RESEARCH WORK ON

FLOW CHART AND ALOGRITHM

WRITTEN BY
AROWOLO TOFUNMI EMMANUEL

A PROJECT TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF DATA PROCESSING

Gateway School of Technology, Ifo, Ogun

State

OCTOBER 2024

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 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this research work was written by Arowolo Tofunmi

Emmanuel, Matric number batch Y/036/2024 to the department of DATA

PROCESSING of gateway school of technology, Ifo, Ogun State

Student HOD

Name: Arowolo Tofunmi Name: Engr Oladipo E.O

Date: Date:

Signature: Signature:

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 DEDICATION

The earth is the Lord’s and fullness thereof. This project work is dedicated to

God the father, the son and the Holy Spirit, for his wonderful support and

grace always made available in and out of season. His majesty and holiness

reign forever. I also dedicate this project to my parents Mr & Mrs Arowolo for

their encouragement and moral, financial support for seeing me through the

program. May almighty God continue to bless them for me and enlarge their

coast so they can do more.

Finally, I dedicate this project work to my HOD (Engr Oladipo E.O) for his

fatherly care, support and love toward all students, Almighty God will continue

to strengthen you, his grace over your life will not diminish in Jesus name. And

also to my colleagues.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge and thank God almighty

for giving me the grace to be alive till the moment and the strength to fully

accomplish my course. He was my comfort and guidance, it was like this day

will never come but finally a bright light after a light tunnel for the vision is yet

for the appointed time, but at the end, it shall speak and not tell lie, though it

tarries, wait for it, because it will surely come. All thanks to God almighty for

his mercy, I bless your name forever.

Thanks also to my parents Mr & Mrs Arowolo who strongly stood by me

and made all provision needed during the pursuit of excellence, Almighty God

shall continue to shower his blessing upon you in Jesus name.

Special thank to my boss/Director/Supervisor (Engr Oladipo E.O) for his

immense guidance and training during my study. I appreciate your expertise

over my life and over my study. May the Lord grant you more wisdom,

knowledge and understanding in Jesus Name.

Finally glory to be to God in the highest Hallelujah. I thank God for the

moral/knowledge and understanding to write this project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION 2
DEDICATION 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
TABLE OF CONTENT 5
DEFINITION OF ALGORITHM 6
TYPES OF ALGORITHM 6
TYPES OF ALGORITHMS STUDENTS ARE TO LEARN 7
EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHM IN EVERYDAY LIFE 7
ALGORITHM EXAMPEL FOR STUDENTS 8
PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM 8
HOW TO WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND PSEUDOCODE 9
TO WRITE EFFECTIVE PSEUDOCODE 9
STEPS USED FOR CALCULATING ALGORITHMS 9
ALGORITHM 13
DEFINITION OF FLOWCHART 15
TYPES OF FLOWCHART 16
BASIC SYMBOLS OF FLOWCHART 16
OTHER SYMBOLS OF FLOWCHART 16
FLOW CHART SYMBOLS 17
FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHM 18
HOW ARE FLOW CHARTS USED TO SHOW ALGORITHMS 18
WHAT IS FLOWCHART AND ALGORITHMS P D F 18
WHAT IS AN ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART WITH AN EXAMPLE 18
ARE SOURCE CODE AND ALGORITHM THE SAME 19
WHAT IS THE FULL EXPLANATION OF FLOW CHART 19
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHM 19
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ALGORITHM AND THE CODE 19
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHM IN TABULAR FORM 20
CONCLUSION 20

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 DEFINITION OF ALGORITHM
 An Algorithm is a procedure used for solving a problem or performing a
computation
 Algorithms act as an existing list of instructions that conduct specified
actions step-by-step in either hardware or software based routines.
 Algorithms are widely used throughout all area of IT
 An algorithm is a set of defined steps designed to perform a specific
objective. This can be simple process such as recipe to bake a cake e.t.c
 Algorithm is a procedure for solving a mathematical problem (as of
finding the greatest common division) in a finite number
 An algorithm is a set of step by step instruction to accomplish a task or
solve a problem, often used in computer science.
 An algorithm is a set of commands that must be followed for a computer
to perform calculations or other problem solving operations.
 Algorithm is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instruction,
typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a
computation.
 An algorithm is a set of instruction in plain English or communicated
through flow chats or mathematical notations
 An algorithm is a set of instructions implemented by software engineers
and data scientist to transform input data into output data

TYPES OF ALGORITHM
1. Brute Force Algorithm: This is the most basic and simplest type of
algorithm. A Brute force algorithm is the straight forward approach to a
problem
2. Recursive algorithm

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3. Randomized algorithm
4. Sorting Algorithm
5. Searching Algorithm
6. Hashing Algorithm
7. Linear Algorithm
8. Data base Algorithm
9. Distributed Systems Algorithms
10. Memory allocation and de-allocation Algorithms
11. Networking Algorithms
12. Operating systems algorithms
13. Encryption

TYPES OF ALGORITHMS STUDENTS ARE TO LEARN

1. Binary search
2. Selection, Bubble and Insertion Sort
3. Quick sort and merge sort
4. Huffman
5. Graph Algorithms
6. Dynamic Programming
7. Searching and Sorting

EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHM IN EVERYDAY LIFE

1. Tying your shoes
2. Following a recipe
3. Classifying objects
4. Bedtime Routines

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5. Standard addition algorithms
6. Standard subtraction
7. The sieve of Eratosthenes

ALGORITHM EXAMPLE FOR STUDENTS

1. Identify which clothes are clean
2. Consider the weather forecast for the day
3. Consider the occasion for which you are going
4. Sorting papers
5. Facial recognition
6. Google search
7. Duplicating outcomes
8. Traffic Lights
9. Divide and Conquer
10. Merging and Sorting
11. Greedy Algorithm.

PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM
1. It should terminate after a finite time
2. It should produce at least one output
3. It should take zero or more input
4. It should be deterministic meaning giving the same input cast
5. Every step in the algorithm must be effective I.e. every step should do
some work.
6. All steps of the algorithm must be precisely defined
7. They most have space complexity
8. Computing best case and average case

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9. Computing order of growth of an algorithm
10. Measuring input range
11. Measuring run time
12. Well defined inputs
13. Well defined output
14. Signature
15. Finiteness language
16. Independence and feasibility

HOW TO WRITE AN ALGORITHM AND PSEUDOCODE

TO WRITE EFFECTIVE PSEUDOCODE
1. Use everyday language write in simple terms, making it easy for others
to understand the algorithm.
2. Include essential details. Clearly describe the algorithm’s input, outputs
and necessary steps.
3. Keep it concise. Avoid long or complex explanation

STEPS USED FOR CALCULATING ALGORITHMS

 It is a step by step instruction
 Solution to a computing problem
 It is used for only the purpose made for

Example
We want to add six numbers 26, 49, 98, 87, 62, 75
Step 1: Read the number 26, 49, 98, 87, 62, 75
Step 2: Add numbers
26 + 49 + 98 + 87 + 62 + 75

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Step 3: Store result in Variable A
Step 4: Print the Value of A
Step 5: Stop

SOLUTION
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Sum = 0
Step 3: Get the first value
Step 4: Add the first value to sum
Step 5: Get the second value
Step 6: Add the second value to sum
Step 7: Get the third value
Step 8: Add to sum
Step 9: Get the fourth value
Step 10: Add to sum
Step 11: Get the fifth value
Step 12: Add to sum
Step 13: Get the sixth value
Step 14: Add to sum
Step 15: Print/Output sum
Step 16: Stop!!!!!!!

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 START

Sum = 0

Get 1St Value Get 2nd Value Get 3rd Value Get 4th Value Get 5th Value Get 6th Value

Add to Sum Add to Sum Add to Sum Add to Sum Add to Sum Add to Sum

Print the sum

STOP

Example 2:
Write an algorithm to determine a student final grade and indicate whether
Pass or Fail. The final grade is calculated as the average of 4 marks
Step 1: Start
Step 2: sum=0
Step 3: Enter first score
Step 4: Add the first score to the sum
Step 5: Enter second place
Step 6: Add to sum
Step 7: Enter third score
Step 8: Add to sum
Step 9: Enter fourth score
Step 10: Add to sum
Step 11: Print Sum
Step 12: Divide sum by average
Step 13: Print Pass or Fail
Step 14: Stop!!!!!!!!

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 START

Sum = 0

Get 1St Value Get 2nd Value Get 3rd Value Get 4th Value

Add to Sum Add to Sum Add to Sum Add to Sum

Print the sum

Divide sum by average (4)

Print result

Average
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Print Fail Print Pass

STOP

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 ALGORITHM
Set of sequential step written in ordinary language in solving problem. It is also
a well-defined sequence of steps to solve problem.
Steps in algorithm development
1. Identify Input
2. Identify Output
3. Identify processing Opera
4. Algorithm must be definite
5. Finiteness i.e there must be an open end
6. Effective

Example: write an algorithm to solve the average of the number

Solution
1. Let the number be a, b and c
2. Let the sum of the number be a+b+c
3. Divide the sum by 3 i.e a+b+c/3
4. Let the result of a+b+c/3 = D
5. Print D
6. End

2. Write an algorithm to calculate the simple interest using PNT/100

Solution
1. Read the value P, N, R
2. Get the product P, N, R
3. Divide the product by 100

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4. Let the result of division = I
5. Print I
6. End

3. Write a pseudo code to calculate the area of triangle abc

Solution
1. Read the value b,c
2. Get the product of ‘b’ and ‘c’
3. Divide the product by 2 i.e bc/2 or ½ bc
4. Let the result of division be H
5. Print H
6. End

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 DEFINITION OF FLOWCHART
 A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process
 A flowchart can be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an
algorithm, a step by step approach to solving a task.
 A simple flowchart representing a process for dealing with a non-
functioning lamp
 A flowchart is a picture of the separate steps of a process is sequential
order. It is a generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of
purpose
 A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each
step in the process is presented by a different symbol and contain in
short steps.
 A flowchart is a diagram that illustrates the steps. Sequences, and
decisions of a process or work flow
 Flow chart is a diagram that shows step by step progression through a
procedure or system especially using connecting lines and a set of
symbols
 A flowchart is a diagram that depicts a process, system or computer
algorithm. They are widely used I multiple fields to document study plan
and improve flow-work
 A flowchart is a type of diagram that usually explains a process or
workflow. By using standardized symbol and definition.

Example of flowchart are:

1. Process flowchart
2. Decision flowchart
3. Workflow flow chart

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4. Swinlane flowchart
5. Use case flowchart
6. EPC flowchart

BASIC SYMBOLS OF FLOWCHART

1. Start/End symbol
2. Action or process symbol
3. Document symbol
4. Multiple documents symbol
5. Decision symbol
6. Input/Output symbol

OTHER SYMBOLS OF FLOWCHART

1. Terminal symbol
2. Rectangle process symbol
3. Diamond decision symbol
4. Parallelogram input/output
5. Arrow symbol
6. On-page connector symbol
7. Off-page connector symbol
8. Document symbol

TYPES OF FLOWCHART
1. Process flowchart
2. Swinlane flowchart
3. Workflow diagram
4. Data flow diagram

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5. Decision flowchart
6. Communication flowchart
FLOW CHART SYMBOLS
1.

Represent Start/Stop

2.

Input Road and Print

OPERATIONS I.E. Adding, Subtracting

4.

For connecting page

START

SUM = 0

GET 1ST

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The oval, rectangle, diamond, parallelogram and arrow are the basic process
flowchart symbol. The oval represents start and end

FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHM

A flowchart is a graphical representation of the steps a program takes process
data. In this, we can use several geometric patterns to illustrate the numerous
action the program carries out. An algorithm is a procedure or set of rules that
defines how a program is to be executed.

HOW ARE FLOW CHARTS USED TO SHOW ALGORITHMS

A flowchart on the other hand, is the pictorial depiction illustration of
algorithms using various symbols, shapes and connector (arrows), signifying
the process of program. The main aim of flow charts is to provide an analysis of
several different processes, using standardize graphics.

WHAT IS FLOWCHART AND ALGORITHMS P D F

An algorithm is a step by step analysis of the process while flowchart explain
the steps of a program in a program in a graphical way. Algorithm and
flowcharts helps to clarify all the steps for solving problems.

WHAT IS AN ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART WITH AN EXAMPLE

Algorithms are nothing but sequence of steps of solving problems so as a flow
chart can be used for representing an algorithm. A flowchart, will describe the
operations (and in what surface) are required to solve a given problem. You
can see a flow chart as a blue print of a design you have made for solving
problem.

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 ARE SOURCE CODE AND ALGORITHM THE SAME
Source is the set of instruction that a programmer write’s a software. Every
instruction (also known as an algorithm) is written in a specific programming
language, such as python, html, css and java script.

WHAT IS THE FULL EXPLANATION OF FLOW CHART

A flow chart is a type of diagram that represent a work flow or process. A flow
chart can also be define as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a
step by step approach to solve a task. A simple flow chart representing a
process for dealing with a non-functioning lamp.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHM

What is the difference between algorithm and pseudo code and flow chart?
Flow chart are used for visualizing the overall structure and flow of an
algorithm, pseudo code is used for planning and developing algorithm and
code. It is the actual implementation of an algorithm in a programming
language. Flow chart are easy to understand and communicate, but they are
not executable.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ALGORITHM AND THE CODE

Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing and automated reasoning.
All code is essential on algorithms. It is a sequence of well-defined instructions
to get the computer to do the things you want it to do. Algorithm, it is a well-
defined, systematic logical approach that comes with a step by step procedure
for computers to solve any given program. Program refers to the code (written
by programmer) for any program that follows the basic rules of the concerned
programming language.

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLOW CHART AND ALGORITHM IN TABULAR FORM

ALGORITHM FLOW CHART

1. English Language/ Pseudo code is Symbols or Arrows are used.
used.
2. It is used for simple problem. It is used for complex program.
3. An algorithm is a procedure used A flow chart is a type of diagram that
for solving a problem or represent a work flow or process.
performing a computation.
4. It is a set of commands that must A flow chart is defined a
be followed for a computer to diagrammatical representation e.g
perform calculation or other symbols.
problem.

CONCLUSION
Algorithm are the rules and sequence made to understand things. Flow chart is
the diagrammatic of symbols.

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