CLOUD COMPUTING : Unit - I

Unit I Introduction
Introduction to Cloud Computing : Cloud Computing Basics – History of Cloud Computing – Importance
of Cloud Computing in the Current Era – Characteristics of Cloud Computing, Move to Cloud Computing:
Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing – Nature of the Cloud – Technologies in Cloud Computing – Migrating
into the Cloud – – Types of Cloud – Working of Cloud Computing.

What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are hosted
on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred to as
Internet-based computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided as a service through the
Internet to the user. The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable
document.
The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with Cloud Computing
 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio

History of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing :
Cloud Computing referred as the accessing and storing of data and provide services related to computing
over the internet. It simply referred as it remote services on the internet manage and access data online
rather than any local drives. The data can be anything like images, videos, audios, documents, files etc.

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Cloud Computing Service Provider’s :

Cloud computing is in huge demand so, big organization providing the service like Amazon
AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Alibaba cloud etc. are some Cloud Computing service Provider.

History of Cloud Computing :

In this, we will discuss the history of Cloud computing. And also cover the history of client server
computing, distributed computing, and cloud computing.
 Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture was used where all the data
and control of client resides in Server side. If a single user want to access some data, firstly user need
to connect to the server and after that user will get appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages.
So, After Client Server computing, Distributed Computing was come into existence, in this type of
computing all computers are networked together with the help of this, user can share their resources
when needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove limitations faced in distributed
system, cloud computing was emerged.

 During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing Can be sold as a Utility,
like Water and Electricity.” According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at that
time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought the technology they are using efficient
enough for them. So, this concept of computing was not appreciated much so and very less will
research on it. But as the time fleet the technology caught the idea after few years this idea i s
implemented. So, this is implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.

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 This company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet and this way the boom of
Cloud Computing was started.

 In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will provide storage, computation
over the internet. In 2006 Amazon will launch Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service which is
open for Everybody to use.

 After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing Enterprise Application as
other companies will see the emergence of cloud Computing they also started providing their cloud
services. Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after that other companies like
Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud Services. In today the Cloud Computing
become very popular and important skill.
Advantages :
 It is easier to get backup in cloud.
 It allows us easy and quick access stored information anywhere and anytime.
 It allows us to access data via mobile.
 It reduces both hardware ad Software cost, and it is easily maintainable.
 One of the biggest advantage of Cloud Computing is Database Security.
Disadvantages :
 It requires good internet connection.
 User have limited control on the data.

Top Reasons Why Cloud Computing is Important for Business

Cloud computing has important aspects in business enterprises. The AWS solutions in cloud computing
help companies and developers to access data at ease stored on the internet or in the internal
infrastructure of the enterprise. Cloud computing eliminates the concept of depending upon hardware
resources and depends solely upon virtual machines.

1. Scalability

Cloud computing is a scalable procedure. It has innumerable IT resources which have been helping it
bloom over the years. Scalability refers to the expansion of infrastructure to handle an in creased loaf for
every application. Cloud computing helps in this procedure. It helps developers to increase their
popularity in business. It is a primary driver of meeting the changing demand for computing and
development. Hence, this is why cloud computing is so important for business.
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2. Flexibility

Cloud computing promotes flexibility in the workplace. It allows the employees to be flexible enough
by accessing the data from home or on a holiday. Since cloud computing is present over virtual media,
the commute from home to work is saved if the employee has a stable internet connection. Cloud
computing is hence considered to be much more flexible than Grid computing.

3. Saving Costs

Cloud computing is known to save capital costs at large. Some of the integral benefits of popular cost
savings are no upfront hardware or software purchases that are required for cloud computing. The time
to spend on computing, storage, and networking is reduced, which has exempted plenty of costs. It also
has shown amazing results in reducing operational costs, maintenance, and upgrade expenses as well.
This is why cloud computing is very important.

4. Disaster Recovery

Disaster Recovery or DRaaS is a cloud computing service model that helps an organization back up its
data over the cloud with the help of an IT infrastructure third-party cloud computing environment. It
provides DR orchestration as well through a SaaS solution so that the IT infrastructure can regain its
functionality. It helps the employees quickly recover the critical systems of an organization after a
disaster and gives the employees remote access to the systems. This ensures a secure virtual
environment. The importance of cloud security is immensely beneficial and keeps data secured.

5. Compliance and Security

Cloud computing comes with security services that enable the cloud to reserve the data even during a
disaster. It backs up the data with the help of an IT infrastructure cloud structure which helps in
regaining its full functionality. Cloud computing compliance and security ensure user and data
authentication with access control and privacy protection. Many organizations are inclined toward using
a private cloud database. Cloud computing ensures the privacy of the data, and that is also why security
is important in cloud computing. This particular method ensures the privacy of the company
infrastructure and maintains a commendable amount of cyber security.

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6. Manage IT Infrastructure With Low Complexity

Cloud computing helps in managing IT infrastructure without a tad bit of complexity. It helps to manage
the server hardware with amazing networking equipment to build cloud-based applications. The
hardware and the software components of cloud computing enable the seamless implementation of
cloud computing models in any organization. Cloud computing is smooth and provides for hassle-free
work irrespective of the medium of public, private, or hybrid cloud. This is considered to be one of the
popular services provided by cloud vendors.

7. Multiple Service Offerings

Cloud computing is a very popular service provider that has been facilitating people for a very long
time. It has a plethora of service providers in the market who have defined what is the need for cloud
computing. Multiple service providers offer cloud computing. They are:

 Amazon Web Services (AWS).

 Microsoft Azure.
 Google Cloud Platform.
 IBM Cloud Services.
 Adobe Creative Cloud.
These cloud computing websites provide a great opportunity for backing up data and other resources
ensuring the upholding of the IT infrastructure. It provides multiple services that are suitable for your
needs.

8. Improved DevOps

Cloud computing matters because of a lot of reasons. One of the important aspects of cloud computing
is improved DevOps. The improved DevOps enable centralized governance and control with efficiency
that integrates the deployment procedures. The cloud infrastructure hence allows the developer with a
much more grasp over their components which results in quick action procedures. Furthermore, its
speedy delivery help in making the cloud projects to be much more defined and fold back quickly in the
software.

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9. Effortless Maintenance

The code maintainability in cloud computing is pretty high, enabling organization-wide coordination. It
depends upon the search, reuse, and change of other team codes and enhances precision in the process
of cloud computing. Therefore, cloud computing is easy to maintain taking into account the current
scenario by generating a large codebase for large-scale organizations.

10. Easy Accessibility

Cloud computing is an easy-to-access computing system. The cloud computing system is easy to access
to manage the data. It helps to access online data easily the organizations. It is easy to build and is
resistant to any kind of fault tolerance. The developers can add extra resources to allocate them from a
redundancy of any kind. It is easily accessible because it consists of both hardware and so ftware
components that are required for an efficient computing model.

11. Higher Level of Security

Cloud computing provides a higher level of security when it comes to both public and private clouds. It
saves the data and ensures zero data breaches altogether. The hybrid cloud comes with automated data
security with advanced visibility and predictive threat analytics. It also enhances fast and easy
onboarding as well. The cloud computing system consists of features for protection against hackers.
This is why security is important in cloud computing because it helps to maintain a proper course of
privacy for the companies.

12. Increased Collaboration

Cloud computing provides an optimal solution to help teams work faster and at ease. This enables
flexible scheduling of work. The tasks can be shared amongst the different collaborators to ensure
proper work balance between colleagues from different time zones. Collaboration is integral in cloud
computing because it enables all the team members to work together irrespective of location. Cloud
computing will help the team members to work together irrespective of their location. Even if a team
member loses or damages a device, the data will, however remain safe and secure.

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13. Automatic Updates

One of the biggest reasons why cloud computing is interesting is because it provides automatic updates.
Cloud providers usually come up with a cloud service model called Software as a Service or SaaS. This
model enables the software vendors to take care of regular software updates on behalf of the users. This
provides hassle-free service, which improves energy efficiency. It also saves time by reducing
computer-related emissions.

14. Increased Focus on Core Business

The core business model of cloud computing is to provide flexibility in the workplace. It also facilitates
managing complex IT infrastructure. The key focus of cloud computing is to work with a cloud partner
in improving the business. Cloud computing focuses on providing the core components of IaaS, SaaS,
PaaS, and BaaS. Cloud computing procedures mainly focus on these aspects and, thereby are focused
primarily on data storage and respecting its privacy.

15. Competitiveness

Cloud computing can analyze big data in cloud systems which creates a competitive advantage in the
world of cloud service. The major advantage of cloud computing is the access and affordability of data
for both small and medium-scale enterprises. It also reduces IT costs which is beneficial when you are
starting your business. The other competitive advantages of cloud computing are:

 Cost leadership.
 Defensive Strategies
 Strategic Alliances

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users and works
very fast.

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2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure failure are
minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having engineers for peak
loads.

4) Multi-Sharing

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost
reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or
what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-
party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be installed on each
user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud computing, IT
company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can access services on
the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing (Pros and Cons)

Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing

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Data Backup and Restoration:

Cloud computing offers a quick and easy method for data backup and restoration. Businesses may simply
access and restore their data in the event of any data loss or system failure by keeping it in the cloud.

Improved Collaboration:

Collaboration is improved because cloud technologies make it possible for teams to share information
easily. Multiple users may work together on documents, projects, and data thanks to shared storage in the
cloud, enhancing productivity and teamwork.

Excellent Accessibility:

Access to information stored in the cloud is made possible. Users can access their data from anywhere in the
world with an internet connection, making remote work, flexibility, and effective operations possible.

Cost-effective Maintenance:

Organizations using cloud computing can save money on both hardware and software upkeep. Because
cloud service providers manage the maintenance and updates, businesses no longer need to make costly
infrastructure investments or set aside resources for continuous maintenance.

Upkeep and Updates:

Cloud service providers take care of infrastructure upkeep, security patches, and updates, freeing
organizations from having to handle these duties themselves.

This frees up IT teams' time and resources to work on higher-value projects like application development,
data analysis, or strategic initiatives rather than wasting them on rote upkeep and updates.

Mobility:

Cloud computing makes it simple for mobile devices to access data. Utilizing smartphones and tablets, users
can easily access and control their cloud-based applications and data, increasing their mobility and
productivity.

Pay-per-use Model:Cloud computing uses a pay-per-use business model that enables companies to only
pay for the services they really utilize. This method is affordable, eliminates the need for up-front
investments, and offers budget management flexibility for IT.

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Scalable Storage Capacity:

Businesses can virtually store and manage a limitless amount of data in the cloud. The cloud offers a
scalable and centralized storage option for all types of data, including documents, photos, audio, video, and
other kinds of files.
Enhanced Data Security:

Cloud computing places a high focus on data security. To guarantee that data is handled and stored safely,
cloud service providers offer cutting-edge security features like encryption, access limits, and regular
security audits. Businesses can rest easy knowing that their important data is secure.

Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity:

Cloud computing provides reliable options for these two issues. Businesses can quickly bounce back from
any unforeseen disasters or disruptions thanks to data redundancy, backup systems, and geographically
dispersed data centers.

Agility and Innovation:

Businesses can continue to be innovative and nimble thanks to cloud computing. Organizations may quickly
embrace new solutions, test out emerging trends, and promote corporate growth with access to a variety of
cloud-based tools, services, and technology.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

When we talk about the "disadvantages of cloud computing," we're talking about any potential drawbacks or
difficulties that businesses might have when utilizing cloud computing services. These drawbacks draw
attention to some restrictions or risks related to cloud computing that businesses should take into account
before making a choice.

Some of the Disadvantages of Cloud Computing are as follows:

o Vendor Reliability and Downtime:

Because of technological difficulties, maintenance needs, or even cyberattacks, cloud service providers can
face outages or downtime. Users may not be able to access their data or applications during these times,
which can interfere with business operations and productivity.

o Internet Dependency:

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A dependable and fast internet connection is essential for cloud computing. Business operations may be
delayed or interrupted if there are connectivity problems or interruptions in the internet service that affect
access to cloud services and data.

o Limited Control and Customization:

Using standardized services and platforms offered by the cloud service provider is a common part of cloud
computing. As a result, organizations may have less ability to customize and control their infrastructure,
applications, and security measures. It may be difficult for some organizations to modify cloud services to
precisely match their needs if they have special requirements or compliance requirements.

o Data Security and Concerns about Privacy:

Concerns about data security and privacy arise when sensitive data is stored on the cloud. Businesses must
have faith in the cloud service provider's security procedures, data encryption, access controls, and
regulatory compliance. Unauthorized access to data or data breaches can have serious repercussions,
including financial loss, reputational harm, and legal obligations.

o Hidden Costs and Pricing Models:

Although pay-as-you-go models and lower upfront costs make cloud computing more affordable, businesses
should be wary of hidden charges. Data transfer fees, additional storage costs, fees for specialized support or
technical assistance, and expenses related to regulatory compliance are a few examples.

o Dependency on Service Provider:

When an organization depends on a cloud service provider, it is dependent on that provider's dependability,
financial security, and longevity. Users may have disruptions and difficulties switching to alternate options
if the provider runs into financial difficulties, changes their pricing policy, or even closes down their
services.

o Data Location and Compliance:

When data is stored in the cloud, it frequently sits in numerous data centers around the globe that may be
governed by multiple legal systems and data protection laws. This may pose compliance issues, especially if
some sectors of the economy or nations have stringent data sovereignty laws.

Organizations should carry out a comprehensive risk assessment, thoroughly examine the dependability and
security procedures of possible cloud service providers, and build backup and disaster recovery strategies to
counteract these drawbacks.
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Cloud Computing Technologies

There are certain technologies working behind the cloud computing platforms making cloud computing
flexible, reliable, and usable. These technologies are listed below:

 Virtualization
 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Grid Computing
 Utility Computing

Virtualization

Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an application or resource
among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does this by assigning a logical name to a physical
resource and providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded.

The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants. Hence, the organizations
can use and customize their application as though they each have their instances running.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

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Service-Oriented Architecture helps to use applications as a service for other applications regardless the type
of vendor, product or technology. Therefore, it is possible to exchange the data between applications of
different vendors without additional programming or making changes to services.

The cloud computing service oriented architecture is shown in the diagram below.

Grid Computing

Grid Computing refers to distributed computing, in which a group of computers from multiple locations are
connected with each other to achieve a common objective. These computer resources are heterogeneous and
geographically dispersed.

Grid Computing breaks complex task into smaller pieces, which are distributed to CPUs that reside within
the grid.

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Utility Computing

Utility computing is based on Pay-per-Use model. It offers computational resources on demand as a

metered service. Cloud computing, grid computing, and managed IT services are based on the concept of
utility computing.

Cloud Migration :

Cloud Migration is a transformation from old traditional business operations to digital business operations
and the process refers to moving the digital business operations to cloud. That means data, applications or
other business elements are moved into a cloud computing environment. For example moving data and
applications from a local, on-premises data center to the cloud.

On-premises to cloud migration process :

Every business starting from small to large organizations follows slightly different process for cloud
migrations. Some of the common elements which are considered before cloud migration are

 Evaluation of requirement and performance

 Selection of cloud provider
 Calculation of operational costs
The basic steps which are followed as follows

 Establishing migration goals

 Creating a security strategy
 Replicating existing database
 Move business intelligence
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 Then switch production from on-premises to cloud

Cloud Migration Strategy :
5 R’s represents the cloud migration strategy.

1. Rehost : It refers to take the application to the new hosted cloud environment by selecting IaaS
(Infrastructure as a Service).
2. Refactor : It refers to reuse the application code and frameworks and running the application on
a PaaS (Platform as a Service).
3. Revise : It refers to expanding code base and then deploying it either by rehosting or refactoring.
4. Rebuild : It refers to re-architecting the application from the beginning up on a PaaS provider’s
platform.
5. Replace : It refers to replacing the old application with a new built SaaS (software as a Service).
Benefits of cloud migration :
1. Scalability: Scalable enough to support various workloads and users. So it offers to expand without
impacting performance.
2. Performance: Moving into cloud provides higher performance and customer satisfaction as compared
to traditional business processes.
3. Productivity: As it manages the complexity of infrastructure, so improved productivity is more
focused with a continuous process of growing business.
4. Flexibility: It allows to use the services flexibly as well as from any where and any time cloud
services can be accessed as per demand/need.
5. Cost: Moving into cloud technology offers reduced cost in managing, operating, upgrading and
maintaining IT operations or infrastructure.
6. Security: Security is a major concern which is taken care by cloud service providers.
7. Profitability: As it follows pay per use model so it delivers a greater profitability to the customers.
8. Agility: It is flexible enough to go with rapid changes in technology and it provides producing newer
and advanced setup quickly as per requirement.
9. Recovery: It provides backup and recovery solutions to businesses with less time and upfront
investment.
Cloud migration Challenges :
1. Moving a database is a difficult task as there are large amounts of data involved and mostly transferred
over internet.
2. After data is transferred into cloud database, another problem is to check the transferred data is intact
and secure as well as there is no data loss has been occurred during this process.

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3. During migration a problem arises as some of operations or data are already moved into cloud and
some are still available on-premises. So ensuring current system is operational and ensuring on going
cloud migration process is taking place correctly needs a careful attention.
4. Interoperability becomes a problem as it is not easy to establish a perfect communication in between
existing applications and newer cloud environments.
5. Using cloud services, getting good with newer cloud procedures, managing resources and cloud
activities requires trained IT professionals who can work in the cloud eco system.
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IaaS
IaaS contains the basic building blocks for cloud IT and typically provides access to networking features,
computers (virtual or on dedicated hardware), and data storage space. IaaS vendors can help you with the
highest level of flexibility and management control over your IT resources and is the type most similar to
existing IT resources that many IT departments and developers are familiar with.
PaaS
PaaS vendors remove the need for organizations to manage the underlying infrastructure (usually hardware
and operating systems), and this integration allows you to focus on the deployment and management of your
applications. This helps you be more efficient, as you don’t need to worry about resource procurement,
capacity planning, software maintenance, patching, or any of the other undifferentiated heavy lifting
involved in running your application.
SaaS
SaaS vendors provide you with software applications that are run and managed by the vendor. In most cases,
people referring to SaaS are referring to third-party end-user applications. With a SaaS offering you do not
have to worry about how the service is maintained or how the underlying infrastructure is managed; you
only need think about how you will use that particular piece of software. A common example of a SaaS
application is web-based email where you can send and receive email without having to manage feature
additions or maintain the servers and operating systems that the email program is running on.

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Unit II Types and Working

Types of Cloud : Public and Private Cloud – Cloud Infrastructure – Cloud Application Architecture,
Working of Cloud Computing: Trends in Computing – Cloud Service Models – Cloud Deployment Models
– Risks in the Cloud – Cloud Computing and Services: Pros and Cons.

Types of Cloud

Cloud computing is a revolutionary technology transforming how we store, access, and process data. It
simply refers to delivering computing resources, such as servers, storage, databases, software, and
applications, over the Internet. Cloud computing uses a network of remote computer systems housed on the
net to save and process data rather than relying on physical infrastructure.

Cloud service companies use advanced security techniques, which include encryption, firewalls, and access
restrictions, to secure your data from unauthorized access. Moreover, because your information is saved in
the cloud, it is secure even if your nearby devices are damaged, misplaced, or stolen. Redundancy and cloud
backups guarantee that your data may be restored promptly and effectively in case of any unexpected
situations.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 5 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's needs-

1. Public Cloud
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid Cloud
4. Community Cloud
5. Multi Cloud

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Public Cloud

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP). The
CSP looks after the supporting infrastructure and ensures that the resources are accessible to and scalable for
the users.

Due to its open architecture, anyone with an internet connection may use the public cloud, regardless of
location or company size. Users can use the CSP's numerous services, store their data, and run apps. By
using a pay-per-usage strategy, customers can be assured that they will only be charged for the resources
they actually use, which is a smart financial choice.

Characteristics of Public Cloud

The public cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Accessibility: Public cloud services are available to anyone with an internet connection. Users can
access their data and programs at any time and from anywhere.
o Shared Infrastructure: Several users share the infrastructure in public cloud settings. Cost
reductions and effective resource use are made possible by this.
o Scalability: By using the public cloud, users can easily adjust the resources they need based on their
requirements, allowing for quick scaling up or down.
o Pay-per-Usage: When using the public cloud, payment is based on usage, so users only pay for the
resources they actually use. This helps optimize costs and eliminates the need for upfront
investments.

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o Managed by Service Providers: Cloud service providers manage and maintain public cloud
infrastructure. They handle hardware maintenance, software updates, and security tasks, relieving
users of these responsibilities.
o Reliability and Redundancy: Public cloud providers ensure high reliability by implementing
redundant systems and multiple data centers. By doing this, the probability of losing data and
experiencing service disruptions is reduced.
o Security Measures: Public cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect user data.
These include encryption, access controls, and regular security audits.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about the
maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.
o Rapid deployment of services and applications.
o Reduced time and effort in hardware procurement and setup.
o The cloud provider offers a range of services and resources that you can avail of.
o Built-in redundancy and resilience for enhanced reliability.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The data is not under the control of the client.
o Dependency on the cloud service provider for availability and service level agreements.
o Compliance challenges in meeting industry-specific regulations and standards.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data.
o Concerns about data privacy and confidentiality.
o Potential for unexpected costs with usage-based pricing models.
o Lack of customization options and flexibility compared to private or hybrid cloud environments.

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o Reliance to the cloud provider's support and responsiveness for issue resolution.

Private Cloud

Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to build
and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed using Opensource
tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at Customer, and IBM
Cloud Private.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide
private cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud: An on-premise private cloud is situated within the physical
infrastructure of the organization. It involves setting up and running a specific data center that offers
cloud services just for internal usage by the company. The infrastructure is still completely under the
hands of the organization, which gives them the freedom to modify and set it up in any way they see
fit. Organizations can successfully manage security and compliance issues with this degree of
control. However, on-premise private cloud setup and management necessitate significant hardware,
software, and IT knowledge expenditures.
o Outsourced private cloud: An outsourced private cloud involves partnering with a third-party
service provider to host and manage the cloud infrastructure on behalf of the organization. The
provider may operate the private cloud in their data center or a colocation facility. In this
arrangement, the organization benefits from the expertise and resources of the service provider,
alleviating the burden of infrastructure management. The outsourced private cloud model offers

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scalability, as the provider can adjust resources based on the organization's needs. Due to its
flexibility, it is a desirable choice for businesses that desire the advantages of a private cloud
deployment without the initial capital outlay and ongoing maintenance expenses involved with an
on-premise implementation.

Compared to public cloud options, both on-premise and external private clouds give businesses more control
over their data, apps, and security. Private clouds are particularly suitable for organizations with strict
compliance requirements, sensitive data, or specialized workloads that demand high levels of customization
and security.

Characteristics of Private Cloud

The private cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Exclusive Use: Private cloud is dedicated to a single organization, ensuring the resources and
services are tailored to its needs. It is like having a personal cloud environment exclusively for that
organization.
o Control and Security: Private cloud offers organizations higher control and security than public
cloud options. Organizations have more control over data governance, access controls, and security
measures.
o Customization and Flexibility: Private cloud allows organizations to customize the infrastructure
according to their specific requirements. They can configure resources, networks, and storage to
optimize performance and efficiency.
o Scalability and Resource Allocation: The private cloud can scale and allocate resources. According
to demand, businesses may scale up or down their infrastructure, effectively using their resources.
o Performance and dependability: Private clouds give businesses more control over the
infrastructure at the foundation, improving performance and dependability.
o Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: Organizations may more easily fulfill certain
compliance and regulatory standards using the private cloud. It provides the freedom to put in place
strong security measures, follow data residency laws, and follow industry-specific norms.
o Hybrid Cloud Integration: Private cloud can be integrated with public cloud services, forming a
hybrid cloud infrastructure. This integration allows organizations to leverage the benefits of both
private and public clouds.

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

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o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization itself. So,
there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data security is
the first priority.
o Customizable to meet specific business needs and compliance regulations.
o Higher reliability and uptime compared to public cloud environments.
o Seamless integration with existing on-premises systems and applications.
o Better compliance and governance capabilities for industry-specific regulations.
o Enhanced flexibility in resource allocation and application deployment.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and organizations that do
not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.
o Higher upfront costs and ongoing maintenance expenses.
o Scaling resources can be challenging compared to public or hybrid cloud options.
o Relies on internal IT staff for management and troubleshooting.
o Slower deployment timelines and implementation compared to public cloud solutions.
o Limited access to the latest advancements and innovations offered by public cloud providers.
o Reduced flexibility and agility compared to public cloud options.
o Challenges in keeping up with hardware and software upgrades and compatibility.
o Higher risks of technology becoming outdated and the need for regular infrastructure updates.

Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

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Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud can be accessed
by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be accessed only by the
organization's users. In a hybrid cloud setup, organizations can leverage the benefits of both public and
private clouds to create a flexible and scalable computing environment. The public cloud portion allows
using cloud services provided by third-party providers, accessible over the Internet.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on
the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because of
the private cloud.
o Hybrid facilitates seamless integration between on-premises infrastructure and cloud environments.
o Hybrid provides greater control over sensitive data and compliance requirements.
o Hybrid enables efficient workload distribution based on specific needs and performance
requirements.
o Hybrid offers cost optimization by allowing organizations to choose the most suitable cloud platform
for different workloads.

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o Hybrid enhances business continuity and disaster recovery capabilities with private and public cloud
resources.
o Hybrid supports hybrid cloud architecture, allowing applications and data to be deployed across
multiple cloud environments based on their unique requirements.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.

o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type of
deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.
o Potential challenges in data integration and ensuring seamless connectivity between different cloud
platforms.
o Higher costs due to the need for managing and integrating multiple cloud environments.
o Increased complexity in data governance and compliance management across different cloud
providers.
o Dependency on stable and high-bandwidth internet connections for efficient hybrid cloud operations.
o Potential compatibility issues between various cloud platforms and applications.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data across different cloud
providers.
o Requires skilled IT staff with expertise in managing hybrid cloud environments.

Community Cloud

Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share
the information between the organization and a specific community. It is owned, managed, and operated by
one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

In a community cloud setup, the participating organizations, which can be from the same industry,
government sector, or any other community, collaborate to establish a shared cloud infrastructure. This
infrastructure allows them to access shared services, applications, and data relevant to their community.

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Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several organizations
or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud with more
security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provdes collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities among
various organizations.
o Offers customization options to meet the unique needs and requirements of the community.
o Simplifies compliance with industry-specific regulations and standards through shared security
measures.
o Provides scalability and flexibility, allowing organizations to scale resources based on changing
demands.
o Promotes efficient resource utilization, reducing wastage, and optimizing performance within the
community.
o Enables organizations to leverage shared expertise and experiences, leading to improved decision-
making and problem-solving.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
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o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.

o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community members.
o Challenges in ensuring consistent performance and availability when multiple organizations share
the same resources.
o Limited scalability options as the shared resources determine the community cloud's capacity.
o Potential conflicts of interest among community members regarding resource allocation and usage.
o Transparent governance and agreement frameworks are required to address potential disputes and
ensure fair resource distribution.
o Inadequate technical support and service level agreements (SLAs) compared to private or public
cloud options.

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