Java OOPS
Encapsulation
• Definition: Encapsulation is the wrapping of data and methods
into a single unit, with data hiding from other classes.
• Fully Encapsulated Class Properties:
1. All attributes must be declared private.
2. Public getter and setter methods for accessing and
modifying attributes.
3. Encapsulated class can be accessed within the same
package; needs to be declared public for access from other
packages.
• Example:
java
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// Student.java in package com.tanvi
package com.tanvi;
class Student {
private int rollNo;
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
public int getRollNo() {
return rollNo;
}
public void setRollNo(int rollNo) {
this.rollNo = rollNo;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName(String lastName) {
this.lastName = lastName;
}
}
// Test.java in package com.tanvi
package com.tanvi;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student st1 = new Student();
st1.setRollNo(1);
st1.setFirstName("Tanvi");
st1.setLastName("Sawant");
System.out.println(st1.getRollNo());
System.out.print(st1.getFirstName() + " ");
System.out.print(st1.getLastName());
}
}
// Test.java in package com.student
package com.student;
import com.tanvi.Student;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student st1 = new Student();
st1.setRollNo(1);
st1.setFirstName("Tanvi");
st1.setLastName("Sawant");
System.out.println(st1.getRollNo());
System.out.print(st1.getFirstName() + " ");
System.out.print(st1.getLastName());
}
}
Abstraction
• Definition: Hides the implementation details and shows only
essential features.
• Implementation:
o Abstract class: Can have both abstract and non-abstract
methods.
o Interface: Achieves 100% abstraction, containing only
abstract methods (no method bodies).
• Key Points:
o Abstract classes can’t be instantiated.
o Interfaces are implemented by classes, and their methods
must be overridden.
• Example:
java
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// Abstract class example
abstract class Student {
abstract void study();
void attendClass() {
System.out.println("Attending class.");
}
}
class CollegeStudent extends Student {
void study() {
System.out.println("Studying.");
}
}
// Interface example
interface Athlete {
void playSports();
}
class HighSchoolStudent implements Athlete {
public void playSports() {
System.out.println("Playing sports.");
}
}
Inheritance
• Definition: Child class inherits properties and methods from a
parent class.
• Types:
1. Single Level: One parent, one child.
2. Multi-Level: Chain of inheritance.
3. Hierarchical: Multiple classes inherit from a single
parent.
4. Multiple: Single child inherits from multiple parents
(achievable via interfaces in Java).
5. Hybrid: Combination of two or more types of inheritance
(achievable using interfaces).
• Examples:
java
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// Single Level
class Student {
void study() {
System.out.println("Student is studying.");
}
}
class CollegeStudent extends Student {
void attendClass() {
System.out.println("College student is attending
class.");
}
}
// Multi-Level
class GraduateStudent extends CollegeStudent {
void conductResearch() {
System.out.println("Graduate student is
conducting research.");
}
}
// Hierarchical
class HighSchoolStudent extends Student {
void playSports() {
System.out.println("High school student is
playing sports.");
}
}
// Multiple and Hybrid (using interfaces)
interface Studious {
void study();
}
interface Athletic {
void playSports();
}
class HighSchoolStudent implements Studious, Athletic {
@Override
public void study() {
System.out.println("High school student is
studying.");
}
@Override
public void playSports() {
System.out.println("High school student is
playing sports.");
}
}
Polymorphism
• Definition: Ability to take many forms. A single action can
perform in different ways.
• Types:
1. Compile-Time (Static):
▪ Method Overloading: Same method name, different
parameters.
2. Runtime (Dynamic):
▪ Method Overriding: Subclass has the same method
as declared in the parent class.
• Example:
java
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// Compile-Time Polymorphism
class Math {
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int add(int a, int b, int c) {
return a + b + c;
}
}
// Runtime Polymorphism
class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes sound");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}
Interview Questions on OOPs
1. Limitations of OOPs: Increased complexity and code length.
2. Popular OOP Languages: C++, Java, Python, C#, PHP,
JavaScript, Kotlin, TypeScript, R.
3. Purpose of OOP Concepts: Readability, understanding,
reusability, and extension of features.
4. Four Main Features of OOP: Encapsulation, Abstraction,
Polymorphism, Inheritance.
5. Difference Between OOP and Structural Programming:
OOP is more secure, readable, and expandable with code
reusability.
6. Why Java is Not Pure OOP: Due to primitive data types, static
methods, and wrapper classes.
7. Class and Object:
o Class: A blueprint with common properties.
o Object: An instance of a class.
o Example: Student class with attributes like rollNo, name;
s1 object with specific details.
8. Abstract Class Characteristics: Contains both abstract and
non-abstract methods; cannot be instantiated.
9. Constructor Inheritance: Not possible; constructors are not
inherited.
10. Constructor Chaining: Calling one constructor from
another within the same class.
11. Types of Variables in OOP: Global, local, instance.
