Relational Database Design

Module 7: Basic Normalization (Part 2)

Hugo Kornelis
[email protected]
 Outline

 Normalization
 Functional dependencies
 Basic normal forms
 First Normal Form (1NF)
 Second Normal Form (2NF)
 Third Normal Form (3NF)
 Finding functional dependencies
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 “Non-key attributes” – not part of any candidate key
 “Subset of candidate key” – requires at least one composite candidate key

No composite keys N o no n-key attributes

Attr 1 Attr 1
Attr 2
Attr 2 Attr 3 (AK2.1)
Attr 3
Attr 4 (AK2.1) Attr 4 (AK2.2)
Attr 5 Attr 5 (AK2.3)
Attr 6 (AK1.1) Attr 6 (AK1.1)
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 “Non-key attributes” – not part of any candidate key
 “Subset of candidate key” – requires at least one composite candidate key

E xample
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
A
AC {B, C}  D
B (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2)
D AE
E AF
F
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 “Non-key attributes” – not part of any candidate key
 “Subset of candidate key” – requires at least one composite candidate key

E xample
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
A
AC {B, C}  D
B (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2)
D AE
E AF
F
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 “Non-key attributes” – not part of any candidate key
 “Subset of candidate key” – requires at least one composite candidate key

E xample
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
A
AC {B, C}  D
B (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2)
D AE
E AF
F
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 “Non-key attributes” – not part of any candidate key
 “Subset of candidate key” – requires at least one composite candidate key

E xample
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
A
AC {B, C}  D
B (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2)
D AE
E AF
F
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 Fixing 2NF violations:
 New entity type for offending functional dependency

E xample
Example
Fix2NF
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
A
B
AC {B, C}  D
B (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2) B
E
D E
AE
E AF
F

Determinant = key
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 Fixing 2NF violations:
 New entity type for offending functional dependency
 Original entity type:
 Remove dependent attributes
 Determinant implements relationship
Example
Fix2NF
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
B (FK)
A
C B
AC {B, C}  D
B (AK1.1)
(FK) (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
A (AK1.2)
C (AK1.1) E
D AE
E AF
F
Determinant =
foreign key
Remove dependent attribute(s)
 Second Normal Form

 Requirements for Second Normal Form (2NF):

 Table must be in First Normal Form
 Non-key attributes must not depend on subset of any candidate key
 Fixing 2NF violations:
 New entity type for offending functional dependency
 Original entity type:
 Remove dependent attributes
 Determinant implements relationship
Example
Fix2NF
AB BE DF {B, C}  A
A
B
AC {B, C}  D
B (FK) (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2) E
D AE
F AF
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Violations of 2NF
 (and a few extra functional dependencies)
 Skip for tables with:
 Only single-column candidate keys
 One candidate key on all columns
 (many-to-many relationships!)
 Exactly one composite key AND no non-key columns
 Remaining tables:
 Procedure executed for each composite (multi-column) key

Test this one first Test this one later

Don’t test this one

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Pattern to be populated:
 Columns in “current” candidate key:
 One column different, rest equal
 Columns not in “current” candidate key and not single-column key:
 One column different, rest irrelevant

Currently checking

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1 d1 ? ? ?
a2 b1 c1 d2 ? ? ?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Pattern to be populated:
 Columns in “current” candidate key:
 One column different, rest equal
 Columns not in “current” candidate key and not single-column key:
 One column different, rest irrelevant
 Optionally combine different columns
 Faster if there’s no dependency, more work if there is

Currently checking

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ? g1
a2 b1 c1 d2 e2 ? g2
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 Column with difference depends on column(s) with no difference
 Can be a normal dependency or a derivation rule
 Don’t change data model (yet)

Functional dependency found: {B, C}  D

Currently checking

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1 d1 ? ? ?
a2 b1 c1 d2 ? ? ?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 Column with difference depends on column(s) with no difference
 Can be a normal dependency or a derivation rule
 Don’t change data model (yet)
 Continue testing
 Other columns

Functional dependency found: {B, C}  D

Currently checking

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1 d1
? e1
? ? g1
?
a2 b1 c1 d2
? e2
? ? g2
?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 Column with difference depends on column(s) with no difference
 Can be a normal dependency or a derivation rule
 Don’t change data model (yet)
 Continue testing
 Other columns
 Other subsets of current candidate key

Functional dependency found: {B, C}  D

Currently checking

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1
a2
a1 b2
b1 c1
c2
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 Column with difference depends on column(s) with no difference
 Can be a normal dependency or a derivation rule
 Don’t change data model (yet)
 Continue testing
 Other columns
 Other subsets of current candidate key
 Other composite candidate keys

Functional dependency found: {B, C}  D

Test this one next!
Don’t test this one

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Might not be full!

Actual dependency: A  E Actual dependency: {A, B}  E

Dependencies found: {A, B, C}  E Dependencies found: {A, B, C} 

{A, B, D}  E {A, B, D}  E
{A, C, D}  E

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Might not be full!
Actual dependency: A  E
 Look for common subset …
 … for which every superset was found
Actual dependencies: {A, B}  E
{A, C, D}  E
Actual dependencies: {A, C}  E
{A, B, D}  E
Dependencies found: {A, B, C}  E
{A, B, D}  E Actual dependencies: {A, D}  E
{A, C, D}  E {A, B, C}  E

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Might not be full!
Actual dependencies: {A, B}  E
 Look for common subset …
 … for which every superset was found
{A, C}  E
 Multiple common subsets possible Actual dependencies: {A, B}  E
{A, D}  E
Actual dependencies: {A, C}  E
{A, D}  E
Dependencies found: {A, B, C}  E
{A, B, D}  E Actual dependencies: {A, B}  E
{A, C, D}  E {A, C}  E
{A, D}  E

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Might not be full!
 Look for common subset …
 … for which every superset was found
 Multiple common subsets possible

Not a dependency: {B, C}  E

would have implied: {B,C, D}  E

Dependencies found: {A, B, C}  E Not a dependency: B  E

{A, B, D}  E would have implied: {B, C, D}  E
{A, C, D}  E {B, C}  E
etcetera
Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Might not be full!
 Look for common subset …
 … for which every superset was found
 Multiple common subsets possible
 Confirmation (by testing) required
 If confirmed: Add new dependency, remove implied dependencies
 Check all possibilities!
Possible dependencies: AE
Dependencies found: {A, B, C}  E {A, B}  E
{A, B, D}  E {A, C}  E
{A, C, D}  E {A, D}  E

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ? ?
a1 b2 c1 d2 e2 ? ?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All full functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Caused by derivation rule?  handled later
 Non-key column depends on subset of key  violates 2NF
 Create new entity type
Fix2NF Example
Example
 Remove dependent attribute
B A
A
C B
B (FK)
C
C (FK) (AK1.1)
(AK1.1)
E
DD (AK1.2)
(AK1.2)
FE (AK2.1)
GF (AK2.1)
Full functional dependencies found: {B, C}  E G
DA

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All full functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Caused by derivation rule?  handled later
 Non-key column depends on subset of key  violates 2NF
 Create new entity type
 Remove dependent attribute
 Subset of one key depends on subset of another key  No 2NF violation
 No schema change required

Full functional dependencies found: {B, C}  E

DA

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 3

 Dependencies on subsets of candidate keys

 All full functional dependencies on subset of keys found
 Caused by derivation rule?  handled later
 Non-key column depends on subset of key  violates 2NF
 Create new entity type
 Remove dependent attribute
 Subset of one key depends on subset of another key  No 2NF violation
 No schema change required
 (Rare) One non-key column depends on two (or more) subset of keys
 New entity type for each dependency
 Causes redundancy
 Allows data that violates dependencies
 New entity type for one of the dependencies
 Allows data that violates dependencies
 Leave original entity type unchanged
 Violates 2NF
Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by
Candidate key #2
Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Candidate key #1 Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Non-key attributes Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Date Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking Different values

Date Player 1
?
Player 2
?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1
?
HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-07 Katie Jim C 3 0 36 12 20 0

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking Different values

Date Player 1
?
Player 2
?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1
?
HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Katie Jack C 2 1 40 37 12 10

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking Different values

Date Player 1 Player 2

?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 37 12 10

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking Different values

Date Player 1 Player 2

?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Different values Player 2 score
Identical values
Currently checking Different values

Date Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2012-10-03 Dave Mary C 3 0 36 12 20 0

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Different values Player 2 score
Identical values
Currently checking Different values

Date Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2012-10-03 Tony Jack B 2 1 40 37 12 10

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking

Date
?
Player 1 Player 2
?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1
?
HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-07 Katie Jim C 3 0 36 12 20 0

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking

Date
?
Player 1 Player 2
?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1
?
HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie
? Jim C
? ? ? ? 12
? ? ?

2013-02-07 Dave
? Jim B
? ? ? ? 17
? ? ?
 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by Player
•is played by 2  League
Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking

Date
?
Player 1 Player 2
?
League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1
?
HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-07 Dave Jim B 3 0 36 17 20 0

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by Player
•is played by 2  League
Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Identical values Player 2 score
Different values
Currently checking

Date
?
Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1
?
HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-07 Dave Jim C 3 0 36 17 20 0

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by Player
•is played by 2  League
Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Different values Player 2 score
Identical values
Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2012-10-03 Dave Mary C 3 0 36 12 20 0

 Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name
Functional dependencies found:
Date of birth

p lays in /
• Player 1  League
p lays in /
is played by Player
•is played by 2  League
Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) is played for / League code
P has
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
League (FK)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Different values Player 2 score
Identical values
Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim C 2 1 40 12 12 10

2012-10-03 Tony Jack B 2 1 40 37 12 10

Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name P la yer (2)
Date of birth Player name

League code
p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Functional dependencies found: Date (AK1.1)
is played for / League code
Player 1 (FK)
• Player 1  League Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
P has

• Player 2  League League (FK)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Actual functional dependency: Frame #

Player 1 score
• Player  League Player 2 score

Date Player 1 Player 2 League Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

Demo: dependencies on subsets of candidate keys Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Functional dependencies found: Date (AK1.1)
League code
Player 1 (FK)
• Player 1  League Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
• Player 2  League Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Actual functional dependency: Frame #

Player 1 score
• Player  League Player 2 score

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 A non-key attribute depends on one non-key attribute

3NF example
Attr 1
Attr 2
Examples of violations:
Attr 3 (AK1.1)
Attr 4 (AK1.2)
• Attr5  Attr7
Attr 5 • Attr7  Attr6
Attr 6
Attr 7
 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 A non-key attribute depends on one non-key attribute
 A non-key attribute depends on multiple non-key attributes

3NF example
Attr 1
Attr 2
Examples of violations:
Attr 3 (AK1.1)
Attr 4 (AK1.2)
• {Attr5, Attr6}  Attr7
Attr 5 • {Attr5, Attr7}  Attr6
Attr 6
Attr 7
 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 A non-key attribute depends on one non-key attribute
 A non-key attribute depends on multiple non-key attributes
 A non-key attribute depends on combination of candidate key subset and non-key

3NF example
Attr 1
Attr 2
Examples of violations:
Attr 3 (AK1.1)
Attr 4 (AK1.2)
• {Attr1, Attr5}  Attr7
Attr 5 • {Attr3, Attr5, Attr7}  Attr6
Attr 6
Attr 7
 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 A non-key attribute depends on one non-key attribute
 A non-key attribute depends on multiple non-key attributes
 A non-key attribute depends on combination of candidate key subset and non-key
 A non-key attribute depends on combination of multiple candidate key subsets

3NF example
Attr 1
Attr 2
Examples of violations:
Attr 3 (AK1.1)
Attr 4 (AK1.2)
• {Attr1, Attr4}  Attr6
Attr 5 • {Attr2, Attr3}  Attr6
Attr 6 • {Attr2, Attr3, Attr5, Attr6}  Attr7
Attr 7
 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 A non-key attribute depends on one non-key attribute
 A non-key attribute depends on multiple non-key attributes
 A non-key attribute depends on combination of candidate key subset and non-key
 A non-key attribute depends on combination of multiple candidate key subsets

Example
Fix2NF
AB DF {B, C}  A
A
B
AC {B, C}  D
B (FK) (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2) E
D AF
F
 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 Fixing 3NF violations:
 New entity type for offending functional dependency

Example
Fix2NF
AB DF {B, C}  A
A
B
AC {B, C}  D
B (FK) (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2) E
D AF
F
Fix3NF
D
F
 Third Normal Form

 Requirements for Third Normal Form (3NF):

 Table must be in Second Normal Form
 Non-prime attributes must be non-transitively dependent on every superkey
 or: No dependency of non-key attribute on attribute(s) that is/are not a key
 Fixing 3NF violations:
 New entity type for offending functional dependency
 Original entity type:
 Remove dependent attributes
 Determinant implements relationship
Example
Fix2NF
AB DF {B, C}  A
A
B
AC {B, C}  D
B (FK) (AK1.1) AD {B, C}  F
C (AK1.2) E
D (FK) AF
Fix3NF
D
F
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Possible violations of Third Normal Form:

 Dependency of a non-key attribute on a non-key attribute
 Dependency of a non-key attribute on a combination of attributes
 Not subset of any candidate key
 Not superset of any candidate key

 Testing for:
 Dependency of any attribute on a non-key attribute
 Can be skipped for tables with no non-key attributes
 Dependency of any attribute on a combination of attributes
 Can be skipped for tables with:
 No composite keys and ≤1 non-key attribute
 One composite key and no non-key attributes
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Pattern to be populated:
 One non-key column equal
 All other columns different
 Valid example with required pattern found or created?
 No dependencies on non-key column being tested
 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 One or more other columns depend on column being tested
 But which one(s)?

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1
a2 b2 c2 d1 e2 f2 g2
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 One or more other columns depend on column being tested
 But which one(s)?
 Check which other columns depend on column being tested
 Listen to reason for rejecting example
 Or test, one possibly dependent column at a time

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

a1 b1
? c1
? d1 e1
? f1
? g1
?
a2 b2
? c2
? d1 e2
? f2
? g2
?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 One or more other columns depend on column being tested
 But which one(s)?
 Check which other columns depend on column being tested
 Listen to reason for rejecting example
 Or test, one possibly dependent column at a time

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

? b1 ? d1 ? ? ?
? b2 ? d1 ? ? ?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 One or more other columns depend on column being tested
 But which one(s)?
 Check which other columns depend on column being tested
 Listen to reason for rejecting example
 Or test, one possibly dependent column at a time

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

? ? c1 d1 ? ? ?
? ? c2 d1 ? ? ?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 One or more other columns depend on column being tested
 But which one(s)?
 Check which other columns depend on column being tested
 Listen to reason for rejecting example
 Or test, one possibly dependent column at a time

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

? ? ? d1 e1 ? ?
? ? ? d1 e2 ? ?
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 One or more other columns depend on column being tested
 But which one(s)?
 Check which other columns depend on column being tested
 Listen to reason for rejecting example
 Or test, one possibly dependent column at a time
 When rejected, that column depends on column being tested
 (Usually)
 Make sure to find all dependent columns!
 For each dependency: “normal” functional dependency, or derivation rule?

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

? ? ? d1 ? ? g1
? ? ? d1 ? ? g2
 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 “Normal” (not derived) dependencies of non-key column  violates 3NF
 Create new entity type
 Remove dependent attribute(s)
Fix3NF Example
D A
B (AK1.1)
E
G C (AK1.2)
D (FK)
E (AK2.1)
F
Functional dependencies found: DE F (AK2.1)
G
DG

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 Impossible to create valid example with the required pattern?
 Derived dependencies / dependent key columns
 No schema change needed
 Make note for later use
 Exclude dependent column from rest of test Example
 But do check for transitive dependencies if new dependency on
determinant is found! A
B (AK1.1)

C (AK1.2)
D
E
Functional dependencies found: DE F (AK2.1)
G
DG

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on a single non-key attribute

 When tests for a column are completed:
 First fix model (if needed)
 Then continue with next column
 Repeat until all columns verified

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on combination of attributes that are not a key

 Test possible combinations of two columns, then three, …
 Combination of several non-key columns

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on combination of attributes that are not a key

 Test possible combinations of two columns, then three, …
 Combination of several non-key columns
 Combination of non-key column(s) with subset of a candidate key

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Finding functional dependencies, part 4

 Dependencies on combination of attributes that are not a key

 Test possible combinations of two columns, then three, …
 Combination of several non-key columns
 Combination of non-key column(s) with subset of a candidate key
 Combination of several subsets of different candidate keys
 Problem: This results in a LOT of test cases!
 Solution: use your experience to avoid “silly” tests
 But remember that this involves assumptions!
Not a subset of a candidate key

Not a superset of a candidate key

Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Column F Column G

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 1 Points 2

a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 j1

a2 b2 c2 d1 e2 f2 g2 h2 j2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1

?
Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
?
Points 1
?
Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 1 49 37 12 10

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1

?
Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
?
Points 1
?
Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 0 49 37 18 0

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1

?
Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
?
Points 1
?
Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 0 49 37 18 0

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)
12 20
p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1

?
Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
?
Points 1
?
Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 3 49 37 18 0

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1

?
Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
?
Points 1
?
Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12 12 10

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 3 49 37 12 20

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)

• Frames 1  Points 1 p lays in / p lays in /

is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Functional dependency Player 1 (FK) League code

or derivation rule? Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2


Points 1 Points 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)

• Frames 1  Points 1 p lays in / p lays in /

is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code
Functional dependency!
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
Frames won player 1
Frames won player 2

Violates 3NF!
Highest break player 1
Highest break player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Competition points player 1 c ontains /
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

Player 1 score
Player 2 score

Currently checking

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2


Points 1 Points 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)

• Frames 1  Points 1 p lays in / p lays in /

is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code
Functional dependency!
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 Co mp e tition Frame

Violates 3NF!
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P Co mp e tition
Player 1 (FK)Frame
2
Competition points player 1 c ontains / Frame #
Competition points player 2 is p art of P Date (FK)
Player
Player 11 (FK)
score
is s cored in /
Frame
Player #2 score
scores
Player 1 score
Co mp e tition points player 1
Player 2 score
Frames won player 1

Currently checking Competition points player 1

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2


Points 1 Points 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)

• Frames 1  Points 1 p lays in / p lays in /

is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code
Functional dependency!
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Competition points player 2 Frame #

is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points player 1

Frames won player 1

Currently checking Competition points player 1

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2


Points 1 Points 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency suspected: League code (FK)
12 20
• Frames 2  Points 2 p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Competition points player 2 Frame #

is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points player 1

Frames won player 1

Currently checking
Competition points player 1

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12 10

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 3 49 37 0

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)

• Frames 2  Points 2 p lays in / p lays in /

is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code
Functional dependency!
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 Co mp e tition Frame

Violates 3NF!
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P Player 1 (FK)
Competition points player 2 Frame #

is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points player 1

Frames won player 1

Currently checking
Competition points player 1

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)
• Frames 2  Points 2 pplays
lays in
in // pplays
lays in
in //
is
is played
played by by is played
is played by by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
League code
Functional dependency! Player 1 (FK)

Co mp e tition points player 2 Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

is s cored in / Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 scores Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 ccontains
ontains/ / Date (FK)
Competition points player 2
Highest break player 2 is
isppart
artof
of P Player 1 (FK)
Competition points player 2 Frame #

is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points player 1

Frames won player 1

Currently checking
Competition points player 1

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 Points 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

?
Date
?
Player 1
?
Player 2
?
Frames 1 Frames 2
?
HB 1 HB 2
?
2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 2 1 49 37

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2

?
Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12

2013-02-15 Tony Jack 4 1 49 37

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Do not check Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Do not check Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12

2013-02-07 Katie Jim 3 0 36 12

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12

2013-02-15 Katie Jim 2 1 40 37

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12

2013-02-15 Katie Jack 2 1 40 37

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1

?
Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2

2012-10-03 Katie Jim 2 1 40 12

2013-02-15 Katie Jack 2 1 49 37

 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)
• {Player 1, Frames 1}  Frames 2 p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Actual underlying dependencies: Player 1 (FK) League code

• {League, Frames 1}  Frames 2 Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
• Player 1  League Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1


Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)
• {Player 1, Frames 1}  Frames 2 p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Functional dependency Player 1 (FK) League code

or derivation rule? Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1


Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)
• {Player 1, Frames 1}  Frames 2 p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
League code
Derivation rule! Player 1 (FK)
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1


Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
Dependency found: League code (FK)
• {Player 1, Frames 1}  Frames 2 p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
League code
Derivation rule! Player 1 (FK)
Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)
Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won

Currently checking Competition points

Derivation rule:
Frames won player 2
Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 is computed from
Frames won player 1
and
Player 1  League code
(see specification in design docs)
 Demo: dependencies on non-key attributes Player
Player name is of /
P p lays in
Date of birth
League code (FK)

p lays in / p lays in /
is played by is played by

Co mp e tition Match
League
Date (AK1.1)
Player 1 (FK) League code

Player 2 (FK) (AK1.2)

Frames won player 1 (FK)
Frames won player 2 (FK) Co mp e tition Frame
Highest break player 1 c ontains / Date (FK)
Highest break player 2 is p art of P
Player 1 (FK)
Frame #

is s cored in / is s cored in / Player 1 score

scores scores Player 2 score

Co mp e tition points
Frames won
Competition points

Derivation rule:
Frames won player 2
Date Player 1 Player 2 Frames 1 Frames 2 HB 1 HB 2 is computed from
Frames won player 1
and
Player 1  League code
(see specification in design docs)
 Summary

 Problems
 Redundancy
 Modification anomalies
 Fixed by normalization

 Functional dependencies
The key, the
… whole key, and
… nothing but the key; so
… help me Codd
 Normal forms
 First Normal Form
 Second Normal Form
 Third Normal Form

Dr. E.J. Codd

Illustration: Michael J. Swart
 References

 Further reading:
 Database normalization on Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization
or
http://tinyurl.com/Norm-DB

 P.A. Bernstein’s algorithm for synthesis of a Third Normal Form schema:

http://student.bus.olemiss.edu/files/conlon/others/Others/Bus669_CompInf
o/DB_Design_SQL/Bernstein.pdf
or
http://tinyurl.com/BernAlgo