CHAPTER:ONE

DESIG OF AXIALLY &

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
COLUMN
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION CONT…
* A column is a vertical structural member supporting
axial compressive loads, with or w/o moments

* The x-sectional dimensions of a column are generally

considerably less than its height

* Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors

and roof and transmit these loads to the foundation

* Generally the strength of column depend on:

– strength of material
– Shape and size of cross- section
– Length
– Degree of positional and directional restraints at its end
INTRODUCTION CONT…
 CLASSIFICATION
Classification of columns depends on:-
Shapes and cross-section
Types of loading
Composition
Stability
Slenderness
Lateral stability
 CLASSIFICATION CONT…
 Classification on the basis of geometry:-
rectangular, square, circular, L-shaped, T-
shaped, etc.
 Classification on the basis of composition:-
concrete, steel, timber, composite columns,
in-filled columns, etc
 Classification on the basis of lateral
reinforcement:- tied columns, spiral columns
 Classification on the basis of manner by which
lateral stability is provided to the structure as
a whole:- braced columns, un-braced columns.
 CLASSIFICATION CONT…
 Classification on the basis of sensitivity to
second order effect due to lateral
displacements:- sway columns, non-sway
columns
 Classification on the basis of degree of
slenderness:- short column, slender column
 Classification on the basis of loading: axially
loaded column, columns under uni-axial
bending, columns under biaxial bending
 COMPOSITE/IN FILLED COLUMNS CONT...
Composite Columns:
 Columns in which steel
structural members are
encased in a concrete
(structural steel)
 Main reinforcement
bars positioned with
ties or spirals are placed
around the structural
member
 COMPOSITE/IN FILLED COLUMNS CONT...

Infilled columns:
 columns having steel pipes
filled with plain concrete or
lightly reinforced concrete
 TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS
Tied columns:
 Main (longitudinal)
reinforcements are held in
position by separate ties
spaced at equal intervals
along the length
 Tied columns may be,
square, circular or any other
required shape
 Over 95% of all columns in
buildings in non seismic
regions are tied columns
See the Figures on tied column
and its typical arrangement
TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
Spiral columns:
 are usually circular in
cross section
 longitudinal bars are
wrapped by a closely
spaced spiral
 TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
Behavior of Tied and Spiral Columns
 Fig. 11-4a shows a portion of the core of a
spiral column enclosed by one and a half turns
of a spiral under a compressive load turns of a
spiral.

 Under a compressive load, the concrete in this

column shortens longitudinally under the
stress f1 and so, to satisfy the Poisson's ratio,
it expands laterally as shown in Fig.11-4 (SNS)
TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
 TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
 In spiral column, the lateral expansion of the
concrete inside the spiral (the core) is
restrained by the spiral.
 These stresses the spiral in tension(see fig).
For equilibrium the concrete is subjected to
lateral compressive stresses f2
 An element taken out of the core (see fig) is
subjected to triaxial compression which
increases the strength of concrete: f1 =
fc’+2.1f2
TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
 TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
 Fig11-6 and 11-7 show tied and spiral
columns, respectively, after an EQ.

 Both columns are in the same building and

have undergone the same deformations

 The tied column has failed completely, while

the spiral column, although badly damaged, is
still supporting a load
TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS CONT…
 BRACED / UNBRACED COLUMNS
 Frame: rigidly connected beam-columns that
can transmit both vertical and lateral loads to
the foundation.
 Un-braced frames:
• resist horizontal loads by frames action.
• transmit the horizontal loads to the
foundations through bending action
BRACED / UNBRACED COLUMNS
 BRACED / UNBRACED COLUMNS
 Braced frames:
 Resist lateral loads substantially by bracing members
 Adopted bracing members are:
• shear walls,
• elevators,
• stairwell shafts,
• diagonal bracings or
• a combination of these
 braced column the axial forces and moments are
caused by the dead and imposed load only
 A column with a non- sway structure is considered to
be braced
 the second order moment on such column, P-∆, is
negligible.
BRACED / UNBRACED COLUMNS
 SWAY/&NON-SWAY COLUMNS
Sway frame
 The effects of horizontal displacements of its
nodes (p-∆) are significant to be considered in
design.
 Bending moment is increased by an additional
amount P∆,
where
• P - is the axial force
• ∆ - is the relative displacements of the ends of the column
(see Fig. 5.4).
 To maximize the axial load capacity of columns,
non sway structures should be used whenever
possible.
 SWAY/&NON-SWAY COLUMNS
Non-sway frame
 Frame response to in-plane horizontal forces is
sufficiently stiff
 Additional internal forces or moments arising
from horizontal displacements of its nodes can be
neglected in design
 If critical load ratio for the given load case
satisfies the criterion, frame may be classified as
non-sway
Nsd/Ncr ≤ 0.1
Where:
• Nsd - is the design value of the total vertical load
• Ncr- is its critical value for failure in a sway mode
 SWAY/&NON-SWAY COLUMNS CONT…
In Beam-and-column type plane frames in
building structures with beams connecting
each column at each story level may be
classified as non-sway for a given load case,
when
Nδ/HL ≤ 0.1
Where:
• δ-is the horizontal displacement at the top of the story,
relative to the bottom of the story
• L- is the story height
• H- is the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
• N - is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story,
 SWAY/&NON-SWAY COLUMNS CONT…
Equivalent substitute column
 The equivalent column dimensions of the
substitute column may be taken as shown in
Fig, below, in the case of rectangular columns
 Circular columns may be replaced by square
columns of the same cross-sectional area
 Concrete cover and bar arrangement in the
substitute columns shall be taken to be the
same as those of the actual columns
SWAY/&NON-SWAY COLUMNS CONT…
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
 Effective height (le) of column is the distance
b/n two consecutive points of contra flexure
(zero bending moment)
 The greater the effective length, the more
likely the column is to be buckle.
 Effective length for isolated columns with
constant cross section according to ES EN 1-1:
1992-2015 are given in the following Figure
5.7 (SNS)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS CONT…
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS CONT…
 For compression
members in regular
frames, the
slenderness criterion
should be checked
with an effective
length (lo) according to
ES EN 1-1: 1992-2015
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS CONT…
Where:
 k1,k2 - are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2
respectively:
k= (θ/M) ⋅(EI/l)
 EI - is the bending stiffness of compression member,
 l - is the clear height of compression member between end restraints
 k = 0 is the theoretical limit for rigid rotational restraint, and k =
∞represents the limit for no restraint at all. Since fully rigid restraint is
rare in practice, a minimum value of 0.1 is an adjacent compression
member (column) in a node is likely to contribute to the rotation at
buckling, then (EI/l) in the definition of k should be replaced by [(EI/l)a +
(EI/I)b],a and b representing the compression member (column) above
and below the node.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS CONT…
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS CONT…
 SLENDERNESS RATIO
 Slenderness ratio (λ) of column is the ratio of
the effective height (le) to the radius of
gyration ( i = sqrt (I/A)) ; [λ = le/ i]
 Sometimes slenderness ratio can be
expressed as lei/b, where b is the least
dimension.
 The slenderness ratio (λ) of concrete columns
shall not exceed 140.
 SLENDERNESS RATIO CONT…
1. For isolated columns, the slenderness ratio is
defined by:
λ= Le/i
where:
– Le - is the effective buckling length
– i - is the minimum radius of gyration. The radius of
gyration is equal to
i = sqrt(I/A)
where:
• I - is the second moment of area of the section
• A - is cross sectional area
 SLENDERNESS RATIO CONT…
2. For multistory sway frames comprising
rectangular sub frames, the following
expression may be used to calculate the
slenderness ratio of the columns in the same
story.
λ = sqt(12A/kl*L)
where:
• A - is the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the
columns of the story
• Kl - is the total lateral stiffness of the columns of the
story (story rigidity), with modulus of elasticity taken as
unity
• L - is the story height
 SHORT / SLENDER COLUMNS
Short columns:
– are columns with low slenderness ratio and
– the strengths are governed by the strength of the
materials and the geometry of the cross section.
Slender columns
– are columns with high slenderness ratio and
– strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflection.
 SHORT / SLENDER COLUMNS
 When an unbalanced moment or as moment due
to eccentric loading is applied to a column, the
column responds by bending as shown in Fig.5.7
(SNS).
 If the deflection at the centre of the column is δ,
then at the centre there is a force P and a total
moment of M + Pδ.
 The 2nd order bending component Pδ, is due to
the extra eccentricity of the axial load
 If the column is short, δ is small and this 2nd
order moment is negligible.
 If the column is slender, δ is large and Pδ must be
calculated and added to the applied moment M.
SHORT / SLENDER COLUMNS CONT…
 SHORT / SLENDER COLUMNS CONT…
2nd order moment in a Where:
column can be ignored – M1- and M2 - are the first-
if: order (calculated) moments
at the ends,
For sway frames,
– M2 - being always positive
λ ≤ 25 or λ ≤ 15/sqrt(Vd) and greater in magnitude
where: than M1, and
– M1 - being positive if
Vd = Nsd/fcdA member is bent in single
curvature and negative if
For non-sway frames bent in double curvature
λ ≤ 50- 25M1/M2
EXAMPLES