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 Bringing Together
Data, Semantics, and Software

first edition

Ted Hills
Published by:

2 Lindsley Road
Basking Ridge, NJ 07920 USA
https://www.TechnicsPub.com
Cover design by John Fiorentino
Technical reviews by Laurel Shifrin, Dave Wells, and Steve Hoberman

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of
any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein.
All trade and product names are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of their respective companies, and
are the property of their respective holders and should be treated as such.
Copyright © 2016 by Theodore S. Hills, [email protected]
ISBN, print ed. 9781634621090
ISBN, Kindle ed. 9781634621106
ISBN, ePub ed. 9781634621113
ISBN, PDF ed. 9781634621120
First Printing 2016
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930173
To my wife Daphne Woods, who
has always believed in me, and
gave me the space and support
I needed to write this book.
 Contents at a Glance

Part I: Real Words in the Real World

Chapter 1: It’s All about the Words
Chapter 2: Things: Entities, Objects, and Concepts
Chapter 3: Containment and Composition
Chapter 4: Types and Classes in the Real World

Part II: The Tyranny of Confusion

Chapter 5: Entity-Relationship Modeling
Chapter 6: The Unified Modeling Language
Chapter 7: Fact-Based Modeling Notations
Chapter 8: Semantic Notations
Chapter 9: Object-Oriented Programming Languages

Part III: Freedom in Meaning

Chapter 10: Objects and Classes
Chapter 11: Types in Data and Software
Chapter 12: Composite Types
Chapter 13: Subtypes and Subclasses
Chapter 14: Data and Information
Chapter 15: Relationships and Roles
Chapter 16: The Relational Theory of Data
Chapter 17: NoSQL and SQL Physical Design
Part IV: Case Study
Chapter 18: The Common Coffee Shop

APPENDIX: COMN Quick Reference

 Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Taking Care of Data
Plant Change Control 2.0
Where did the Savings Come From?
Why Model?
Why COMN?
Book Outline
Book Audience
NoSQL Database Developer
SQL Database Developer
Data Modeler
Software Developer
Ontologist

Part I Real Words in the Real World

Chapter 1 It’s All about the Words
References
Chapter 2 Things: Entities, Objects, and Concepts
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 3 Containment and Composition
Containment
Composition
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 4 Types and Classes in the Real World
Collections of Objects
Sets of Concepts
Sets of Objects
Types and Classes
 Types Designate Sets
Classes Describe Objects
Three Aspects of Types and Classes

Chapter Glossary
Part II The Tyranny of Confusion
Chapter 5 Entity-Relationship Modeling
Logical E-R Data Models
Multiple Levels of Abstraction
Limitations of E-R Modeling Notation
NoSQL Arrays and Nested Data Structures
Lack of Reusable Composite Types
Lack of Place
Modeling the Real World
Representing Individual Entities
Mapping Between Models
Data in Software

Terminology
Entity
Conceptual
E-R Terms Mapped to COMN Terms

References
Chapter 6 The Unified Modeling Language
Class Diagrams
Stereotyping

Limitations of the UML

Lack of Keys
Middling Level of Abstraction
Lack of Concept
Subclassing versus Subtyping

Terminology
Relationship, Composition and Aggregation
Type and Implementation Class
UML Terms Mapped to COMN Terms

References
Chapter 7 Fact-Based Modeling Notations
Facts and Relationships
 Limitations of Fact-Based Modeling
Lack of Instances
Incompleteness
Difficulty

Terminology
Fact-Based Modeling Terms Mapped to COMN Terms

References
Chapter 8 Semantic Notations
Predicates and RDF Statements
Doubles and Quadruples

OWL
Graphical Notations for Semantics
Terminology
Chapter 9 Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Classes, Objects, Types, and Variables
Terminology
Part III Freedom in Meaning
Chapter 10 Objects and Classes
Material Objects
Objects with States
Meaning of States
Objects with More States
Methods
Material Objects in Computers
Summary

Computer Object Defined

Composing Objects

Summary
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 11 Types in Data and Software
Types in Programming and Databases
What Does a Type Tell Us?

Classes in Object-Oriented Software

Separating Type and Class
 Simple Types
References
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 12 Composite Types
Composite Types as Logical Record Types
Types Representing Things in the Real World: Identification
Stepwise Refinement and Completeness

Types Representing Other Types

Measures as Composite Types
Nested Types
Modeling Documents
Arrays
Chapter Glossary
References
Chapter 13 Subtypes and Subclasses
Subtypes
Restriction is Subtyping

Subclasses
Subtypes and Extensions: Perfect Together
Inheritance
Using Subtype Variables and Values
Using Extending Types and Classes

Projection: The Inverse of Extension

Chapter Glossary
Chapter 14 Data and Information
Information
Is Information Always True?

From Information to Data

Data en Masse
Variable Names
Summary

Information and Data as Colloquialisms

Information En Masse
 It’s Just Data
Putting It All Together
“Unstructured Data” and “Semi-Structured Data”

Data Object
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 15 Relationships and Roles
Arrivals and Departures
Labeling Relationship Lines
Cleaning Up the Model

Roles, Predicates, and Relationships

Chapter Glossary
Chapter 16 The Relational Theory of Data
What is a Relation?
The Order of Rows
The Uniqueness of Rows
The Significance of Columns
Summary

Technical Relational Terminology

Tuple and Relation Schemes
Giving Data to the System
Data Attribute Versus Attribute
Relational Terminology Reprise

Composite Data Attributes

Relational Operations
NoSQL Versus the Relational Model
SQL Versus the Relational Model
Terminology
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 17 NoSQL and SQL Physical Design
What’s Different about NoSQL?
Database Performance
ACID versus BASE and Scalability
ACID
BASE and CAP
 NoSQL and SQL Data Organization
Key/Value DBMS
Graph DBMS
Document DBMS
Columnar DBMS
Tabular DBMS

Summary
References
Part IV Case Study
Chapter 18 The Common Coffee Shop
Analysis: Documenting Real-World Entities
Logical Data Modeling: Designing the Data
Physical Data Modeling: Designing the Implementation
APPENDIX COMN Quick Reference
Glossary
Photo and Illustration Credits
Index
 Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to Tony Shaw of Dataversity for giving me the opportunity to present
this new modeling notation to a wider audience, first at the NoSQL Now! conference in
San Jose in 2015, and then at the Enterprise Data World conference in San Diego in 2016.
Daniel Upton attended my workshop at the NoSQL Now! conference, and introduced me
to Steve Hoberman, data modeling enthusiast, leading author, and publisher. I met with
Steve to talk about my ideas. Steve accepted my proposal for this book, and that is how it
came into being.
The fundamental ideas behind concept and object modeling notation arose from my work
on object-oriented programming language design, and from tackling the difficult problem
of integrating objects and data. In the latter effort, I was helped tremendously by the many
writings of C. J. Date, most especially Foundations for Future Database Systems: The
Third Manifesto, Second Edition (by C. J. Date and Hugh Darwen). I had the opportunity
to correspond with and speak to Mr. Date about this topic, and this finally enabled me to
perceive the difference between data and objects. Mr. Date is not aware of the debt I owe
him for the clarity of his thinking on all things relational. One should not read this
acknowledgement as his endorsement of my ideas.
I have had the opportunity to discuss the Concept and Object Modeling Notation
(COMN), and the ideas behind it, with colleagues at LexisNexis, most notably Roger
Cass, Matthew Johnson, Michael Khatib, and Paul Rogers. They gave me the opportunity
to test my ideas and my expression of them. Roger has the additional distinctions of
having introduced me to Object Role Modeling, and of having put the “N” in COMN so
that the acronym became pronounceable as “common”. My immediate manager and
longtime friend Greg Saxton and our chief architect Ian Koenig encouraged me to pursue
this work.
My wife Daphne Woods, a brilliant novelist, long ago trained this technologist in the
mysteries of English grammar and composition. She also trained our daughter Heather
through ten years of home schooling to near perfection in these fields. Consulting with
these two during the writing of this book helped me with clarity and structure.
It was wonderful to have my colleague Laurel Shifrin, respected educator Dave Wells, and
Steve Hoberman as technical reviewers. Laurel’s knowledge of unstructured data and
Dave’s knowledge of structured data helped keep some unsupported assumptions out of
the work. Dave’s early enthusiasm for COMN has been a tremendous boost. What a
pleasure to have Steve, a leading author of data modeling books and my publisher,
encouraging and promoting this work.
Here’s to all who have struggled to tame their data. I hope you find this makes the journey
more pleasurable and more successful.
 Introduction
S am came barreling into the plant manager’s office, clutching a roll of blueprints in one
hand. He was so excited. “Joe, have I got great news!” he called out.
Joe looked up from his desk behind the office counter. He looked weary. Well, keeping
track of everything that goes on in a 150-acre refinery that processes 200,000 barrels of oil
a day could make anyone weary. He pushed back his chair, got up, and ambled over to the
counter.
“What’s the news?” Joe asked.
“The boys in engineering have figured out that, by just combining a few material flows
earlier in the process, the petrochemical plant could reduce emissions, produce more
product from the same input flows, and add $5,000 a day to the plant’s bottom line in
reduced expenses! So I’ve come down here to find out what it will take to implement
these changes.” Joe placed the rolled-up blueprints on the counter and spread them out.
Sam started studying the drawings, running his finger over the many lines and shapes that
represented the thousands of pipes visible out the office windows. He licked his finger and
pulled the top drawing back to look at the next blueprint, and then the next, all while Joe
watched excitedly but silently. Sam had a reputation. He knew his stuff. If Sam said it
could be done, it could be done, and if he said it couldn’t, well, you’d better do a ton of
research before you said Sam was wrong.
Finally Sam looked up from the counter. “I think I get it. This isn’t too bad. We’ll just
have to re-route a few pipes and this could be implemented pretty easily.”
Joe was happy and relieved. “So, how long do you think it will take?”
Sam kept his look level when he delivered the blow. “I think about six months.”
“Six months!” Joe nearly shouted. “I thought you said this was easy! Why, in six months
we will have lost”—Joe figured fast in his head—“nearly a million dollars in savings!”
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