then classify them into the correct list, according to the pronunciation of –ed.

Discuss, ask, work, interest, want, convince, recommend, Convinced, sound, volunteer, appeal, decide, help,
travel, need, start, inform, happen, promote.
/t/ or /d/ /id/

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 E3.
Classify as many words as you can, according to their pronunciation:

University, person, patient, paid, teacher, important, your, informed, really, bored, need, Dave, work,
famous, became, claimed, great, being, reasons, thought, short, paid, patient.

/3:/ ex. world /ei/ ex. May /i:/ ex. People /o:/ ex. sort

IN PAIRS: Write a brief summary of this text (about 25 words).

Possible anwer:
THIS TEXT IS ABOUT …

WRITING

3) WRITING SECTION.

BRIEF WRITING 1:
Use these phrases in the box or structures to help you!
“I bought …… “

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 WRITING

BRIEF WRITING 2: WRITING ABOUT SHOPPING.

Look at the questions in the box and give an opinion or make a comment about your shopping habits.
MODEL PARAGRAPHS:
 “I spend/don´t spend lots of/much time … ”
 “There are (a) few interesting/modern/original/old-fashioned/second-hand … shops that I … ”

WRITING

BRIEF WRITING 3:
Which interests, talents, abilities or skills do you think you could use to help your community? Why?
Here you are some ideas that may help you write your paragraph.

 I´m really into … / I absolutely love … / I can … . so I think I could …

 In fact, I am doing … at the moment and …
 In my opinion, … and/but/although ….

VOLUNTARY WORK:
**Copy them in your “Give-it-to-your-teacher File” if you want to get them checked.

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