* Amplitude, is defined as the ASK FSK Difference between BPSK and QPSK

maximum displacement or
distance moved by a point on a 1] Information is Information is in
vibrating body or wave measured in amplitude frequency
from its equilibrium position. variations variations.
*Frequency is the number of 2] Less More Bandwidth
occurrences of a repeating event Bandwidth as as compared.
per unit of time. compared.
*The Phase Shift is how far the 3] Poor Noise Better Noise
function is shifted horizontally immunity. immunity.
from the usual position.
4] Synchronization
Synchronization is not required.
is not required.
5] Effect of DC is Effect of DC
more. component is
Q. Various types of less.
communication channel 6] More power Moderate power
required. required.
7] Low bit rate Moderate bit
Ans application rate application.
8] Moderately
SiImplementatio complex
q. Define entropy, channel
nmple . Implementation.
capacity and rate of
information.

The maximum average

mutual information, in an
instant of a signaling
interval, when transmitted by
a discrete memoryless
channel, the probabilities of
the rate of maximum reliable
transmission of data, can be
understood as the

channel capacity.

It is denoted by C and is
measured in bits per
channel use.
 Q.6 Block diagram of PCM Transmitter ASK Modulator

ANS: The transmitter section of a Pulse Code The ASK modulator block diagram comprises of the
Modulator circuit consists of Sampling, carrier signal generator, the binary sequence from the
Q.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of PCM message signal and the band-limited filter. Following is
Quantizing and Encoding, which are performed in
the analog-to-digital converter section. The low pass the block diagram of the ASK Modulator.
filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of the
Advantages message signal.

-Pulse Code Modulation is used in The basic operations in the receiver section
long-distance communication. are regeneration of impaired signals,
decoding, and reconstruction of the quantized pulse
train. Following is the block diagram of PCM which
represents the basic elements of both the
-The efficiency of the transmitter in
transmitter and the receiver sections.
PCM is high.

-Higher noise immunity is seen.

-Efficient method.

Disadvantages
The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-
frequency carrier. The binary sequence from the
message signal makes the unipolar input to be either
-The bandwidth requirement is high.
High or Low. The high signal closes the switch, allowing
a carrier wave. Hence, the output will be the carrier
signal at high input. When there is low input, the switch
-PCM is a complex process, since it opens, allowing no voltage to appear. Hence, the output
involves encoding, decoding and will be low.
quantisation of the circuit. Low Pass Filter

The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse depending

This filter eliminates the high frequency upon the amplitude and phase characteristics of the
components present in the input analog signal band-limiting filter or the pulse-shaping filter.
Applications of Pulse Code Modulation which is greater than the highest frequency of the
message signal, to avoid aliasing of the message
signal. ASK Demodulator
-It is used in telephony and compact
discs.
Sampler There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques.
They are −
-Pulse Code Modulation is used in
satellite transmission systems and This is the technique which helps to collect the
space communications. sample data at instantaneous values of message • Asynchronous ASK
signal, so as to reconstruct the original signal. The Demodulation/detection
sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest • Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
frequency component W of the message signal, in
accordance with the sampling theorem.
The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches
with the clock frequency at the receiver, it is known as
Quantizer a Synchronous method, as the frequency gets
synchronized. Otherwise, it is known as Asynchronous.
Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive
bits and confining the data. The sampled output Asynchronous ASK Demodulator
when given to Quantizer, reduces the redundant bits
and compresses the value.
The Asynchronous ASK detector consists of a half-wave
rectifier, a low pass filter, and a comparator. Following
Encoder is the block diagram for the same.

The digitization of analog signal is done by the

encoder. It designates each quantized level by a
binary code. The sampling done here is the sample-
and-hold process. These three
sections LPF,Sampler,and Quantizer will act as an
analog to digital converter. Encoding minimizes the
bandwidth used.

Regenerative Repeater

This section increases the signal strength. The

output of the channel also has one regenerative
repeater circuit, to compensate the signal loss and
reconstruct the signal, and also to increase its
strength. The modulated ASK signal is given to the half-wave
rectifier, which delivers a positive half output. The low
pass filter suppresses the higher frequencies and gives
Decoder an envelope detected output from which the comparator
delivers a digital output.

The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded

waveform to reproduce the original signal. This
circuit acts as the demodulator.
 Reconstruction Filter

After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the

regenerative circuit and the decoder, a low-pass
filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter
to get back the original signal.

Hence, the Pulse Code Modulator circuit digitizes

the given analog signal, codes it and samples it, and
then transmits it in an analog form. This whole
process is repeated in a reverse pattern to obtain
the original signalcertified by

Q. generation and detection of BPSK Q. generation and detection of QPSK

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK���� Ans The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK���� is a
variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band
Suppressed Carrier DSBSC����� modulation scheme,
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called
Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two as bigits.
phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.

Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital

BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data
Carrier DSBSC����� modulation scheme, for bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
message being the digital information.

QPSK Modulator
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK����

The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with

This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to parallel converter, and a
wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, summer circuit. Following is the block diagram for the same.
180°, and 270°.

If this kind of techniques are further extended, PSK can

be done by eight or sixteen values also, depending upon
the requirement.

BPSK Modulator

The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists

of the balance modulator which has the carrier sine wave
as one input and the binary sequence as the other input.
Following is the diagrammatic representation.

At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits (i.e.,

2nd bit, 4th bit, 6th bit, etc.) and odd bits (i.e., 1st bit, 3rd bit,
5th bit, etc.) are separated by the bits splitter and are multiplied
with the same carrier to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKI)
and even BPSK (called as PSKQ). The PSKQ signal is anyhow
phase shifted by 90° before being modulated.

The QPSK waveform for two-bits input is as follows, which

shows the modulated result for different instances of binary
inputs.

The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance

modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at the
input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for
a high input, the phase reversal is of 180°.

Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK

Modulated output wave along with its given input.

QPSK Demodulator

The QPSK Demodulator uses two product demodulator circuits

with local oscillator, two band pass filters, two integrator
circuits, and a 2-bit parallel to serial converter. Following is the
diagram for the same.
The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct
input carrier or the
inverted 180°phaseshifted180°�ℎ����ℎ����� inpu
t carrier, which is a function of the data signal.

BPSK Demodulator

The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a

mixer with local oscillator circuit, a bandpass filter, a two-
input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows.

The two product detectors at the input of demodulator

simultaneously demodulate the two BPSK signals. The pair of
bits are recovered here from the original data. These signals
after processing, are passed to the parallel to serial converter

By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the

help of the mixer circuit and the band pass filter, the first
stage of demodulation gets completed. The base band
signal which is band limited is obtained and this signal is
used to regenerate the binary message bit stream.

In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is

needed at the detector circuit to produce the original
binary message signal. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of
the carrier frequency, then the bit clock regeneration is
simplified. To make the circuit easily understandable, a
decision-making circuit may also be inserted at the
2nd stage of detection.
Q. generation of FSK(frequency shift
keying)

FSK Modulator

The FSK modulator block diagram

comprises of two oscillators with a
clock and the input binary sequence.
Following is its block diagram.

The two oscillators, producing a

higher and a lower frequency
signals, are connected to a switch
along with an internal clock. To
avoid the abrupt phase
discontinuities of the output
waveform during the transmission of
the message, a clock is applied to
both the oscillators, internally. The
binary input sequence is applied to
the transmitter so as to choose the
frequencies according to the binary
input.