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etest2272
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Relational Database Design

Module 1: Introduction
Hugo Kornelis
[email protected]
Outline

 Storage hardware
 Database technologies
 Relational model
 Fundamentals
 Codd’s Twelve Rules
 Types of data models
 Conceptual
 Logical
 Physical
Development of storage hardware

 Punch cards

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hollerith_punched_card.jpg
Development of storage hardware

 Punch cards
 Punch tape

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PaperTapes-5and8Hole.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honolulu_IFSS_Teletype1964.jpg
Development of storage hardware

 Punch cards
 Punch tape
 Magnetic tape

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quarter-Inch_Cartridges.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_System_360_tape_drives.jpg
Development of storage hardware

 Punch cards
 Punch tape
 Magnetic tape
 Spinning disc
 Hard disk
 Floppy disk

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hdd_od_srodka.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Floppy_disk_2009_G1.jpg
Development of storage hardware

 Punch cards
 Punch tape
 Magnetic tape
 Spinning disc
 Hard disk
 Floppy disk
 Optical disc
 Compact disc
 DVD
 Blu-Ray

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVD-4.5-scan.png
Development of storage hardware

 Punch cards
 Punch tape
 Magnetic tape
 Spinning disc
 Hard disk
 Floppy disk
 Optical disc
 Compact disc http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hp-io-accelerator-isometric.gif

 DVD
 Blu-Ray
 Solid State Drive (SSD)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SanDisk_Cruzer_Micro.png
Database technologies

 Database
 Not necessarily a relational database

Database:
“a usually large collection of data organized especially for rapid
search and retrieval (as by a computer)”
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/database)
Database technologies

 Evolution of database technologies


 Sequential (“flat”) files

Record type C = Customer data

C John Doe 19290418


A 18 Pivot Drive Nowhereville
A PO box 39773 Somewhereelse

Record type A = Address


Database technologies

 Evolution of database technologies


 Sequential (“flat”) files

C John Doe 19290418


A 18 Pivot Drive Nowhereville
Record type O = Order information A PO box 39773 Somewhereelse
O 19671026 USD 217.00
P Drill hammer 1 199.00
Record type P = Product ordered P Power cord 2 8.00
O 19671031 USD 12.50
P Screwdriver set 1 12.50
...
Database technologies

 Evolution of database technologies


 Sequential (“flat”) files
 Hierarchical database
Database technologies

 Evolution of database technologies


 Sequential (“flat”) files
 Hierarchical database
 Network database
 Relational database
 Object database
 XML database
 “Big data”
 ?????
The Relational Model

 Based on mathematics
 Set theory
 First-order predicate logic

Column (attribute) Table (relation)

CustomerID FirstName LastName Birthdate


Row (tuple) XY001 John Doe April 18, 1929
BR092 Mary Green March 4, 1980
PD500 Francesca de la Gillebert September 12, 1959
WI308 John Green March 4, 1980
Primary key

Data value
The Relational Model

 Based on mathematics
 Set theory
 First-order predicate logic

 Relationships between elements based on data values (primary key)


 NOT on storage order
 NOT with pointers to physical location

 Rules for relational databases describe behavior


 Actual implementation can be chosen by vendor
The Relational Model

 Codd’s twelve rules


 0: Foundation Rule
 1: Information Rule
 2: Guaranteed Access Rule
 3: Systematic Treatment of Null Values
 4: Dynamic On-line Catalog Based on the Relational Model
 5: Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule
 6: View Updating Rule
 7: High-level Insert, Update, and Delete
 8: Physical Data Independence
 9: Logical Data Independence
 10: Integrity Independence
 11: Distribution Independence
 12: Nonsubversion Rule
Data modeling

 Conceptual data model


 All information in the organization
 Not necessarily stored in computers

 Logical data model


 For storing in computers
 For a specific database technology
 Implementation independent

 Physical data model


 Optimized for specific vendor
 Based on logical model
Summary

 Storage hardware
 Database technologies
 Relational model
 Fundamentals
 Codd’s Twelve Rules
 Types of data models
 Conceptual
 Logical
 Physical
References

 Further reading:
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware
 http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/08/the-history-of-computer-data-
storage-in-pictures/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_system
 http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~zives/03f/cis550/codd.pdf (Codd’s
groundbreaking article from 1970)
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codd's_12_rules
 http://pbdj.sys-con.com/node/106944 (“Why Have Conceptual, Logical, and
Physical Data Modeling?”)

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