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Multiple Xing

Multiplexing, also known as muxing, is the process of combining multiple signals into a single transmission medium.

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abdulkareemakanbi734
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51 views25 pages

Multiple Xing

Multiplexing, also known as muxing, is the process of combining multiple signals into a single transmission medium.

Uploaded by

abdulkareemakanbi734
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Multiplexing
• Multiplexing means combining multiple
streams of information for transmission over a
shared medium.
• Demultiplexing performs the reverse function:
split a combined stream arriving from a shared
medium into the original information streams.
Types of Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing.
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
• Time Division Multiplexing.
• Statistical Time Division Multiplexing.
• Code Division Multiplexing.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• It is the basis for broadcast radio.
• Several stations can transmit simultaneously without
interfering with each other provided they use separate
carrier frequencies ( separate channels).
• In data communications FDM is implemented by
sending multiple carrier waves over the same copper
wire.
• At the receiver’s end, demultiplexing is performed by
filtering out the frequencies other than the one
carrying the expected transmission.
• Any of the modulation methods discussed before can
be used to carry bits within a channel.
• Rather than a single frequency, each channel is
assigned a contiguous range of frequencies.
• Channels are separated from each other by guard
bands to make sure there is no interference
among the channels.
• Why is a range of frequencies assigned rather
than a single frequency?
– Sender can do FDM within its channel to increase the
data rate. For example, it can split its channel into K
subchannels and transmit 1/K of the data over each
subchannel. This will result in a K-fold increase of the
data rate.
– Spread spectrum: Transmit the same information over
K separate subchannels. If there is interference in one
of the subchannels, the receiver can tune in one of
the other subchannels.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• In optical transmissions, FDM is known as
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).
• With light different frequencies correspond to
different colors.
• Several transmissions can be send over the
same fiber by using different light colors, and
combining into a single light stream.
• Prisms are used as multiplexors and
demultiplexors.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• It means dividing the available transmission
time into time slots, and allocating a different
slot to each transmitter.
• One method for transmitters to take turns is
to transmit in round-robin order.
Synchronous TDM
• No gaps between items.
• Uses round-robin.
TDM in the telephone system
• An extra bit is inserted at the beginning of
each frame. The extra bit alternated between
zero and one.
• Used by the demultiplexor to detect a
synchronization error.
Hierarchical TDM.
• A DS-1 (or T1) phone channel can transmit 24
conversation simultaneously. Data rate =
1.544Mbps.
• A DS-2 (or T2) channel multiplexes 4 DS-1
channels. Data rate = 6.312 Mbps.
• A DS-3 (or T3) channel multiplexes 7 DS-2
channels. Data rate = 44.736 Mbps.
• A DS-4 (or T4) channel multiplexes 6 DS-3
channels. Data rate = 274.176 Mbps.
Unfilled slots in TDM
• In TDM every possible sender has a reserved
time slot, whether it needs it or not.
• This may lead to underutilization of the
transmission channel.
The solution to unfilled slots:
Statistical TDM
• Select items for transmission in round-robin
order.
• But if a sender’s data is not ready, skip that
sender and move to the next one.
• All slots will be filled as long as some sender
has some data ready to send.
• But now each slot must also contains an
identifier to indicate who is the receiver.
Inverse multiplexing
Code division multiplexing (CDM)
• Used in the cellular phone system and in some
satellite communications.
• Each sender is assigned a unique binary code: its
chip sequence (with -1 representing 0).
• Chip sequences for different senders are
orthogonal vectors.
• A one is sent as a chip sequence. A zero is send
as the oposite of the chip sequence.
• Lower delay than TDM in high utilization
networks.

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