MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Riemann Sum & Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected])

DBS&H, CEME-NUST

December 6, 2020

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 1 / 49
 Outline

Outline

1 Integration and Derivatives

Constant of Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 2 / 49
 Outline

Outline

1 Integration and Derivatives

Constant of Integration

2 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 2 / 49
 Outline

Outline

1 Integration and Derivatives

Constant of Integration

2 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 2 / 49
 Outline

Outline

1 Integration and Derivatives

Constant of Integration

2 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

4 Area when Function is Negative

Types of Riemann Sums

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 2 / 49
 Outline

Outline

1 Integration and Derivatives

Constant of Integration

2 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

4 Area when Function is Negative

Types of Riemann Sums

5 Summary

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 2 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives

Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 3 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives

Finding an Integral is the reverse of finding a

Derivative.

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 4 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 5 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives

Tap and Tank

Integration is like filling a tank from a tap.

1 The input (before integration) is the

flow rate from the tap.
2 Integrating the flow (adding up all the
little bits of water) gives us the
volume of water in the tank.

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 6 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Integration and Derivatives

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 7 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives Constant of Integration

Constant of Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 8 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives Constant of Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 9 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives Constant of Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 9 / 49
 Integration and Derivatives Constant of Integration

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 10 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 11 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Approximating Area with Rectangles and Riemann sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 12 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Approximating Area with Rectangles and Riemann sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 12 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 13 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Sum
Let x0 , x1 , . . . , xn be a regular partition of the interval [a, b], with
xi − xi−1 = ∆x = b−a n , for all i. Pick points c1 , c2 , . . . , cn , where ci is
any point in the subinterval [xi−1 , xi ], for i = 1, 2, · · · , n. The Riemann
sum for this partition and set of evaluation points is
X n
f (ci )∆x.
i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 13 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Sum
Let x0 , x1 , . . . , xn be a regular partition of the interval [a, b], with
xi − xi−1 = ∆x = b−a n , for all i. Pick points c1 , c2 , . . . , cn , where ci is
any point in the subinterval [xi−1 , xi ], for i = 1, 2, · · · , n. The Riemann
sum for this partition and set of evaluation points is
X n
f (ci )∆x.
i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 13 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Sum
Let x0 , x1 , . . . , xn be a regular partition of the interval [a, b], with
xi − xi−1 = ∆x = b−a n , for all i. Pick points c1 , c2 , . . . , cn , where ci is
any point in the subinterval [xi−1 , xi ], for i = 1, 2, · · · , n. The Riemann
sum for this partition and set of evaluation points is
n
X
f (ci )∆x.
i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 14 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Upper Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Lower Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

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 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Lower Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 24 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Lower Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 25 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Lower Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 26 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Lower Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 27 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve

Riemann Lower Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 28 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 29 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Area = A ≈ f (x1 )∆x + f (x2 )∆x + f (x3 )∆x + f (x4 )∆x = A4

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 30 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Area = A ≈ f (x1 )∆x + f (x2 )∆x + f (x3 )∆x + f (x4 )∆x = A4

In general,
n
X
Area ≈ f (x1 )∆x + f (x2 )∆x + · · · + f (xn )∆x = An = f (xi )∆x
i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 30 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Comparison of f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1] with partition

size n = 10 and n = 20

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 31 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Approximate area under the curve y = f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on the interval [0,1],
using (a) 10 rectangles, (b) 20 rectangles

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 32 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Approximate area under the curve y = f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on the interval [0,1],
using (a) 10 rectangles, (b) 20 rectangles

Task is to find A10 and A20

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 32 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Approximate area under the curve y = f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on the interval [0,1],
using (a) 10 rectangles, (b) 20 rectangles

Task is to find A10 and A20

We know that
n
X b−a
An = f (xi )∆x where ∆x = = h.
n
i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 32 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Approximate area under the curve y = f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on the interval [0,1],
using (a) 10 rectangles, (b) 20 rectangles

Task is to find A10 and A20

We know that
n
X b−a
An = f (xi )∆x where ∆x = = h.
n
i=1

1−0
For n = 10, h = 10 = 0.1

x0 x1 x2 ··· ··· x10

0 0.1 0.2 ··· ··· 1.0

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 32 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function

Approximate area under the curve y = f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on the interval [0,1],
using (a) 10 rectangles, (b) 20 rectangles

Task is to find A10 and A20

We know that
n
X b−a
An = f (xi )∆x where ∆x = = h.
n
i=1

1−0 1−0
For n = 10, h = 10 = 0.1 For n = 20, h = 20 = 0.05

x0 x1 x2 ··· ··· x10 x0 x1 x2 x3 ··· x20

0 0.1 0.2 ··· ··· 1.0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 ··· 1.0

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 32 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

1−0
For n = 10, ∆x = h = 10 = 0.1

x0 x1 x2 ··· ··· x10

0 0.1 0.2 ··· ··· 1.0

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 33 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

1−0
For n = 10, ∆x = h = 10 = 0.1

x0 x1 x2 ··· ··· x10

0 0.1 0.2 ··· ··· 1.0

X10
A10 = f (xi )∆x
i=1
= (f (0.1) + f (0.2) + · · · + f (1)) (0.1)
= 0.33

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 33 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

1−0
For n = 10, ∆x = h = 10 = 0.1 For n = 20, ∆x = h = 1−0
= 0.05
20

x0 x1 x2 ··· ··· x10 x0 x1 x2 x3 ··· x20

0 0.1 0.2 ··· ··· 1.0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 ··· 1.0

X10
A10 = f (xi )∆x
i=1
= (f (0.1) + f (0.2) + · · · + f (1)) (0.1)
= 0.33

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 33 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

1−0
For n = 10, ∆x = h = 10 = 0.1 For n = 20, ∆x = h = 1−0
= 0.05
20

x0 x1 x2 ··· ··· x10 x0 x1 x2 x3 ··· x20

0 0.1 0.2 ··· ··· 1.0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 ··· 1.0

X10 X20
A10 = f (xi )∆x A20 = f (xi )∆x
i=1 i=1

= (f (0.1) + f (0.2) + · · · + f (1)) (0.1) = (f (0.05) + f (0.1) + · · · + f (1)) (0.05)

= 0.33 = 0.3325

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 33 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
f (xi ) 0.18 0.32 0.42 0.48 0.5 0.48 0.42 0.32 0.18 0
X10
A10 = f (xi )∆x = (f (0.1) + f (0.2) + · · · + f (1)) × 0.1 = 0.331
i=1

1
(0.18 + 0.32 + 0.42 + 0.48 + 0.5 + 0.48 + 0.42 + 0.32 + 0.18 + 0) × 0.1 = 0.33
Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)
Cal&AG December 6, 2020 34 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
f (xi ) 0.18 0.32 0.42 0.48 0.5 0.48 0.42 0.32 0.18 0
X10
A10 = f (xi )∆x = (f (0.1) + f (0.2) + · · · + f (1)) × 0.1 = 0.331
i=1

Similarly, for n = 20,

1
(0.18 + 0.32 + 0.42 + 0.48 + 0.5 + 0.48 + 0.42 + 0.32 + 0.18 + 0) × 0.1 = 0.33
Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)
Cal&AG December 6, 2020 34 / 49
 Riemann Sum and Area Under a Curve Computing Area of Rectangles under a Function
2
f (x) = 2x − 2x on [0, 1] and xi = x0 + ih, 1 ≤ i ≤ n.

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
f (xi ) 0.18 0.32 0.42 0.48 0.5 0.48 0.42 0.32 0.18 0
X10
A10 = f (xi )∆x = (f (0.1) + f (0.2) + · · · + f (1)) × 0.1 = 0.331
i=1

Similarly, for n = 20, h = 0.05 and

i 1 2 3 4 ··· 18 19 20
xi 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 ··· 0.9 0.95 1.0
f (xi ) 0.095 0.18 0.255 0.32 ··· 0.18 0.095 0
X20
A20 = f (xi )∆x = (f (0.05) + f (0.1) + · · · + f (1)) × 0.05 = 0.3325
i=1

1
(0.18 + 0.32 + 0.42 + 0.48 + 0.5 + 0.48 + 0.42 + 0.32 + 0.18 + 0) × 0.1 = 0.33
Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)
Cal&AG December 6, 2020 34 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 35 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

For a non-negative and continuous function

f (x) defined on [a, b], the area A under the
curve y = f (x) on [a, b] is given by

n
X
A = lim An = lim f (xi)∆x
n→∞ n→∞
i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 36 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

1−0
n subintervals gives ∆x = n = n1 . Since x0 = 0, thus

i
xi = i∆x =
n
.
   2
i i 2 2
f (xi ) = 2 −2 , f (xi )∆x = 2
· i − 3 · i2
n n n n

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 37 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

1−0
n subintervals gives ∆x = n = n1 . Since x0 = 0, thus

i
xi = i∆x =
n
.
   2
i i 2 2
f (xi ) = 2 −2 , f (xi )∆x = 2
· i − 3 · i2
n n n n

n n n
!
X 2 X 2 X 2
An = f (xi )∆x = i − i
i=1
n2 i=1 n3 i=1

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 37 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

1−0
n subintervals gives ∆x = n = n1 . Since x0 = 0, thus

i
xi = i∆x =
n
.
   2
i i 2 2
f (xi ) = 2 −2 , f (xi )∆x = 2
· i − 3 · i2
n n n n

n n n
!  
X 2 X 2 X 2 2 n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
An = f (xi )∆x = i − i = − 3
i=1
n2 i=1 n3 i=1 n2 2 n 6

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 37 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

1−0
n subintervals gives ∆x = n = n1 . Since x0 = 0, thus

i
xi = i∆x =
n
.
   2
i i 2 2
f (xi ) = 2 −2 , f (xi )∆x = 2
· i − 3 · i2
n n n n

n n n
!  
X 2 X 2 X 2 2 n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
An = f (xi )∆x = i − i = − 3
i=1
n2 i=1 n3 i=1 n2 2 n 6
 
(n + 1) (n + 1)(2n + 1)
An = − =⇒
n 3n2

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 37 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

1−0
n subintervals gives ∆x = n = n1 . Since x0 = 0, thus

i
xi = i∆x =
n
.
   2
i i 2 2
f (xi ) = 2 −2 , f (xi )∆x = 2
· i − 3 · i2
n n n n

n n n
!  
X 2 X 2 X 2 2 n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
An = f (xi )∆x = i − i = − 3
i=1
n2 i=1 n3 i=1 n2 2 n 6
 
(n + 1) (n + 1)(2n + 1) (n − 1)(n + 1)
An = − =⇒ An =
n 3n2 3n2

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 37 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

(9)(11)
(n − 1)(n + 1) A10 = 300 = 0.3300
An =
3n2 A20 = (19)(21)
= 0.3325
1200

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 38 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

(9)(11)
(n − 1)(n + 1) A10 = 300 = 0.3300
An =
3n2 A20 = (19)(21)
= 0.3325
1200

(199)(201)
A200 = 3×40,000

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 38 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

(9)(11)
(n − 1)(n + 1) A10 = 300 = 0.3300
An =
3n2 A20 = (19)(21)
= 0.3325
1200

(199)(201)
A200 = 3×40,000 =0.333325

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 38 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

(9)(11)
(n − 1)(n + 1) A10 = 300 = 0.3300
An =
3n2 A20 = (19)(21)
= 0.3325
1200

(199)(201)
A200 = 3×40,000 =0.333325
(499)(501)
A500 = 3×250,000 =0.333332

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 38 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

(9)(11)
(n − 1)(n + 1) A10 = 300 = 0.3300
An =
3n2 A20 = (19)(21)
= 0.3325
1200

(199)(201)
A200 = 3×40,000 =0.333325
(499)(501)
A500 = 3×250,000 =0.333332

(n − 1)(n + 1) 1
A = lim An = lim =
n→∞ n→∞ 3n2 3
Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)
Cal&AG December 6, 2020 38 / 49
 Riemann Sums and Definite Integral

Exact Area under f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

(n − 1)(n + 1) 1
A = lim An = lim =
n→∞ 3n2
n→∞ 3
Z 1  1
2 2 1
2x − 2x2 dx = x2 − x3 =1− =
0 3 0 3 3

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 39 / 49
 Area when Function is Negative

Area when Function is Negative

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 40 / 49
 Area when Function is Negative

Suppose that f (x) ≥ 0 on the interval [a, b] and A1 is the area bounded
between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis for a ≤ x ≤ b.
Further, suppose that f (x) ≤ 0 on the interval [b, c] and A2 is the area
bounded between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis for b ≤ x ≤ c.

the total area between y = f (x) and the x-axis for a ≤ x ≤ c is

A1 + A2 .

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

Types of Riemann Sums

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

There are five main types of Riemann Sums, depending

on which point xi is chosen to determine the height:

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Cal&AG December 6, 2020 43 / 49
 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

There are five main types of Riemann Sums, depending

on which point xi is chosen to determine the height:

1 Right Sum: the right endpoint of the subsegment

2 Left Sum: the left endpoint of the subsegment
3 Middle Sum: the point half way between the left and right
endpoints
4 Lower Sum: any point xi such that f (xi ) is minimal
5 Upper Sum: any point xi such that f (xi ) is maximal

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

Right Riemann Sum of f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

with partition size n = 10

Figure: Height is f (xi ), where xi is the right endpoint of subinterval

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

Left Riemann Sum of f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1] with

partition size n = 10

Figure: Height is f (xi ), where xi is the left endpoint of subinterval

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

Lower Riemann Sum of f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

with partition size n = 10

Figure: Any point xi such that f (xi ) is minimal

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

Upper Riemann Sum of f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

with partition size n = 10

Figure: Any point xi such that f (xi ) is maximal

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 Area when Function is Negative Types of Riemann Sums

Midpoint Riemann Sum of f (x) = 2x − 2x2 on [0, 1]

with partition size n = 10

Figure: The point half way between the left and right endpoints

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Cal&AG December 6, 2020 48 / 49
 Summary

Summary
• Integration and derivative relation
• How to compute Riemann Sum?
• Relation Between Riemann Sum and Definite Integrals
• Types of Riemann Sum

Dr. Yasir Ali ([email protected]) (DBS&H, CEME-NUST)

Cal&AG December 6, 2020 49 / 49