1. Draw a neat labelled functional block diagram of 8085 Microprocessor.


2. Write a short note on Evaluation of Microprocessor giving one example of each generation.
 A microprocessor evaluation considers its processing power, data bus width, addressing capabilities, instruction set
complexity, clock speed, and overall performance, with each generation marked by significant advancements in these aspects.
First Generation (4-bit): Example: Intel 4004 - Introduced in 1971, this was the first commercially available microprocessor,
capable of processing 4-bit data at a time, primarily used in early calculators due to its limited processing power.
Second Generation (8-bit): Example: Intel 8080 - Released in 1974, it offered significant improvements with an 8-bit data bus,
allowing for more complex operations and wider applications like early personal computers.
Third Generation (16-bit): Example: Intel 8086 - Introduced in 1978, this microprocessor marked a major leap with 16-bit data
processing, enabling faster computations and more advanced system designs.
Fourth Generation (32-bit): Example: Intel 80386 - Released in 1985, this processor facilitated efficient 32-bit operations,
paving the way for powerful desktop computers with advanced multitasking capabilities.
Fifth Generation (64-bit and Beyond): Example: Intel Core i7 - Modern processors like the Core i7 represent the current
generation, offering 64-bit data processing, complex instruction sets, and high clock speeds for demanding applications like
video editing and gaming.
3. Draw a neat labelled diagram of 8051 memory Register Map.


4. Write an assembly language program to add 2 decimal numbers stored at 1050H and 1051H. Store the result at 1052H
and 1053H.


Label Mnemonics + Comment

Operand
LXI H,1050 H Initialise HL pair to memory
address 1050 H
MVI B, 00H Initialise register to store MSB
of sum
MOV A, M Move first number In accumulator
INX H Get address of next number
ADD M Add next number to accumulator
DAA Decimal adjust accumulator
JNC L1 Is Carry? No, jump to label Ll
INR B Increment register B
L1: INX H Increment HL pair by 1
 MOV M, A Store LSB of Sum in memory
MOV A, B Move MSB of Sum in accumulator
INX H Increment HL pair by
MOV M, A Store MSB of Sum in memory
RST 1,0 Restart

5. the accumulator contains the data B7H and register A5H.What will be the contents after the execution of the following
instruction independently:
 The accumulator value is B7H and B register value is A5H
i) ADI 05
 Add immediately with 05H
Before execution [A] = B7H = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Instruction - ADI 05
After execution [A] = 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 [
ii) CMP B
 Compare B with accumulator
Before execution [A] = B7H = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Before execution [B] = A5H = 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Instruction - CMP B
Condition:
(a) If [A] < [B] then Carry flag is set.
(b) If [A] = [B] then Zero flag is set.
(c) If [A] > [B] then both Carry and Zero flags are reset.
iii) CMA
 Complement the accumulator
Before execution [A] = B7H = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Instruction – CMA
After execution : 48H = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
iv) XRA B
 Exclusive OR with accumulator
Before execution [A] = B7h = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Before execution [B] = A5h = 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
After execution : 12H = 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
v) ORA B
 Logical OR with B
Before execution [A] = B7H = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Before execution [B] = A5H =1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
After execution : B7 = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
6. Write an assembly language program to increment the content of alternate memory location Each by two from 1051H to
1060H.

Label Mnemonics + Comment
Operand
LDA 1051 Load accumulator from 1051 memory location
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
LDA 1053 Load accumulator from 1053 memory location
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
LDA 1055 Load accumulator from 1055 memo location
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
LDA 1057 Load accumulator from 1057 memory location
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
1059 Load accumulator from 1059 memory location
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
INR A Increment accumulator by 1
RST 1.0 Reset

7. Write an assembly language program to perform the multiplication of two eight bit
Number where multiplication is stored at memory location 1050H and 1051H.
Result is to be sorted at memory location 105H and 1053H.

 Label Mnemonics
SUB A
MOV D, A
LXI H, 1050H
MOV B, M
INX H
MOV C, M
BACK : ADD B
JNC NEXT
INR D
NEXT: DCR C
JNZ BACK
INX H
MOV M, A
INX H
MOV M, D
RST 1.0

8.Write an Assembly language program to transfer a memory block starting from 1050H to 1059H a new block starting from
1070H to 1079H.

Label Mnemonics + Comment
Operand
LXI H, 1050 Load content from 1050 to memory
LXI D 1070 Load content from 1070 to D reg.
MVI C, 0A Set counter to OA H

up: MOV A, M Move content from memory to Acc.

STAX D Store Acc. content to D Reg
INX H Increment HL pair by 1
INX D Increment D pair by 1
DCR C Decrement counter
JNZ :up Jump If not zero to label up
RST 1.0 Restart

9. A two byte number stored at C000H and C001H.Write an assembly language program To Rotate this number to left side 3
places and store the rotated number in BC register

Label Mnemonics + Comment
Operand
LHLD C000 ; Load HL pair from COOO memory location
DAD H ; Add register pair to HL pair
DAD H ; Add register pair to HL pair
DAD H ; Add register pair to HL pair
SHLD BC ; Store HL pair to BC register pair
RST 1.0 ; Restart

10. Describe the following instruction of 8085 Microprocessor.

i) XCHG
 This instruction stands for "eXCHanGe" and exchanges the contents of the HL register pair with the DE register pair. It's a 1-
byte instruction that uses implied addressing mode.
ii) RAR
 RAR stands for “Rotate Accumulator Right involving Cy flag in rotation”. It rotates the Accumulator contents to the right by
1-bit position.
iii) ADC
 ADC is a mnemonic that stands for 'ADd with Carry' and 'R' stands for any of the following registers, or memory location M
pointed by HL pair. This instruction is mainly used to add contents of R register and Accumulator along with the carry value.
11. Compare the characteristics of Fiber-optic and Co-axial cable.

Optical Fiber Coaxial Cable
Data and signals are transmitted using optical Electrical signals are transmitted over the
fiber. coaxial cable as data and signals.
Signal loss is extremely small when using Coaxial cable performs less well.
optical fiber.
Optical fiber is pricey, and installation costs Coaxial cable is inexpensive, and installing it
are high. costs less money.
The weight of optical fiber is quite low. Compared to an optical fiber, coaxial cable is
significantly heavier.
Coaxial cable has a higher bandwidth than High bandwidth is provided through coaxial
optical fiber. cable.
Fiber optics have a smaller diameter. The diameter of coaxial cable is larger than
that of optical fiber.
Glass and plastic are used to create optical Coaxial cable is made of plastic and copper
fiber. wires.

12. Write the features of 8085 Microprocessor.

The main features of 8051 are as listed below.
i) The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit ALU.
ii) The 8051 has a 4K byte (4K x 8 bit) ROM or EPROM.
iii) The 8051 has 128 byte (128 x 8 bit) RAM.
iv) It has dual 16-bit timer event counter.
v) It has 32 1/0 lines for four 8-bit 1/0 ports.
vi) It can address 64 kB of program memory.
vii) It can address 64 kB of data memory.
viii) It has powerful instruction set, consisting of 111 instructions.
ix) It has two external interrupts.
x) The 8051 has clock up to 12-MHZ frequency.
xi) Full-featured serial port.
13. What is the function of the following units in 8085 Microprocessor.
i) Program Counter
 A 16-bit register that points to the address of the next instruction to be executed. The processor updates the PC after
fetching the current instruction.
ii) Stack Pointer
 A 16-bit register that points to the top of the stack memory. The SP is used to manage the stack in memory. During a PUSH
operation, the SP value is decremented by 2, and during a POP operation, it is incremented by 2.
iii) Incrementor/Decrementor
 Used to increment or decrement the value of a register or memory location.
iv) General purpose Register
 Stores or copies temporary data during program execution.
14. Explain the Programming model of 32-bit version of x-86 family of Microprocessors.
 (i) The programming model of 32-bit version of X-86 family consists of 3 register groups.
(ii) The first group contains eight general purpose registers called EX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, ESP and EBP registers. Where E
tells us that these registers have extented length. Each register can be addressed in 6 or 32- bit models. These registers are
used to store data during computations.
(iii) The second group of resisters is the segment group. This group consists of code segment, stack segment and four data
segment registers. The data segment registers are DS, ES FS and GS. These registers manage operation with external memory.
Address computations and data movements are performed here.
(iv) The third set of registers consists of Instrution Pointer and flag register.
15. Describe in breif the function of the following pins of 8085 Microprocessor:
i) HLDA
 (a) It is signal for HOLD ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
(b) A HLDA output indicates to a peripheral that a HOLD request has been received and that the microprocessor will relinquish
control of buses in the next clock cycle.
(c) After the removal of HOLD request, HLDA goes low.
ii) READY
 (a) It is a input signal used by the microprocessor to sense whether a peripheral is ready to transfer data or not.
(b) This signal is used to delay the microprocessor until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data.
(c) If READY is high, the peripheral is ready. If it is low, the microprocessor waits for an integral number of clock cycles until it
goes high.
(d) It is used to synchronize slower peripheral to faster microprocessor.
iii) RST7.5
 1. The microprocessor is interrupted by this signal.
2. The next instruction is carried out from a fixed source when an interrupt is detected.
3. The memory location, which is 7.5 x 8 = 003CH
4. The interrupt is maskable.
5. They trigger the automated installation internal restart.
16. List any three Primary functions of the CPU of the Microcomputer.
 The functions of microprocessor are given below:
(a) To fetch, decode and execute instructions.
(b) To transfer data from one block to another block or from one block to 1/0 lines.
(c) To give proper response to different externally produced interrupts according to their priority.
(d) To provide control and timing signals to the whole system according to the
17. Explain the RING Topology and token Passing.
 Ring Topology:
i) RING topologies are wired in a circle. Each node is connected to its neighbours on either side, and the data transmits along
the ring in one direction only.
ii) Each device incorporates a receiver and a transmitter and serves as a repeater that passes the signal to the next device in
the ring.
Token Passing:
i) Token passing utilizes a frame called a token, which circulates around the network.
ii)A computer that needs to transmit must wait until it receives the token.
iii) When the computer receives token, it is permitted to transmit.
iv) When computer completes transmitting, it passes the token frame to the next station or token ring network.
18. Write a short note on Flag Register of 8085 Microprocessor. Explain the significance of flag bits With one Example

19. Explain the Memory register Map of 8051 Microcontroller with the help of a neat diagram.
20. Explain the structure of fiber optic cable.
 i)The light wave can efficiently conducted through transparent glass cables known as optic cables.
ii) The centre conductor of this cable is a fibre that consists of highly refined glass or plastic.
iii) It is designed to transmit light signals with little loss.
iv) The fibre is coated with cladding or gel that reflects signals back into fibre to reduce signal loss. A plastic sheet protects the
fibre from damage.
v) The fibre optic cable is used in the optical transmission system.
vi)This cable has the extremely high bandwidth. It has zero sensitivity to EMI and runs over several kilometres.