1.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a digital modulation technique where the frequency of a carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
digital signal being transmitted. In FSK, different frequencies represent different binary values (0s and 1s).

Key Concepts of FSK:

1. Carrier Signal: This is a continuous wave signal that can be modulated to carry information. In FSK, the carrier signal's frequency
is changed based on the input data.

2. Message Signal: This is the digital signal that contains the information to be transmitted. It consists of binary values (0s and 1s).

3. Frequency Shift: In FSK, two or more frequencies are used to represent the binary states. For example:

 A lower frequency (f0) might represent a binary '0'.

 A higher frequency (f1) might represent a binary '1'.

Modulation Process:

1. Binary Input: The input message signal is a sequence of binary digits (bits).

2. Frequency Assignment: Assign specific frequencies to each bit:

 For example, if the input is '0', the output frequency is f0; if the input is '1', the output frequency is f1.

3. Carrier Signal Generation: The carrier signal is generated at a specific frequency. The modulation process involves switching the
frequency of this carrier signal based on the input binary signal.

4. Modulation: The carrier frequency is changed according to the input message signal:

 When the input is '0', the carrier signal oscillates at frequency f0.

 When the input is '1', the carrier signal oscillates at frequency f1.

Example of FSK Modulation:

Let's say we have a binary sequence: 101100.

 For '1', we use frequency f1 = 1200 Hz.

 For '0', we use frequency f0 = 800 Hz.

The modulation would look like this:

 For the first bit '1': The output is a 1200 Hz signal.

 For the second bit '0': The output switches to an 800 Hz signal.

 For the third bit '1': The output switches back to 1200 Hz.

 For the fourth bit '1': The output remains at 1200 Hz.

 For the fifth bit '0': The output switches to 800 Hz.

 For the sixth bit '0': The output remains at 800 Hz.

 2. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of digital modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the digital signal being transmitted. In ASK, the presence of a signal (usually represented by a binary '1') is
indicated by a higher amplitude of the carrier wave, while the absence of a signal (represented by a binary '0') is indicated by a
lower amplitude or no signal at all.

 Modulation of ASK

 Carrier Signal: A high-frequency sine wave is generated, which serves as the carrier signal. The frequency of this carrier signal is
typically much higher than the frequency of the digital signal.

 Digital Signal: The digital data to be transmitted is represented in binary form (0s and 1s).

 Amplitude Variation:

 When the digital signal is '1', the amplitude of the carrier signal is increased to a predefined level (A1).
  When the digital signal is '0', the amplitude is reduced to a lower level (A0), which can be zero or a different lower amplitude.

 Output Signal: The resulting modulated signal is a combination of the carrier wave with varying amplitudes based on the input
digital signal. The output can be expressed mathematically as: [ s(t) = A_m \cdot \cos(2\pi f_c t + \phi) ] where ( A_m ) is the
amplitude that varies based on the input signal, ( f_c ) is the frequency of the carrier, and ( \phi ) is the phase.

 Demodulation of ASK

 Receiving the Signal: The modulated ASK signal is received by a demodulator, which is designed to extract the original digital
signal from the modulated carrier.

 Envelope Detection: The most common method for demodulating ASK is envelope detection:

 The received signal is passed through a rectifier, which converts the AC signal into a DC signal.

 The output of the rectifier is then filtered using a low-pass filter to smooth out the signal and remove high-frequency
components.

 Thresholding: The filtered signal is compared against a predefined threshold:

 If the amplitude of the signal exceeds the threshold, it is interpreted as a binary '1'.

 If the amplitude is below the threshold, it is interpreted as a binary '0'.

 Output: The result is a reconstructed digital signal that closely resembles the original input signal.

 Advantages of ASK

 Simplicity: ASK is relatively simple to implement in terms of both modulation and demodulation processes.

 Low Bandwidth Requirement: ASK requires less bandwidth compared to some other modulation schemes, making it efficient
for certain applications.

 Cost-Effective: The hardware required for ASK modulation and demodulation is generally less complex and cheaper.

 Disadvantages of ASK

 Susceptibility to Noise: ASK is highly susceptible to noise and interference, which can distort the amplitude of the signal and
lead to errors in demodulation.

 Limited Distance: The effective transmission distance is limited due to the impact of noise, which can degrade the signal quality
over long distances.

 Inefficiency in Power Usage: The varying amplitude can lead to inefficient power usage, especially in battery-operated devices.

Q.Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) is a form of amplitude modulation where the carrier signal is suppressed, and only the
sidebands are transmitted. The mathematical representation of a DSB-SC signal can be expressed as:

[ s(t) = m(t) \cdot \cos(2\pi f_c t) ]

Where:

 ( s(t) ) is the DSB-SC modulated signal.

 ( m(t) ) is the message signal (the baseband signal).

 ( f_c ) is the frequency of the carrier signal.

Power of DSB-SC Signal

The total power of a DSB-SC signal can be calculated using the following formula:

[ P_{DSB-SC} = \frac{P_m}{2} ]

Where:

 ( P_m ) is the average power of the message signal ( m(t) ).

This indicates that the power of the DSB-SC signal is half of the power of the message signal, as the carrier is suppressed.
Generating DSB-SC Signal: Block Diagram

The generation of a DSB-SC signal can be accomplished using a block diagram that includes the following components:

1. Message Signal Source: This generates the baseband message signal ( m(t) ).

2. Carrier Signal Source: This generates the high-frequency carrier signal ( \cos(2\pi f_c t) ).

3. Multiplier (Modulator): This block multiplies the message signal ( m(t) ) with the carrier signal ( \cos(2\pi f_c t) ) to produce the
DSB-SC signal.

Block Diagram

VerifyOpen In EditorRunCopy code

1+-------------------+ +---------------------+

2| | | |

3| Message Signal | | Carrier Signal |

4| Source (m(t)) | | Source (cos(2πf_ct))|

5| | | |

6+-------------------+ +---------------------+

7 | |

8 | |

9 +-----------+---------------+

10 |

11 |

12 +-------v-------+

13 | |

14 | Multiplier |

15 | |

16 +-------+-------+

17 |

18 |

19 +-------v-------+

20 | |

21 | DSB-SC Signal |

22 | s(t) |

23 | |

24 +---------------+

Advantages of DSB-SC Signal

1. Efficient Bandwidth Utilization: DSB-SC uses the bandwidth more efficiently than standard amplitude modulation (AM) because
it does not transmit the carrier frequency. This allows for more channels to be accommodated in the same frequency range.

2. Higher Power Efficiency: Since the carrier is suppressed, the power that would have been used to transmit the carrier can be
utilized to transmit the sidebands, leading to better power efficiency.

3. Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): The absence of the carrier in DSB-SC modulation can lead to a better SNR in the
presence of noise, as the noise is generally more concentrated around the carrier frequency.
4. Better Spectral Efficiency: DSB-SC signals have a narrower bandwidth compared to conventional AM signals, which can be
advantageous in crowded frequency bands.

5. Compatibility with Synchronous Detection: DSB-SC signals can be demodulated using synchronous detection techniques, which
can provide better performance in terms of noise immunity and fidelity of the recovered signal.

6. Reduced Distortion: The suppression of the carrier can lead to reduced distortion in the transmitted signal, as the modulation is
more closely related to the message signal.

7. Application in Communication Systems: DSB-SC is widely used in various communication systems, including radio broadcasting,
television transmission, and data communication, due to its efficiency and effectiveness.

Q. (a) Generation and Detection of QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation technique that conveys two bits of information per symbol by varying
the phase of the carrier signal. It uses four distinct phase shifts to represent the four possible combinations of two bits (00, 01, 10,
11).

Generation of QPSK

1. Input Data: The input binary data stream is divided into pairs of bits. For example, the bit stream 110101 would be grouped
into pairs: 11, 01, 01.

2. Mapping to Symbols: Each pair of bits is mapped to a specific phase shift:

 00 → 0 degrees (or 0 radians)

 01 → 90 degrees (or π/2 radians)

 10 → 180 degrees (or π radians)

 11 → 270 degrees (or 3π/2 radians)

3. Carrier Signal Generation: A carrier signal is generated at a specific frequency.

4. Modulation: The carrier signal is modulated according to the mapped phase shifts. This is typically done using a combination
of two orthogonal signals (I and Q components):

 The in-phase component (I) is modulated with the cosine function.

 The quadrature component (Q) is modulated with the sine function.

The QPSK modulated signal can be expressed as: [ s(t) = A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_c t + \phi) ] where ( \phi ) is the phase determined by
the input bit pair.

Detection of QPSK

1. Received Signal: The received QPSK signal is a combination of the transmitted signal and noise.

2. Phase Demodulation: The detection process involves determining the phase of the received signal. This can be done using a
coherent demodulator that uses a local oscillator synchronized with the carrier frequency.

3. Symbol Decision: The demodulator compares the phase of the received signal to the known phase shifts:

 If the phase is close to 0 degrees, it decodes to 00.

 If the phase is close to 90 degrees, it decodes to 01.

 If the phase is close to 180 degrees, it decodes to 10.

 If the phase is close to 270 degrees, it decodes to 11.

4. Output Data: The output is a binary data stream reconstructed from the detected symbols.

(b) Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)

Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) is a technique where the position of the pulse in time is varied according to the amplitude of the
analog signal being sampled. PTM can be further classified into two main types: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse
Position Modulation (PPM).

1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

 In PWM, the width (duration) of the pulse is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the analog signal.

 For example, a higher amplitude of the input signal results in a wider pulse, while a lower amplitude results in a
narrower pulse.

 PWM is commonly used in applications such as motor control and light dimming.

2. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):

 In PPM, the position of the pulse is varied in time relative to a fixed time interval.

 The pulse is shifted forward or backward in time based on the amplitude of the input signal.

 PPM is often used in optical communication systems and remote control applications.

Advantages of PTM:

 PTM techniques can be more efficient in terms of power usage.

 They can provide good noise immunity in certain applications.

Disadvantages of PTM:

 PTM can be more complex to implement compared to other modulation techniques.

 The timing synchronization can be challenging, especially in noisy environments.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent analog signals. It involves sampling the analog signal and
converting each sample into a digital value.

1. Sampling: The analog signal is sampled at regular intervals according to the Nyquist theorem, which states that the sampling
frequency should be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal.

2. Quantization: Each sampled value is quantized to the nearest value within a finite set of levels. This process introduces
quantization noise, which is the difference between the actual analog value and the quantized digital value.

3. Encoding: The quantized values are then encoded into binary form. For example, if the quantization levels are 0 to 15, each
level can be represented by a 4