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December 2024

[12pt]article amsmath, amssymb hyperref


Solutions for ODE Problem Set

Problem 1: y (n) (t) − y(t) = 0


(a) Are there any trivial solutions?
The trivial solution is:
y(t) = 0
**Verification:** 1. Substitute y(t) = 0 into the differential equation:

y (n) (t) − y(t) = 0

2. Since y(t) = 0, all derivatives of y (i.e., y (n) (t), y (n−1) (t), etc.) are also zero:

0−0=0

This satisfies the equation. Thus, y(t) = 0 is the trivial solution, called so
because it provides no additional information about the system.
—

(b) What’s one nontrivial solution of this ODE?


Assume a solution of the form y(t) = eλt , where λ is a constant. Substituting
into the ODE: 1. Compute the n-th derivative of y(t) = eλt :

y (n) (t) = λn eλt

2. Substitute into the ODE:

λn eλt − eλt = 0

3. Factor out eλt (since eλt ̸= 0 for any λ):

eλt (λn − 1) = 0

1
4. The characteristic equation is:

λn − 1 = 0

The solutions are the n-th roots of unity, which are complex numbers λ satisfying
λn = 1.
**Example (if n = 3):** The 3-rd roots of unity are:

λ = 1, λ = e2πi/3 , λ = e4πi/3

Thus, one nontrivial solution is y(t) = eλt , where λ is any n-th root of unity.
—

(c) Find the general solution when n = 2


For n = 2, the ODE becomes:

y ′′ (t) − y(t) = 0

1. Assume y(t) = eλt and substitute into the ODE:

λ2 eλt − eλt = 0

2. Factor out eλt :


eλt (λ2 − 1) = 0
3. Solve the characteristic equation:

λ2 − 1 = 0λ = ±1

4. The general solution is:

y(t) = C1 et + C2 e−t

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants determined by initial conditions.


—

(d) Suppose n = 2k for some k ∈ N . Find two linearly


independent solutions.
For n = 2k, the characteristic equation becomes:

λ2k = 1

The 2k-th roots of unity are given by:


2πj
λ j = ei 2k , j = 0, 1, . . . , 2k − 1

2
These roots are evenly spaced around the unit circle in the complex plane.
Choosing two distinct roots, λ1 = eiπ/k and λ2 = e−iπ/k , we construct two
linearly independent solutions:

y1 (t) = eλ1 t = eiπt/k , y2 (t) = eλ2 t = e−iπt/k

The general solution includes all 2k-th roots of unity:


2k−1
X
y(t) = Cj eλj t
j=0

where Cj are constants determined by initial conditions.


—

(e) Suppose y(0) = 0; y ′ (0) = 0; . . . ; y (n−1) (0) = 0. What’s the


solution of this IVP?
1. The general solution for the ODE is:
n
X
y(t) = C j eλ j t
j=1

2. Applying the initial conditions:


n
X n
X
y(0) = Cj = 0, y ′ (0) = Cj λj = 0, . . .
j=1 j=1

These conditions form a homogeneous linear system for C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn . The


only solution to this system is:

C1 = C2 = . . . = Cn = 0

Thus, the solution to this IVP is the trivial solution:

y(t) = 0

Problem 2: p(x) and q(x) as Characteristic Poly-


nomials
(a) General solution for p(r) = 0 or q(r) = 0
If p(r) is an n-th degree polynomial with distinct roots p1 , p2 , . . . , pn , then the
general solution is:
n
X
yp (t) = Ci epi t
i=1

3
Similarly, for q(r) = 0, if q(r) has m distinct roots q1 , q2 , . . . , qm , the general
solution is:
m
X
yq (t) = D j eqj t
j=1
—

(b) General solution for p(r)q(r) = 0


The characteristic equation p(r)q(r) = 0 is of degree n + m, as it combines the
roots of p(r) = 0 and q(r) = 0. The general solution is:
n
X m
X
y(t) = C i e pi t + D j eqj t
i=1 j=1

(c) Number of distinct first-order ODEs with solutions as


subsets of part (b)
Each root of p(r)q(r) = 0 corresponds to a first-order ODE of the form:

y ′ − λy = 0

Since p(r)q(r) = 0 has n + m distinct roots, there are n + m such first-order


ODEs.
—

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