INTERNET OF THINGS - Unit IV

Introduction Internet of Things Privacy, Security and Governance:

Trust, privacy and governance aspects of IoT rely for themost part upon security [1].
Security in its broadest definitions includes health andwellbeing as well as other forms of protection.
These aspects need to be viewed from the perspectives ofthe majority if not all the principle stakeholder
groups andextended to include the relevant influencing andinfluenced elements of the general environment
Overview of governance:
1. The European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things hascreated a number of activity chains to
favour close cooperationbetween the projects addressing IoT topics and to form an arenafor exchange
of ideas and open dialog on important researchchallenges.
2. The activity chains are defined as work streams that grouptogether partners or specific participants from
partners aroundwell defined technical activities that will result into at least oneoutput or delivery that
will be used in addressing the IERCobjectives.
3. IERC Activity Chain 05 is a cross-project activityfocused on making a valued contribution to
IoTprivacy, security and governance among the ECfunded research projects in the area of Internetof
Things.
4. “Privacy, security and competition have beenidentified as the main issues related to IOTGovernance.
5. Overall, the main objective of the Activity Chain 05 is toidentify research challenges and topics, which
could makeIoT more secure for users (i.e. citizen, business andgovernment), to guarantee the privacy of
users andsupport the confident, successful and trusted developmentof the IoT market.
6. In comparison to IoT initiatives in Europe or at a globallevel (e.g., IGF), Activity Chain 05 does not
definegovernment policies but focuses upon research
Contribution for FP7:
1. FP7 iCore Access Framework (iCore Contribution)
2. IoT@Work Capability Based Access Control System(IoT@Work Contribution)
3. GAMBAS Adaptive Middleware (GAMBASContribution)
4. IoT-A Architecture (IoT-A Contribution)
5. Governance, Security and Privacy in the ButlerProject (Butler Contribution)
Security, privacy and trust of IOT- Data platforms for smart cities:
One of the main aims of Smart City technologies is to provide different optimization mechanisms for
different aspects of data management.
Data is gathered from various sources owned by different administrative domains. Noteworthy parts are data
from public and private transportation providers, data from mobile users, captured for instance with their
smart phones, surveillance data and videos from private and public organisations and a vast amount of
sensors and meters, attached to machines and infrastructures, distributed throughout the city.
All this information is stored in a variety of different places, for instance it can remain locally in the sensors
or company internal databases, in social networks, in data storage located in private data centres or even in a
public cloud storage service.
Also actuation decisions can be taken in a coordinated way between multiple control centres or data
providers. Hence it is clear that there is a need of an information sharing platform in which data flows from
various sources and from different Security, Privacy and Trust in Iot-Data-Platforms for Smart Cities 227
Architectural components.
All parties involved in the overall systems such as sensors and actuators, end users, data owners but also
service providers need strong mechanisms for reliability and trust.. For instance, a user might be willing to
share location information with family and friends and make the information available in aggregated form
for improvement of the public transport.
However, several challenges need to be overcome to make this possible. Creating a platform for sharing
IoT-type of data is per se a huge challenge.
Risks to a Smart City IoT Platform
We predict that smart city data will eventually be stored in the cloud and employ cloud computing
techniques, due to the high scalability of resources and computing performance and reduced cost in
maintenance and operation.

In this case, the smart city management system inherits also the security and privacy risks of cloud
computing, for instance the compromise of cloud servers or data abuse by insider attacks.

Additionally the Smart Cities infrastructure is also interacting with sensors and actuators in order to
gather data and control critical infrastructure functions. This clearly requires to authenticate and authorize
the access and to provide trusted information in a secure and privacy-preserving way.
These examples and developments show the importance of security, privacy and trust in smart city
applications. The actual damages caused by possible threats can range from small interferences in the
system to personal losses/exposure of private information.
With more information and management and control the smart city assets being available over ICT
networks, the risk and impact of security or privacy threats is foreseen to be increasing and can have
profound and serious consequences for the community.
A smart city infrastructure, as pictured above, is exposed to several risks such as attacks on the
control infrastructure, poisoning of data, and leakage of confidential data.
SMARTIE will focus on challenges that concern privacy, security and trust of the information
available in the smart city. An attacker can simultaneously attack on multiple layers:
1. Manipulate the sensor measurements to infiltrate the system with wrong data, e.g. to cause certain
actuations
2. Attack the sensors and actuators physically to obtain credentials
3. Attack or impersonate network components to act as a man-in-the-middle
4. Obtain sensitive data or cause actuation by attacking the sharing platform with forged or malicious
requests
Standard network security tools such as firewalls, monitoring or typically access control will not suffice to
prevent such sophisticated attacks due to the distributed nature of the IoT and the problem of
defining/finding trusted parties.
It is essential that security is built into the infrastructure rather than being added as an extra plug-ins. An
effective protection approach is to have security in depth, where data and services are protected by several
independent systems.
An effective protection approach is to have security in depth, where data and services are protected by
several independent systems. The challenge will be to design solutions where no single server has
significant power to control the infrastructure or to access significant amounts of data.
First Steps Towards a Secure Platform:

Past and current projects, such as UbiSec&Sense, SENSEI, WSAN4CIP provide

already some solutions on which a platform as outlined above can build. We present in this section certain
components, which can be used as building blocks, but also components that need further development to be
suitable for the type of platform SMARTIE aims for.
1. Trust and Quality-of-Information in an Open Heterogeneous Network
2. Privacy-preserving Sharing of IoT Data
3. Minimal Disclosure
4. Secure Authentication and Access Control in Constrained Devices

Smartie Approach:
SMARTIE will design and build a data-centring information sharing platform in which information will be
accessed through an information service layer operating above heterogeneous network devices and data
sources and provide services to diverse applications in a transparent manner. It is crucial for the
approach that all the layers involve appropriate mechanisms to protect the data already at the perception
layer as well as at the layers on top of it. These mechanisms shall cooperate in order to provide a cross-layer
holistic approach.
SMARTIE will focus on key innovations that strengthen security, privacy and trust at different IoT Layers
as depicted in the following table:

IoT layers Security requirements

Applications • Authentication, Authorisation, Assurance;

(Intelligent Transportation, Smart • Privacy Protection and Policy Management;
Energy, Public Safety, Utilities, Service Providers, • Secure Computation;
etc.) • Application-specific Data Minimisation;
• Discovery of Information Sources

Information Services • Cryptographic Data Storage;

(In-network Data Processing, Data aggregation, • Protected Data Management and Handling
Cloud Computing, etc.) (Search, Aggregation, Correlation, Computation);

Network • Communication & Connectivity Security;

(Networking infrastructure and Network-level • Secure Sensor/Cloud Interaction;
protocols.) • Cross-domain Data Security Handling

Smart Objects • Data Format and Structures;

(Sensors for data collection, Actuators) • Trust Anchors and Attestation;
• Access Control to Nodes
• Lightweight Encryption

Adaptation and Deployment

 Smart Transportation
 Smart City Objectives
 Smart campus
Conclusion:
The Internet of the Future will be a cluster of heterogeneous current and future infrastructures (networks,
services, data, virtual entities, etc.) and of usages with mainly decentralized security and trust functions. The
emergence of sensing and actuating devices, the proliferation of user-generated content and nascent
(Internet-only) services delivery create the need to address trust and security functions adequately.
 INTERNET OF THINGS - Unit V
IoT Applications
Throughout the entire document the following pragmatic definition for IoT applications was used in order to
focus the scope and to have a common understanding: IoT applications in the sense of this paper are
solutions using IoT technologies capable to improve and easy adapt industrial manufacturing processes,
enable new and efficient ways to do operate and interact in production plants, create new service or
supervision means for industrial installations, offer an optimized infrastructure, reduce operational cost and
energy consumption or improve human safety in industrial areas.

Challenges faced by IoT industry applications

The challenges for IoT industrial applications can be subject of a more extended treatment, however for the
needs of present IoT applications and value creation they have been divided in 4 groups:
• IoT device technical challenges
• Lifetime and energy challenge
• Data and information challenge
• Humans and business
The IoT devices technical challenges are numerous and subject of intense research. Some aspects will be
addressed also in the following sections. A set of technical features will be especially needed in industrial
applications, depending on application, such as extended capabilities for sensing in terms
of sensor types and high sampling rate, communication, wireless data transfer and precise time synchronous
collection of data both in single-hop and multihop industrial networks. Another aspect is related to the easy
deployment, configuration and re-use of non-permanently attached devices, such as the ones used for ad-hoc
sensing. One critical and often neglected aspect is the device packaging for the industrial application needs
which is essential for reliable operation. Last but not least is the heterogeneity aspect which is a problem
even today. In industrial environments often encountered are combinations of one or more of: of passive and
active RFID with or without sensing, various fix or mobile RFID readers, wireless sensor nodes and
networks, wired and wireless technologies in factory automation, use of different frequency bands
13.5 MHz, 433 MHz, 860–925, 2.4 GHz, use of various “languages” — ISO standards, and different mobile
devices and ecosystems. A special challenge related to IoT devices is related to lifetime of the IoT
device which is less than of the normal industrial installation. This lifetime mismatch needs to be considered
in the complete design and management of industrial installations involving IoT. The energy challenge is
also important, especially for active IoT devices. Depending on application the energy harvesting can be a
solution.
Applications of IoT:
 Smart Homes
 Smart City
 Self-driven Cars
 IoT Retail Shops
 Farming
 Wearables
 Smart Grids
 Industrial Internet
 Telehealth
 Smart Supply-chain Management
 Traffic management
 Water and Waste management

List of Top 10 Applications of IoT

1. Smart Homes
One of the best and the most practical applications of IoT, smart homes really take both, convenience
and home security, to the next level. Though there are different levels at which IoT is applied for smart
homes, the best is the one that blends intelligent utility systems and entertainment together. For
instance, your electricity meter with an IoT device giving you insights into your everyday water usage,
your set-top box that allows you to record shows from remote, Automatic Illumination Systems,
Advanced Locking Systems, and Connected Surveillance Systems all fit into this concept of smart
homes. As IoT evolves, we can be sure that most of the devices will become smarter, enabling
enhanced home security.
2. Smart City
Not just internet access to people in a city but to the devices in it as well – that’s what smart cities are
supposed to be made of. And we can proudly say that we’re going towards realizing this dream. Efforts
are being made to incorporate connected technology into infrastructural requirements and some vital
concerns like Traffic Management, Waste Management, Water Distribution, Electricity Management,
and more. All these work towards eliminating some day-to-day challenges faced by people and bring
in added convenience.
3. Self-driven Cars
We’ve seen a lot about self-driven cars. Google tried it out, Tesla tested it, and even Uber came up
with a version of self-driven cars that it later shelved. Since it’s human lives on the roads that we’re
dealing with, we need to ensure the technology has all that it takes to ensure better safety for the
passenger and those on the roads.
The cars use several sensors and embedded systems connected to the Cloud and the internet to keep
generating data and sending them to the Cloud for informed decision-making through Machine
Learning. Though it will take a few more years for the technology to evolve completely and for
countries to amend laws and policies, what we’re witnessing right now is one of the best applications
of IoT.
4. IoT Retail Shops
If you haven’t already seen the video of Amazon Go – the concept store from the eCommerce giant,
you should check it out right away. Perhaps this is the best use of the technology in bridging the gap
between an online store and a retail store. The retail store allows you to go cashless by deducting
money from your Amazon wallet. It also adds items to your cart in real-time when you pick products
from the shelves.
If you change your mind and pick up another article, the previous one gets deleted and replaces in your
cart with the new item. The best part of the concept store is that there is no cashier to bill your products.
You don’t have to stand in line but just step out after you pick up your products from shelves. If this
technology is effective enough to fetch more patronage, this is sure to become a norm in the coming
years.
5. Farming
Farming is one sector that will benefit the most from the Internet of Things. With so many
developments happening on tools farmers can use for agriculture, the future is sure promising. Tools
are being developed for Drip Irrigation, understanding crop patterns, Water Distribution, drones for
Farm Surveillance, and more. These will allow farmers to come up with a more productive yield and
take care of the concerns better.
6. Wearables
Wearables remain a hot topic in the market, even today. These devices serve a wide range of purposes
ranging from medical, and wellness to fitness. Of all the IoT startups, Jawbone, a wearables maker, is
second to none in terms of funding.
7. Smart Grids
One of the many useful IoT examples, a smart grid, is a holistic solution that applies an extensive range
of Information Technology resources that enable existing and new gridlines to reduce electricity waste
and cost. A future smart grid improves the efficiency, reliability, and economics of electricity.
8. Industrial Internet
The Industrial Internet of Things consists of interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices
connected with computers’ industrial applications like manufacturing, energy management, etc. While
 still being unpopular in comparison to IoT wearables and other uses, market researchers like Gartner,
Cisco, etc., believe the industrial internet to have the highest overall potential.
9. Telehealth
Telehealth, or Telemedicine, hasn’t completely flourished yet. Nonetheless, it has great future
potential. IoT Examples of Telemedicine include the digital communication of Medical Imaging,
Remote Medical Diagnosis & Evaluations, Video Consultations with Specialists, etc.
10. Smart Supply-chain Management
Supply chains have stuck around in the market for a while now. A common example can be Solutions
for tracking goods while they are on the road. Backed with IoT technology, they are sure to stay in the
market for the long run
11. Traffic Management
Car traffic management in large cities can be greatly improved with the help of the Internet of Things
(IoT). The Internet of Things helps us stay informed and improves traffic monitoring by allowing us
to use our mobile phones as sensors to collect and share data from our vehicles through apps like Waze
or Google Maps. This feeds and improves the data on the various routes to the same destination,
distance, and estimated arrival time.
Analysis of traffic patterns over a long period is another IoT application. It provides an idea of what
might happen during peak hours. Commuters will be better prepared to avoid traffic and delays by
being made aware of possible alternatives.

Water/ Waste Management

Many cities are adopting water recycling using water treatment units. Using an IoT application, you
can see how much wastewater is being produced, how much is being consumed in a specific area, and
how waste production is changing over time.
We can effectively deal with this problem using Internet of Things applications and smart sensor
technology. With a smart waste management system, authorities will be able to predict how much
waste will be generated in a specific location, how to properly process it, when to clear it, and how to
analyze data for future planning, among other things.
An overview of waste generated in every neighbourhood and how much waste is generated over time
can be easily assessed using analytics solutions. This data will be used to plan the city’s expansion and
upgrade projects. Smart analytics solutions can be used to manage waste collection and treatment
fleets, as well as to predict future trends.

Future Factory Concepts

3.3.1 Lever Mechanisms for the IoT in Future Factories

The term “Internet of Things” describes a wide variety of concepts and applications in the context of
equipping everyday items with computing and networking resources. Even if a common definition of the
IoT might not exist, IoT implementations mainly focus three aspects (Figure 3.3): First, the network
and addressability aspect. Real world objects are equipped with a computing and communication core and
connected to each other. The focus is on high resolution data acquisition. Second, the ambient intelligence
aspect. The network of intelligent objects realizing control loops. The focus is on control. Third,
the ambient assistance aspect. High resolution data acquisition and ubiquitous computing are used to offer
context sensitive services to the human [6]. This clearly focusses the human. The network aspect offers open
communication standards reaching down to the sensor-actuator level of today’s factories and the distribution
of control intelligence into equipment, infrastructure and products themselves. From a visionary point of
view every item in future factories will be equipped with a computing and communication core.
Communication allows delivering a detailed and actual virtual representation of the current state of the
complete factory. Standardized communication interfaces and distributed control intelligence
within a factory internet lead to the fact that fine grained and actual information about products, equipment,
technological and even organizational processes will basically be available at any time and everywhere
within the factory. While this is miles away from today’s state of the art in factories
the mere availability of information does not create any added value by itself. The availability of
information is only the basis for the optimization of technological and organizational processes. The
optimization itself has to be initiated and conducted by humans. This consideration leads to the insight that
for future factory concepts the rather technical IoT aspects of networking and communication are only
means to an end. The added value of IoT applications emerges out of the fact that humans can take
advantage out of the availability of information and the interoperability of devices. This means that the
ambient assistance aspect of the IoT is the one that will be the basis for optimization of future factory
processes and that will lead to a number of use cases. Future factory concepts based on the IoT will need to
be human centered. The core element is to release the human operator, engineer or manager from doing
routine work. Instead humans will be able to concentrate on their unique capability of defining the
right strategy and defining the right goals to operate the factory effectively within the triangle of tension
between costs, quality and output. In this context the ambient intelligence aspect gets a new meaning.
Following the nature of the IoT of making information available, ambient intelligence is the instrument to
release the human from routine tasks concerning information retrieval and analysis. Autonomous behavior
results from the defined reaction of equipment or infrastructure to the results of this analysis.
So autonomy of equipment is no contradiction to the need of deterministic behavior at all.

3.3.2 The SmartFactoryKL

Initiative In order to transfer the central paradigms of the IoT to factory automation, many technologies
working well in the consumer world have to be applied under industrial conditions. One of the biggest
obstacles keeping responsibles away from the application of new technologies is missing trust and the lack
of best practice examples. For this reason in 2004, a group of people from industry and academia
met and formulated the vision of a smart factory of the future. After feasibility study the technology
initiative SmartFactoryKL was founded in 2005 as a public private partnership. Its target is to develop, apply
and distribute innovative industrial plant technology. The founding partners represented various industry
sectors. Meanwhile the number of partners has grown up to 22, including mainly partners from industry as
well as universities and research centers. The funding is based on membership fees and public research
projects given by German ministries and the EU [10]. The basic equipment of the SmartFactoryKL is an
automated production facility for liquid colored soap (Figure 3.4). It contains a process manufacturing
part as well as a piece handling part. Based on state of the art automation technology the equipment
demonstrates the migration path to the application of smart technologies in factory environments. In the
meanwhile several additional demonstration modules have been set up showing the application of new
technologies and paradigms like Service Oriented Automation architectures, Digital Product Memories,
Plug&Play automation, Dynamic orchestration of automated processes and the use of tablet computers in
industrial environments.
3.3.3 From Technologies to Technology Concepts

Often the discussion about the IoT in the context of industry applications is of technological nature.
However, as stated before technology is only a means to an end. Experience with the SmartFactoryKL
shows that instead of losing oneself in the discussion of technical implementation details one should focus
on the application type of IoT technology. Regarding the future factory this are basically the smart product,
the smart equipment, the smart infrastructure and the augmented operator. These concepts can be
implemented using a wide range of technology depending on the concrete scenario.

3.3.3.1 Smart products

One of the approaches to connect the different information layers of a factory is to take advantage of the
product itself as information carrier. Such a smart product primarily stores information about its production
history and can actively adapt its production sequence based on the current status of production (Figure 3.5).
Another feature is the capability to realize a tight monitoring of events influencing the smart product. Basic
elements are the memory itself and a software component that allows accessing and interpreting the stored
information [9]. It is obvious that smart products can be implemented by applying an embedded system to
the product itself. However there are many scenarios this is not really reasonable, either for cost, for size or
for physical reasons given by the production process such as heat treatment or electrical discharge
machining. Therefore the implementation often incorporates infrastructure such as barcode- or RFID
Readers and backend server systems enabling to tag the product with robust and cheap items like bar- or
data matrix codes or RFID Tags.
3.3.3.2 Smart equipment and smart infrastructure
Smart equipment and smart infrastructure in future factories are characterized by two major features. First
they will be networked. Second they will come with a certain degree of autonomy where networking enables
to react on a wide range of context events. The ultimate goal of the smart equipment is
to autonomously determine the appropriate processing tasks (e.g., a suitable machining strategy) to
compensate failures and to communicate its production states and work-loads with the other production
components. The autonomy level will mainly be enabled by reacting on the equipment’s context. The
smart infrastructure captures and communicates the environmental changes, like temperature, vibration or
the location of the production components within the factory. While smart infrastructure primarily focusses
the network aspect, smart equipment more focusses the autonomy aspect. The aspect of networking has to be
defined in a more general manner as it is realized today. Today’s networks primarily enable the transport of
data. The meaning of this data is typically hardcoded in the applications following some paper definitions.
Many industrial networks define such information models for the typical application field such as motion
control or real time IO. However networking in the context of the IoT describes the technology independent
ad hoc communication of self-describing data. This means that the communication partners are not known at
the design time of the network and that the underlying information models describing the meaning of data
have to be made explicit and included within the communication protocol. OPC-UA is such a
communication technology which already exists and which is being more and more adapted by equipment
manufactures.

3.4 Brownfield IoT: Technologies for Retrofitting

The Internet of Things aims to be a disruptive technology in many ways and may change how future
industry will work. However, enabling technologies like RFID orWireless Sensor Networks are in place, it is
often hindered by the fact that huge investments are needed and the local value is considered too low
for adoption. The creation of a global network of various ubiquitous networks is one of the driving
technological vision behind the Internet of Things. The economical vision of creating domain-and network-
wide business fields and usage scenarios by pervasive information networking uses the “Internet” both
as a technical and economical analogon. On one hand, as the global IP-based network that connects over 5
billion devices of different networks, and on the other the resulting economic growth and business cases.
The interesting fact is, however, that a lot of the enabling technology of the Internet of Things is
made to work in a very resource efficient way that hinders such efforts. Novel applications are often enabled
only by proprietary technology that uses local optimizations and does not primarily consider inter-
networking aspects. Industrial infrastructures are often older that the networks that formed
the initial Internet. They can by no means be considered a green field, but consists of a large installed base
with machinery that has lifetimes of up to 40 years. Thus many of the applications of IoT technology (as
depicted in Figure 3.7) that we consider to have high potential value involve retrofitting industrial systems
with IoT systems. These “brownfield” use cases are all targeted towards optimizing existing processes by
decreasing the gap between the realworld and the virtualworld. They are thus examples for an evolutionary
approach towards an “Industry 4.0” that builds upon IoT Technology. As depicted in Figure 3.8 so called
cyber-physical-systems in an industrial environment are by definition heavily interconnected. They reflect
their physical interdependencies also by communication link and data exchange. Technologies like sensor
networks and RFID often builds the missing link insuch an environment. IoT technology delivers
“smartness” and context awareness to otherwise “dumb” objects and environments. It puts the human in the
loop of many otherwise ad-hoc and unstructured business processes. As a motivating example of a very
simple use case for such a system we consider a mobile maintenance use case. In such a scenario a service
technician comes onto the site of a client and can identify all machinery parts easily
using RFID and ad-hoc device discovery. Based on this information he can build an up-to-date image of the
current system state that can be augmented with historical and semantically interconnected data. He can
further deploy wireless measurement devices ad-hoc to gather missing parameters to guide his diagnosis and
maintenance strategy. Such an ad-hoc setting is an example for the integration of federated heterogeneous
sensor information as core of an informed maintenance strategy with high immediate value coming from
IoT technology beyond high infrastructural investments [11].
SMART OBJECT
Introduction:
In the Vision of an Internet of Things interconnected Smart Objects play an important role.
Such a Smart Object is a bi-directional communicating object which observes its environment and is able to
make decisions depending on the application and based on the information extracted from the physical
world.
It is also called as Intelligent objects. The world of IOT is the network of interconnected
heterogeneous objects such as Smart devices, smart objects, sensors, actuators, RFID, Embedded system.
History of objects:
Smart object concept was introduced by Marcelo kallam and Daniel Thalmann as an
object that can be describe its own possible interacts

Artifacts

Machines

Products

GIZMOS

SPIMES

Artifacts:
It is Early Civilization
It is simple hand-made, human powered objects , created through logic
Eg:- Toys, Abacus tool kit etc
Machines:
It is Industrial revolution
Complex composition of artifacts powered by outside energy.
Products:
Industry produced the mass production
Mass produced and assembled products supported by organized system.
Gizmos:
This is our current technology
Technology + culture
It is based on unstable, customizable, programmable, highly functional interface
Gizmos have enough functionality to actively may people behave.
SPIMES:

 This is our future

 Spimes begins and end as a data
 Objects produced digitally and solely based on informational support
 Object based on history, compostion, location, price, creation, idea research future
 It is also called as Smartifact originated by marketing management 1988 magazine
ito define product
Eg:- e-textile, pane-textile - Serial port communication Knee bend piezo sensor Ankle Accelerometer
Heel strike piezo sensor
Connected object with sensor:
In the composition of a connected object the processing part, carried out by the
microprocessor, providing the object with computing and processing power equivalent to microcomputer
connected object is characterized by several main function:
1. Collect data through sensor: temperature, pressure, location, vibration, air quality
2. Communicate with an IOT platform for possible recordings and processing.
3. Take action if necessary: Turn on the heating send and alarm signal
One approachto SmartObjectsis based onthetechnology ofwireless sensor networks, as
they already provide the communication platform and the sensors.
The ISO/IEC JTC1/WG7 Working Group on Sensor Networks has designed reference architecture, which
separates the sensor node functionality into three layers:
• Communication as part of the basic functions layer: describes the communication protocol for the
interaction of a smart object with other smart objects, an infrastructure or backbone networks.
• Service Layer: represents a set of functions commonly required, such as sensor information gathering,
filtering by various policies and rules, data comparison and analysis, data mining, context modeling,
context-aware processing, self-localization, context-aware decision and estimation.
• Application Layer: realizes the use case of a smart object by a set of functions to users to meet defined
requirements. Architecture overview of interconnected

From the users prospect the smartness of a smart object is realized within the
service and the application layers. Additional value can be achieved through generic, reconfigurable Smart
Objects.
Smart objects are designed as miniaturized, low power microelectronic systems
based on micro controllers, transceivers, sensors and energy supply.
As these microelectronic systems provide very limited resources (i.e., processing
power, memory) reconfigurable software implementations for smart objects become a challenge, especially
when reconfiguration should be possible by a user without code programming (requires easy programming)
or if reconfiguration should be done over the air (requires minimum code size).

What is an IoT Platform?

Internet of Things is nothing but the ecosystem of physical objects that can be connected to the internet and
we can access as well as control it remotely anytime anywhere. IoT platform is the support software that
connects the hardware, access point and data network to the end-user application.
Internet of Things platform handles or manages the task and data visualization that allow the user to
automate the environment.
IoT platform ensures seamless integration with the different hardware by using a range of popular
communication protocols and also apply the different types of topology using SDK.
Internet of Things platform also referred to as a middleware which is acts as a mediator between hardware
and the application layer.
IoT-platform is an application that connects IoT with the cloud and output devices correspond to it.
An IoT platform is significant for every IoT device performance and its execution. Internet of Things
platform makes able the application in managing, controlling, and monitoring various devices with their free
deployments.
Though, IoT platform provides you a large number of IoT solutions for the smart city projection with
the smart city integrators. Internet of Things platforms ensures the kinds of technological improvements
providing better customer experience. It is drastically used in healthcare, retail, travel and hospitality sectors.

Oracle Internet of Things, Amazon web services, Microsoft Azure IoT suite, Mocana IoT Platform, Ayla
Networks IoT, SAP cloud platform, DeviceHive, Cisco IoT could connect, SalesForce IoT, IBM Watson

The Components of the IoT platform as follows

Hardware: Hardware is nothing but the microcontroller with wireless connectivity withholds the
application.
Hub Level: Hub level is the software that facilitates the connection with the cloud Hub Level is nothing but
the bridge between IP connected cloud and IP non-connected cloud.
Cloud Level: The cloud is that part where the data is sent from devices and it should be formatted for
output. It is also used to remotely manage the devices and remove software updates.

Third-party Application
In Third-party applications, the output should be sent. These can be a mobile app or an internal system
amongst other things.
The IoT platform ensures the communication between devices, output work i.e collection of data and
formatted incorrect way functions like remote updates and access facilitated.
There are also other components like security features, connectivity choice i.e wifi, bluetooth, Zigbee, etc.

IoT Platform Key Components or Functional Requirements

As we all know IoT allows us to connect or communicate and also manage the various things. All
IoT platforms work in similar ways.
There are various capabilities, levels and features available such type of variation in the platform is
depends upon the unique objectives of the organizations and also their end-users. These organizations take
care of key components of the Internet of Things platform.
IoT Security
Security is one of the most important factors while selecting the IoT platform. For data security, we
have to authenticate all connected devices and the application with the end-to-end security mechanisms. It
ensures that the organization and end-users are protected from unauthorized access.
Enterprises look for the platform that features end-to-end data encryption so that data is protected.
IoT platform should deliver regular security updates and demonstrate a commitment to ensuring that
consumers fully understand their IoT security architecture.
Real-time Analytics
 when the internet of things platform features real-time analytics it contextualizes as well as visualizes
data as it flows through the system. This enables an organization to effectively monitors their devices,
understand the performance, usage pattern and also availability and proactively identify privacy issues and
insecure conditions..
Horizontal Management
Enterprises and municipalities often work with several agencies that may all be working in isolation
and only focusing on their own needs.
This can create a fragmented and inefficient model for operation and development with each vertical
creating their own custom solution.
A horizontal management IoT platform allows an organization to cover connectivity data collection,
analytics, business application development, and service management.
Types of IoT Platforms
There are four different types of Internet of Things IoT platforms:
 IoT cloud platform
 End-to-End IoT platform
 Connectivity Management Platform (CMP)
 Data Platform

• IoT Cloud Platform

With the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) Cloud platform, you can easily grow your business after
comparing the various cloud platforms providers and thus you can choose your best according to your
features requirement and upward market focus. Companies should also see the vendor hardware integration
feature while purchasing the service.
• End-To-End IoT Platform
Managed, scalable and influential are the important keys to be considered while creating the IoT based
application for your business. If you make the perfect end-to-end IoT environment, you’ll be greatly
benefitted from a speedy time-to-market for your business. The end-to-end IoT evolution will make
complete resources that will help developers in parsing and comparing different available technologies like
Brillo and AllJoyn.
• Connectivity Management Platform
CMP makes you able in reaching for the IoT & M2M projects worldwide being a combination of the
connectivity services and various management tools. It enables your business to connect the IoT from M2M
with the activation and deactivation of the SIMs in real-time. With the help of Connectivity Mangement
Platform, you can allow scalability with processes automation via API. Moreover, you also get the support
of 24/7 via mail, phone or chat.
• Data Platform
A data platform is made for joining the various datasets. It works as a core hub where it can be obtained for
analysis and combinations. The IoT projects are made for gathering various data from sensors or devices in
real-time. It also performs decision-making task allowing organizations to become data-driven in a quick
time.
 The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) platforms are also known as a set of integrated software abilities
that makes attempts to develop asset management decision making with the operational scenario.
The IIoT platform can also be used as an open and general-purpose application platform or both as well.
Besides, the IIoT platform software can also be used in various other devices like routers, getaways,
controllers, and edge computing systems.
IoT Platform Open Source
With IoT open source, you can search the best IoT related open source tools. With IoT platform open
source, you can easily find out the development of the various Internet Things Solutions with the
applications and ideal products. You can easily combine with a large number of devices and getaways with
various protocols.
Internet of Things middleware is software that serves as an interface between components of the IoT,
making communication possible among elements that would not otherwise be capable.
Middleware connects different, often complex and already existing programs that were not originally
designed to be connected. The essence of the Internet of Things is making it possible for just about anything
(any Thing) to be connected and to communicate data over a network. Middleware is part of the architecture
enabling connectivity for huge numbers of diverse Things by providing a connectivity layer for sensors and
also for the application layers that provide services that ensure effective communications among software.
Mulesoft, Oracle, RedHat and WSO2 are among the companies that offer IoT middleware. These products
provide API management as well as basic messaging, routing and message transformation. More
comprehensive IoT platforms include middleware along with sensors and networking components.
Middleware’s
1. AURA: Because this middleware focus on elaboration and manipulation of the gathered data from
devices. we aim to provide ease of configuration and deployment for end user and developer. Since
to meet this goal, we require to facilitate the gathered data manipulation, we reviewed AURA that
was the only middleware among the reviewed paper that considered the data manipulation.

2. TinyDB: Focus on gathering data from devices. Since in an IoT-based system we need to gather data
from environment through different devices, we reviewed TinyDB that is a popular middleware.

3. WiseMID: Is the only middleware among the reviewed middleware that is specific for energy saving
purpose. As saving the energy of devices is important issue, we reviewed this middleware
Hydra
Hydra is a well-known middleware framework for IoT-based system
To provide the ease of deployment and configuration, we are looking for a Service Oriented Architecture
that interacts with devices in a loosely couple way.
The reason is, a loosely couple IoT-based system can support better system maintainability and extendibility
in case of handling changes in the type an number of devices.
As Hydra is a SOA-based middleware, and supports many required functionalities to support an IoT-based
system, we consider it as our related work,
* This project was developed for three application domains, namely building automation, healthcare, and
agriculture scenarios.
Hydra middleware is intelligent software that is placed between applications and the operating system to
handle various tasks in a cost-efficient way.
This middleware provides a web service interface to interact with any physical devices, actuators, sensors or
subsystems, irrespective of their network interface technologies, e.g. Bluetooth, RF, ZigBee, RFID, WiFi,
etc.

Working
This middleware has been designed to facilitate the interaction with devices by abstracting from the detailed
information about these devices and their networks.
Hydra considers each device as a service, and uses ontology languages, e.g. OWL, OWL-s and SAWSDL,
to define semantic descriptions of these devices.
Moreover, it provides an intelligent service layer that allows end-users to interact with these devices without
dealing with the communication technology that is supported by the devices.