Journal of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol. 39 No 3 pp.

497 -511 May 2011

IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION

EXCAVATION FROM ADJACENT CHANNELS DURING
EARTHQUAKE
Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly
Lecturer, Faculty of Industrial Education, Sohag University
(Received March 20, 2011 Accepted April 5, 2011)
One of the most important factors affecting the design of the structures is
the impact of the earthquake loadings on the forces and the design
displacements. Nevertheless, the influences of the near structures from
the existing channels, that sometimes can cause great changes in forces
and displacements, can never be neglected. Therefore, the induced
displacement due to the adjacent channels of constructed buildings
foundations has been investigated in this study. Having the results of the
study, it can be evaluated, whether the amounts of variations in forces
and displacements are in the allowable ranges, and what measures and
precautions are needed to save the structures in case of having excess
changes in these parameters. In this paper, the site characteristics of
buildings foundations are first investigated. Then the excavation of the
building is modeled, while the adjacent channels are taken into account.
Finally, the impact of the excavation on the adjacent structures under
earthquake loadings is studied and investigated. The accelerograph of El
Centro earthquake has been used for seismic analyses and fifteen stories
buildings have been modeled as well as the adjacent channels.
KEYWORDS: Channels, excavation, Earthquake, foundation depth
impact, distance between buildings impact.

INTRODUCTION
The underlying soil layer highly affects the response of super structures, like buildings
or bridges, exposed to seismic actions. So far, extensive studies concerning the impact
of the earthquakes on underground and ground buildings have been carried out. These
studies proved that underground structures are less vulnerable than the superstructures
[1]. Although large number of buildings and underground spaces are without a seismic
design, they have resisted against heavy earthquakes. For example, the Mexico-city
underground building during 1985 earthquake [2] and the Los Angeles subway during
earthquake escaped quietly undamaged while many surface buildings were largely
damaged [3]. Consequently, the investigation of earthquake impact on the surface
buildings is highly important. Particularly if a building crosses through the ground is
planned in an area which greatly covered by residential and older ancient cultural
buildings. For this reason a great attempt has been afforded to study and investigate the
effect of different earthquakes on the adjacent buildings located on the path of the
underground foundations buildings. The effect of the earthquake on super structures
has been studied before construction of the underground foundations buildings and has
been compared with those induced after excavation of the building. Regarding the

497
498 Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly

seism city of Egypt, based on the Egyptian code of practice for seismic resistant design
of buildings [4], Egypt is recognized as a zone by relatively high risk in the seismic
zone of Egypt, according to the results of the past studies in the region, in spite of
medium earthquakes which have caused damages to the cities of Egypt.
During strong earthquakes foundation piles tend to modify soil deformations
significantly, since they oppose the seismic motion of the subsoil. Further because of
the interplay between soil and piles the motion at the base of the superstructure can
significantly deviate from the free-field motion and the piles are subjected to additional
bending, axial and shearing stresses. The bending moments, usually referred to as
“kinematics” ones, may be very important even in the absence of the superstructure.
As a main approximation in the construction of the cone model, the soil is
idealized as a linearly elastic medium. To incorporate soil nonlinearity into this model,
the equivalent linear approach may be utilized. The equivalent linear approach is a
well-known method for site-specific response analysis and the evaluation of earthquake
effects on soil deposits. This approach is illustrated with reference to Figure 1, which
considers degraded secant stiffness (an equivalent linear stiffness) and equivalent
damping (indicating the hysteretic damping) as a representation of nonlinear stress-
strain relationship of the soil at each specified shear strain level. To define degraded
secant stiffness and its equivalent damping, modulus reduction curves and related
damping ratio curves presented in the literature (e.g. Vucetic and Dobry 1991)[5] are
used. As shown in Figure 1b, knowing shear strain level γ and initial shear modulus
Gmax, the value of Gsec is simply determined. Similarly, equivalent damping ratio ξ is
calculated by implementing the shear strain level into the damping ratio curves (Figure
1c). The assumed shear strain level can be estimated on the basis of the anticipated
maximum ground acceleration (ATC 40)[6].

Figure (1): Equivalent linear idealization of soil stress-strain hysteretic loop

The equilibrium of slopes during seismic waves is significant effect on R.C.

buildings built besides canals, especially when the depth of these channels are largest
than foundation depth of building (Deep foundations (piles)), where the soil mass
adjacent to the channel, which is the basis of the building, move more freely from the
soil where there is no drilling channels did not. Effect of soil on structural elements of
the building and its impact on the internal forces of the building under seismic forces
large and especially in different layers of soil and seismic forces change directions
(from left to right and vice versa).
 IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION … 499
It is worth to note that the displacement analysis is not capable of reproducing
the deformation pattern of a slope / earth structure since actual deformations may be
spread out over a zone, leading to bulging rather than sliding. Therefore, the computed
permanent displacement should be always considering an index of seismic
performance.
Despite of the simple analytical procedure required for applications that has
better prediction capability with respect to the pseudo-static methods, displacement-
based methods are not commonly used in engineering practice because they require to
represent the seismic action by appropriate acceleration time histories and then
requiring, as a consequence, a proper knowledge of site seismicity. This is why the
pseudo-static methods are the most widespread in engineering practice for the analysis
of slope stability under seismic conditions.
In the pseudo-static approach, the earth mass is assumed to behave as a rigid-
plastic material and to be in a state of limit equilibrium under the action of inertia and
static forces. The inadequacy of this approach in predicting the performance of a slope
subjected to earthquake loading has been recognized from a long time. The pseudo-
static inertia force is in fact considered constant while the earthquake loading is
typically a transient action characterized by abrupt changes in modulus and sign. As a
consequence, during the earthquake, the ratio of the resisting to the driving forces may
drop below unity for a short period of time and in limited portions of the slope only
and this may induce some movement without causing a complete collapse of the slope.
The static equivalent force is proportional to the weight of the potential sliding mass
through a seismic coefficient K of horizontal and vertical components Kh and Kv,
respectively. The horizontal seismic coefficient is usually expressed as a fraction of the
maximum site acceleration. Thus, despite some accurate assessments of seismic
behaviours of superstructures and underground buildings individually, their seismic
responses need to be re-evaluated together in which the interaction between
underground buildings and adjacent structures plays an important role and may lead to
different and new results. In the following section the method of this evaluation and the
procedures of the analyses are presented and described in details.
The ability to predict with confidence excavation and tunnelling induced
displacement is a crucial aspect of the design because ground movements transmit to
adjacent structures as settlements, rotations and distortions of their foundations, which
can, in turn, induce damage affecting visual appearance and aesthetics, serviceability or
function, and, in the most severe cases, stability of the structures (Burland and Wroth,
1974; Burland et al. 1977; Boscardin and Cording, 1989) [7, 8, 9].
One of the main sources of seismic vulnerability in Italy is represented by the
instability of slopes. Therefore, this is a subject of great significance, particularly in
view of the growing attention that has been recently dedicated to the reduction of
seismic hazard. The response of a slope under seismic loading is determined by the
temporal and spatial distribution of the seismic forces in the soil mass, which in turn
depend on the characteristics of the seismic input and on the mechanical properties of
the soil. A number of different techniques exist to address this problem, each implying
some level of approximation. Experience of using advanced numerical analysis is still
somewhat limited, and it seems difficult to generalize the results of such complex
analyses. An advisable approach would be that of carrying out the analysis of the same
problem using a number of approaches characterized by different levels of complexity,
500 Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly

in order to assess the reliability and robustness of the different procedures. In the
present research project, different research groups were given the task of pursuing the
study of the seismic behavior of slopes using a number of different approaches, and
investigating the possibility of using the results of the more advanced analysis as a
guidance for a sound and reliable use of the simplest and most common analysis
method, that still form the backbone of professional practice. Aversa et all. (2009).

MODEL DESCRIPTION
This study investigates the effect of seismic waves on the building which is constructed
on banks of water channel and the effect of the shape of these channels.
The model is a building constructed on two layers of well defined soils,
thickness of the top layer is 12.5m and consists of semi rigid clay (the properties as
mentioned in table (1)), and the bottom layer from dense sand (the properties as
mentioned in table (1)) its thickness is 87.5m. The building will be found in the middle
of the soil portion which its dimension 400m long, and 100m thick and 20m wide.
The building consists of frame system (the properties of its elements as
mention in table (2)). The foundation of the building was a pile foundation which its
depth was 15m from badroom level (bedroom height from ground level is 4m). Piles
penetrate the second soil layer by 5m (Dense sand layer). Table (1) shows the
important values of the soil layers that are used in this research. Table (2) shows the
characteristics of the buildings.

Table (1): The geotechnical characteristics of the soil layers.

Soil Soil layers Unit Weight Poisson’s Ratio Elastic modulus E
type Depth (m) γ ,(t/m3) (ν) (kg/cm2)
(1) 12.50 1.8 0.25 200
(2) 87.5 2.0 0.3 500

Table (2): The Buildings Characteristics.

Type of The Unit weight
Poisson’s
the behavioral EA(kg/m) EI(kg.m2/m) of the length
Ratio (ν)
structure model (kg/m/m)
Buildings Elastic 1.18x109 2.329x108 1200 0.1

The building specifications are:

• Number of stories: 15 stories
• Column dimension: 70x70cm
• Beam dimension: 25x60cm
• Height of story: 3m
• Number of bays: 2
• Width of bays: 8m
• Column reinforcements: 16Ø16mm and stirrups 6Ø8/m`
• Beam reinforcements: upper reinforcement 2Ø12mm,
 IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION … 501
• lower reinforcement 4Ø16mm and stirrups 6Ø8/m`
• Concrete grade: C28=250kg/cm2
• Steel grade: st52.
• Live load : 200 kg/m2
Figure (2) shows the used model. The tested building is 16m wide and its
embedment depth from the ground surface is 4m. The horizontal distances between
building and the adjacent channel is 50m. The building will be excavated by means of
Boring Machine using the sheet-pile to protect the excavated trenches. The model of
soils as shown in figure (2) are two layers of soil with a specified types, 400m long and
100m wide with 20m thick. The two layers were divided into small elements for each
is 1mx1m, these divisions were within the divisions of the building. The dimensions of
the first model channel (figure 2-i) were 50x50m and the distance between the upper
edge of the channel and the tested building was 50m. The channel was embedded
12.5m in the first soil layer (the whole thickness of the soil (1)) and was embedded
37.5m in the second soil type (soil (2)). The bottom end of the soil (as a rigid rock
base) was hinged support, and the sides of the soil profile were roller supports.
Figure (2-ii) shows the details of the second tested model. The channel
adjacent to building was trapezoidal cross section with dimensions top 120m wide and
bottom, 20m wide the height of the channel was 50m and the distance between the
channel and building was50m. The sides slope of the trapezoidal channel cross section
inclined by 45◦ with vertical. The materials that form the slopes were the same material
of soil layers (1), and (2) with the same depths.
The smallest elements have been taken around the building and the channel,
where there are areas of highly stress concentration, to increase the accuracy of the
analysis. In the static analyses, the boundary conditions at the end of the model are
hinged support and at the sides of the model are roller supports. The tested elements in
the building were element (1) which is the frame element (column) connected beam of
bedroom and ground floor the, element (2) frame element (column) connected pile cap
and element (3), and element (3) frame element (column) connected bedroom beam
and element (2). The tested points on the building were top point in building is top left
corner point and bottom point was the left lower corner point adjacent building on the
ground. (see figure 2).
16m
Bottom point Element (3) (Top)
th
Earthquake Direction Element (1) 15 stories building
Element (2)
96m 50m 50m (Bottom) F3
188m
13m

13m

F1
F2
Pile Cap Soil (1)
Piles
50m
100m

Soil (2)

400m
i) First model (the channel with rectangular cross-section) (Dim. In m)
 502 Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly
16 m
Bottom point Element (3) (Top)
th

Earthquake Direction Element (1) 15 stories building

Element (2)
26 m 120 m 50 m 188 m
13 m

(Bottom) F3
F1
F2
Pile Cap Soil (1)
Piles

50 m
100 m

Soil (2)
20 m

400 m
ii) Second model (the channel with trapezoidal cross-section) (Dim. In m)

Figure (2): Ground profile and the positions of the existing structures in the selected site

Figure (3) shows the different studied cases. To show the effect of the seismic
wave direction on the building existed near a channel with various cross section shape,
many cases were studied.

Earthquake Direction Earthquake Direction Earthquake Direction

Case (1) Case (2) Case (3)

Earthquake Direction Earthquake Direction

Earthquake Direction

Case (4) Case (5) Case (6)

Earthquake Direction Earthquake Direction

Case (7) Case (8)

Figure (3): study cases

 IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION … 503
Table (3) shows the description of different studies cases.

Table (3): the description of different studies cases

Earthquake
Cases Description
direction
Case (1) Rectangular cross section channel left building Left to right
Case (2) Rectangular cross section channel left building Right to left
Case (3) Trapezoidal cross section channel left building Left to right
Case (4) Trapezoidal cross section channel left building Right to left
The building in the mid length of the soil
Case (5) without the existence of channels (reference Left to right
case)
The building in the mid length of the soil
Case (6) without the existence of channels (reference Right to left
case)
Case (7) The building with fixed base Left to right
Case (8) The building with fixed base Right to left

THE METHOD OF NUMERICAL MODELING

In this study a commercially available finite element package, SAP2000 V11 [11],
which is capable of performing dynamic analysis of soil-structure interaction using the
ground accelerographs, has been used. Since it is planned to investigate the impact of a
channel constructions on the response of the adjacent building, two different cases
have been taken into account: I) the first case, the seismic analysis of the building is
performed before excavating channel, and II) the second case, the seismic analysis of
the building after the construction of the channels. The Elcentro accelerograph was
used to calculate the displacements of the buildings, base shear, and base moment at
different distance and different foundation depth for first building. The fixed base
model was taken in consideration to compare the results of different cases of the
model.

SELECTION OF ADEQUATE ACCELEROGRAPHS

The recorded accelerograph El Centro (1940) earthquake shown in figure (4) is
selected for seismic analysis of the model (the duration of this wave is 40sec.).
According to the Egyptian code of practice for seismic resistant design of buildings
(ECOL201), Egypt is classified as medium seismic risk area, and the design
acceleration of the area is recommended to be 0.25g which is shown in figure (4). In
this study the accelerographs have been used to perform the seismic analysis of the
model, with varied accelerations of earthquake (0.25g, 0.5g, and 1g) to study the effect
of excess earthquake forces in the studied cases.
504 Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly

300

acc.(cm/sec/sec)
0

-300

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Time(sec.)
Figure (4): Elcentro accelerograph

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The dynamic analysis of model with and without the existence of an adjacent channel
(reference case) using the accelerographs of the El Centro earthquakes was carried out.
The building was considered to be 15 stories height. Based on the analysis results, the
variations of the horizontal and vertical displacements of the buildings at points (1, 2)
versus the time are shown in figure 5.
Figure (5-i) shows the lateral displacements at top point of the building at
seismic acceleration 0.25g, 0.5g and 1g. The horizontal displacement in case (2) and
case (4) equals half the displacement values in the cases 1, 3, 5 and 6 for all
acceleration (0.25g, 0.5g and 1g). The building records the minimum values of
displacement in the case 7 and 8 (the fixed base cases).
Figure (5-ii) shows the horizontal displacement for the adjacent point of
building on ground level. The values of displacement are so close (cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6), but the ratio between these values and the corresponding displacement in cases
7, and 8 equals nearly 10.
Figure (5-iii, iv) show the vertical displacements at top and ground point close
to building at accelerations 0.25g, 0.5g and 1g. The vertical displacements in all cases
are so close, but the ratio between these values and the corresponding displacement in
cases 7, and 8 equal nearly 38.

i) Horizontal displacement of top point of building ii) Horizontal displacement at

ground point close to building
 IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION … 505

iii) Vertical displacement of top point of building iv) Vertical displacement at ground
point close to building
0.25g Max. 0.25g Min. 0.5g Max. 0.5g Min.
g Max. g Min.

Figure (5): Horizontal and Vertical displacements of the Model for Top and bottom
points

Figures (6) i,ii, and iii show shear force in different cases for elements 1, 2,
and 3 respectively (base element (1), column beam element (2) and ground surface
element (3)), elements (1,2) are located under ground.
In figure (6-i) concerning shear force for element (1), it is clear that the
maximum shear force appear in case (2), but the minimum value of shear force clear in
cases (5, 6, 7, and 8). The values of shear forces in base element (1) gradually
decreased from case (2, to 1, and 4, 3,5,6,7, to case 8). The maximum shear force in
element (1) at case (2) (rectangle cross section channel) appear because of the direction
of earthquake opposite the channel placement so, the building resist the sliding to
channel by a high value of shear in this element. Cases (5, 6, 7 and 8) shear force
nearly is equals for all acceleration values.
In figure (6-ii) base shear force for element (2), it is clear the maximum shear
force appears in case (2), but the minimum value of shear force clears in cases (5, 6, 7,
and 8). The values of shear forces in element (2) gradually decreased from case (1, to 2
and 3, 4,5,6,7, to case 8). The maximum shear force in element (2) at case (2) appear
because of the direction of earthquake opposite the channel placement so, the building
resist the sliding to channel by a high value of shear in this element. Cases (5, 6, 7 and
8) shear force nearly is equals for all acceleration values.
In figure (6-iii) shear force for element (3) (at ground surface); it is clear the
maximum shear force appear in case (3), but the minimum value of shear force clear in
cases (7 and 8) then case (2, 4, 1, 6 and 5). The maximum shear force in element (3) at
case (3) appear because of the direction of earthquake in the channel placement so, the
building resist the surface forces and the connected joint between the beam and the
column (element (3)). Cases (7 and 8) shear forces nearly are equals for acceleration
values.
506 Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly

i) Shear force element (1) ii) Shear force element (2)

iii) Shear force element (3)

0.25g Max. 0.25g Min. 0.5g Max. 0.5g Min.
g Max. g Min.

Figure (6): Shear force for elements (1, 2, and 3)

Figures (7) i,ii, and iii show moment for elements 1, 2, and 3 respectively. It is clear
from figure (7-i) moment of element (1) having a maximum value in case (1) and
gradually decreased in the other cases (2, 3, 4,5,6,7, and 8), the minimum values
appear in the case (8). The minimum values of moment occur in the case (3) (the effect
of soil takes in consideration) (the earthquake direction pass through the trapezoidal
channel before the building) and the value of bending nearly close to the value of the
case (7) (fixed base case). The bending moment in the high acceleration earthquake
(1g) recoded a high moment values nearly 4 times the values of moments under 0.25g
acceleration earthquake.
Figure (7-ii) shows base moment of element (2), the maximum moment value
is at case (1) and gradually decreased in the other cases (2, 3, and 4); the minimum
values appear in the case (5,6,,7,and 8) and the values are nearly closed. The minimum
values of moment occur in the case (3) (the effect of soil takes in consideration) (the
earthquake direction pass through the trapezoidal channel before the building). The
bending moment in the high acceleration earthquake (1g) recoded a high moment
values nearly 4 times the values of moments under 0.25g acceleration earthquake. The
element (2) subject to a high values moments than element (1) (nearly, the values in
element (2) equal 2.5 times its values in element (1)), because of it is connected with
the base foundation of the building.
Figure (7-iii) shows moment of element (3), the maximum moment value is at
case (3) for all values of acceleration (0.25g-0.5g-1g), the minimum values appear in
the case (1, 2, 4, and 6 with taking the soil effect on consideration) and the values are
nearly closed. The minimum values of moment in case (7 and 8) (fixed base case). The
 IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION … 507
bending moment in the high acceleration earthquake (1g) recoded a high moment
values nearly 4 times the values of moments under 0.25g acceleration earthquake. The
element (3) subject to a high values of moments than elements (1,2), because of it is
connected with the beams at ground surface level.

i) Bending moment element (1) ii) Bending moment element (2)

iii) Bending moment element (3)

0.25g Max. 0.25g Min. 0.5g Max. 0.5g Min.
g Max. g Min.

Figure (7): Bending moment elements (1, 2, and 3)

Figure (8) shows the axial force for elements 1, 2, and 3 respectively. In figure (8-i)
shows normal force in element (1), the maximum value of axial force appear in case
(3) in all acceleration values, the minimum values occur in case (4) (the earthquake
direction behind the building). Minimum values of axial force display in cases (7, 8)
(fixed base cases) wherever the direction of earthquake. The values of axial force in
earthquake acceleration 1g equal nearly 4 times the values in earthquake acceleration
0.25g. The values of axial force in cases (1, 2 , 4, 5 and 6) nearly equals a value equal
1.7 times the value in case (3).
Figure (8-ii) displays the axial force in element (2). The values of axial forces
nearly are equal for all earthquake acceleration in cases (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). Axial force
in cases (7,8) is equal and nearly equal to 4 times the values in cases (1,2,3, 4, 5 and 6).
Figure (8-iii) shows axial force in element (3), the maximum value of axial
force appear in case (3) in all acceleration values, the minimum values occur in case
(2) (the earthquake direction behind the building). Minimum values of axial force
display in cases (7, 8) (fixed base cases) wherever the direction of earthquake. The
values of axial force in earthquake acceleration 1g equal nearly 4 times the values in
508 Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly

earthquake acceleration 0.25g. The values of axial forces in cases (1, 2, 4, 5 and 6) are
nearly equal to 6.7 times the value in case (3).

(i) Axial force element (1) (ii) Axial force element (2)

(iii) Axial Force element (3)

0.25g Max. 0.25g Min. 0.5g Max. 0.5g Min.
g Max. g Min.

Figure (8): Axial Force for elements (1, 2, and 3)

CONCLUSIONS
The impact of the channels on the seismic responses of the adjacent high rise buildings
has been studied and investigated. The SAP2000 V11 [11] finite element package
capable of performing dynamic analysis has been used to model the site and existing
buildings, soil and channels. The El Centro accelerograph is used to apply the seismic
loadings to the model. Typical 15 stories building with deep foundation system (piles
with depth of 15m under bedroom level which is higher than channel bed level) was
considered in this study.
The effect of shape of channel (rectangle or trapezoidal), was also considered.
The effect of soil-structure interaction on the predicted settlements and footing loads of
two-dimensional multi-bay framed structures has been investigated.
The results of the analyzed examples showed that load redistribution
significantly modifies the pattern of and mitigates differential settlements.
Furthermore, the footing loads may increase or decrease due to the consideration of the
effect of shape of channel (rectangular or trapezoidal). Structures and their supporting
soils should, therefore, be considered as a one system, and taking their interaction into
account is essential for reasonably obtaining accurate predictions of both soil
 IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION … 509
settlements and distribution of forces in the structural members. Even if neglecting the
interaction effect do not result into harmful damages, it would however considerably
reduce the margin of safety, or result in over-or underestimation of the real shear, axial
force, and bending moments of the structural members.
According to the obtained results, the maximum variations of the horizontal
displacement of the buildings after channels excavation during the above considered
earthquakes increased by 18 to 24% which is considerable value, and for vertical
displacement changes increased by 17 to 21% with respect to the model with and
without the existence of an adjacent channel (reference case).
The variations of shear force rang from 7.5 to 1.3 times the shear in the alone
model, axial force in the building elements increase by 10 to 20% of reference case,
and the bending moment increased by 7.4 to 1.2 times of the bending moment in
reference case.
Based on the present study, the horizontal and vertical displacements, shear
force, axial force and bending moments induced in the adjacent buildings near
excavate channels highly depend on the shape of the channels, earthquake direction
and foundation type.
The three dimensional building and soil model study will give a realistic
seismic behavior of the building response near existing channels under earthquake
load.

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‫‪510‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed Abd El-Raheem Farghaly‬‬

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‫‪[11] "SAP2000, Nonlinear version11, Static and Dynamic Finite Elements Analysis of‬‬
‫‪Structure" Computers& Structures, Inc., Berkeley, U.S.A., 2007.‬‬

‫ﺘﺂﺜر اﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ذات اﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎت اﻝﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎة ﺒﺠوار ﻗﻨوات ﺘﺤت اﻝﺘﺎﺜﻴر اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻰ‬

‫ﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎﺜﻴر اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻰ اﻝﺤﺎدث ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻔﺎف ﻤﺠﺎرى ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘم ﻋﻤل ﻨﻤوذج ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻰ اﻻﺒﻌﺎد ﻝدراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻫذا اﻝﺘﺎﺜﻴر‪ .‬اﺒﻌﺎد اﻝﻨﻤوذج )ﻴﻤﺜل اﻻرض( ‪300‬م طول × ارﺘﻔﺎع ‪100‬م و ﺒﺴﻤك ‪20‬م‪ .‬ﻴﻨﻘﺴم اﻝﻨﻤوذج اﻝﻰ طﺒﻘﺘﻴن‬
‫‪،‬اﻝطﺒﻘﺔ اﻝﻌﻠوﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻤك ‪12‬م )وﺨواﺼﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺒﺔ ﺨواص اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝطﻤﻴﻴﺔ( وﺘﺤﺘﻬﺎ اﻝطﺒﻘﺔ اﻝﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﻤك ‪88‬م‬
‫)وﺨواﺼﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ اﻝرﻤﻠﻴﺔ( )ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫو اﻝﺤﺎل ﻓﻰ طﺒﻘﺎت اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘرب ﻤن ﻤﺠرى ﻨﻬراﻝﻨﻴل ﻤﺜﻼ(‪.‬‬
‫ان اﺘزان اﻝﻤﻴول اﺜﻨﺎء اﻝﻤوﺠﺎت اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻪ ﺘﺎﺜﻴر ﻜﺒﻴر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻘوى اﻝﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎت اﻝﻤﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺠو ار ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻴول‪ .‬اﻝﻘﻨوات اﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ و اﻝﻤﻘﺎم ﺒﺠوارﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﺨرﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ و ﺨﺼوﺼﺎ ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﻴﻜون ﻋﻤق ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻘﻨوات اﻜﺒر‬
‫ﻤن ﻤﻨﺴوب ﺘﺎﺴﻴس ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺂت )اﺴﺎﺴﺎت ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ )ﺨوازﻴق((‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ان ﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة ﻝﻠﻘﻨﺎة و اﻝﺘﻰ ﻴوﺠد‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ اﺴﺎس اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺘﺘﺤرك ﺒﺤرﻴﺔ اﻜﺒر ﻤن اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴوﺠد ﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﻔر ﻝﻠﻘﻨوات‪ .‬ﺘﺎﺜﻴر اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر‬
‫اﻻﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ و ﻤن ﺘﺎﺜﻴرﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻘوى اﻝداﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺘﺤت اﻝﻘوى اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴر و ﺨﺼوﺼﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻝطﺒﻘﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﺘرﺒﺔ و ﺘﻐﻴﻴر اﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻝﻘوى اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻴﺔ )ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن و اﻝﻌﻜس(‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا اﻝﻨﻤوذج ﻫو ﻤﻨﺸﺎ اطﺎرى ﺒﺎرﺘﻔﺎع ‪ 15‬دور‪ .‬اﻻﺴﺎﺴﺎت ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن اﺴﺎﺴﺎت ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫)ﺨوازﻴق ﺒطول ‪ 15‬ﻤن ﻤﻨﺴوب ارﻀﻴﺔ اﻝﺒدروم ﺘﺨﺘرق اﻝطﺒﻘﺔ اﻻوﻝﻰ ﻤن اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﻤق ‪ 12‬م )طﺒﻘﺔ اﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎك‬
‫ﻝﻠﺨﺎزوق( واﻝطﺒﻘﺔ اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻤق ‪3‬م )طﺒﻘﺔ اﻻرﺘﻜﺎز ﻝﻠﺨﺎزوق(‪ .‬اﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻤﺒﻨﺔ و ﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﻘﻨﺎﻩ ‪50‬م‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻤت اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤوذﺠﻴن اﻻول ﺒﻘﻨﺎة ﺒﻘطﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤرﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﺒﻌﺎد طول ‪50‬م و ﻋﻤق ‪50‬م واﻝﻨﻤوذج اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻘطﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﺤرف )اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة اﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ‪120‬م و اﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ ‪20‬م (‪.‬‬
‫ﺘم اﺴﻨﺨدام ﻋدد ﺜﻼث ﻋﺠﻼت ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻠزﻝزال )‪ (0.25g - 0.5g – 1g‬ﻓﻰ اﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪ (X‬ﺒﺤﻴث ﻴﻜون اﺘﺠﺎة اﻝﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻴﺔ ﻤرة ﻤن اﻝﻴﻤﻴن اﻝﻰ اﻝﺸﻤﺎل و ﻤرة اﺨرى ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن‪ .‬و ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﺤﻼت اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫو‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺠدول اﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﺘﺠﺎﻩ اﻝﻌﺠﻠﺔ اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺼف اﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬ ‫اﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻗﻨﺎة ﻤرﺒﻌﺔ اﻝﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻝﻠﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻗﻨﺎة ﻤرﺒﻌﺔ اﻝﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻗﻨﺎة ﺸﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﺤرف اﻝﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻝﻠﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻗﻨﺎة ﺸﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﺤرف اﻝﻘطﺎع‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(4‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ وﺴط اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ وﺤﻴدا‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻝﻠﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ وﺴط اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ وﺤﻴدا‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﺜﺒت اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(6‬‬
 ‫… ‪IMPACT ON UNDERGROUND DEEP FOUNDATION EXCAVATION‬‬ ‫‪511‬‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻝﻠﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﺜﺒت اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ )‪(7‬‬

‫اﻝﻌﻨﺼر )‪ (1‬ﻫو ﺠزء ﻤن اﻝﻌﻤود اﻝﻤواﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﻨﺎﻩ واﻝﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﻜﻤرة ﺴﻘف اﻝدور اﻻرﻀﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺴوب اﻻرض‬
‫واﻝﻌﻨﺼر )‪ (2‬ﻫو ﺠزء ﻤن اﻝﻌﻤود اﻝﻤواﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﻨﺎﻩ واﻝﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﺴﺎﺴﺎت اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ واﻝﻌﻨﺼر )‪ (3‬اﻝﻌﻤود اﻝﻤواﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫واﻝﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﻴن ﻜﻤرة ﺴﻘف اﻝدور اﻻرﻀﻰ و اﻝدور اﻻول ﻋﻠوى‪.‬‬
‫ﺘم اﺴﺘﺨدام ﻨﻤوذج ﺴطﺢ اﻻرض ﺒدون ﻗﻨوات و اﻝﻨﻤوذج ذو اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة اﻝﻤﺜﺒﺔ ﻜﺤﺎﻻت ﻤرﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﺤﺴﺎب ﺘﺎﺜﻴر اﻝﻘﻨوات و ﺸﻜل ﻗطﺎﻋﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎة ﺒﺠوارﻫﺎ ﺘم ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻻزاﺤﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻝراﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪ (X,Z‬ﻝﻘﻤﺔ اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ وﻝﻨﻘطﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴطﺢ اﻻرض ﻤﻼﺼﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ وﻗوى اﻝﻘص واﻝﻌزوم واﻝﻘوى اﻝﻤﺤورﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤن ﺘﺎﺜﻴر اﻝزﻝزال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻋﻤدة اﻝﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ )اﻝﻌﻤود اﻝﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﻋدة واﻝﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﻜﻤرة ﺴﻘف اﻝﺒدروم(‪.‬‬
‫وﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻫذﻩ اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ان اﻝﻘوى اﻝزﻝزاﻝﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺎﺜر ﺒوﺠود ﻤﺠرى ﻤﺎﺌﻰ )ﺤﻔر ﻋﻤﻴق ﻴﺼل اﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺴوب اﺴﻔل‬
‫ﺘﺎﺴﻴس اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ( ﺒﺎﻝﻘرب ﻤن اﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ اﻻرﺘﻔﺎع و ﺨﺎﺼﺔ اﻝﺨﺎزوﻗﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎﺴﻴس ﻋﻠﻰ طﺒﻘﺎت ﻤن اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ اﻝﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴث وﺠد ان اﻝﻘص ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻋﻤدة ﻴزﻴد ﻋن اﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ )اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺒدون ﻗﻨوات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ( ﻋﻨد ﺘﺎﺜﻴراﻝزﻝزال ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﻴﻤﻴن اﻝﻰ اﻝﺸﻤﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﻘﻨﺎة اﻝﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼر )‪ (1‬وﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﻘﻨﺎة اﻝﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﺔ و‬
‫ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﻤﻨﺤرف ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼرﻴن )‪ (2‬و)‪ (3‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘواﻝﻰ‪ .‬اﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘوى اﻝﻤﺤورﻴﺔ ﻓﺎن اﻝزﻴﺎدة ﻋن اﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ ﺘﻜون‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ اﻝزﻝزال اﻝﻤؤﺜر ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻝﻠﻘﻨﺎﻩ ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﻨﺤرف ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼرﻴن ‪ 2 ،1‬اﻤﺎ ﻗوى اﻝﻌزوم ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺘزﻴد‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼرﻴن ‪ 1،2‬ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ اﻝزﻝزال اﻝﻤؤﺜر ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴﻤﻴن ﻝﻠﻘﻨﺎﻩ اﻝﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﺔ و اﻝﻘﻨﺎﻩ ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﻨﺤرف ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼر ‪3‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﻔس اﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻝزﻴﺎدات ﻓﻰ اﻝﻘوى اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﻜون ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ وﺠود ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻘﻨوات ذات اﻝﻘطﺎﻋﺎت اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و اﻝﻘطﺎع اﻻﻜﺜر ﺘﺎﺜﻴ ار‬
‫ﻓﻰ زﻴﺎدة اﻝﻘوى ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻜﺎن اﻝﻘطﺎع اﻝﻤﺴﺘطﻴل )اﻝراﺴﻰ اﻝﺠواﻨب(‪ .‬و ﻝزﻴﺎدة دﻗﺔ اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ و ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ اﻜﺜر واﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻴﺠب‬
‫اﺠراء ﻫذة اﻻﻓﺘراﻀﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤوذج ﺜﻼﺜﻰ اﻻﺒﻌﺎد ﻝﻜﻼ ﻤن اﻝﺘرﺒﺔ و اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎء اﻝﺨرﺴﺎﻨﻰ ﻝزﻴﺎدة وﻀوح اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ و‬
‫ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ اﻜﺜر ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪.‬‬