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computer science notes ISC class 12

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393 views

computer science notes ISC class 12

Uploaded by

prajwalnarun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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### Boolean Algebra and Propositional Logic

#### Propositional Logic

- **Propositional Logic**: Branch of logic that deals with propositions and their relationships.

- **Propositions**: Statements that are either true or false, e.g., "It is raining."

- **Logical Operators**: AND (AND), OR (OR), NOT (NOT), Implication (->), Biconditional (<->).

#### Well-Formed Formulae (WFF)

- **WFF**: A syntactically correct arrangement of symbols in propositional logic.

- Example: NOT (P AND Q) OR R.

#### Truth Values and Interpretation

- **Truth Values**: True (T) or False (F).

- **Interpretation**: Assigning truth values to variables to determine the truth of a formula.

#### Truth Tables

- Tables that list all possible truth values of propositions and their combinations.

#### Formula Classification

- **Satisfiable**: At least one interpretation makes the formula true.

- **Unsatisfiable**: No interpretation makes the formula true.

- **Valid Formula**: True under all interpretations.

#### Equivalence Laws

- **Idempotent Laws**: A OR A = A; A AND A = A.

- **Commutative Laws**: A OR B = B OR A; A AND B = B AND A.


- **Associative Laws**: (A OR B) OR C = A OR (B OR C); (A AND B) AND C = A AND (B AND C).

- **Distributive Laws**: A AND (B OR C) = (A AND B) OR (A AND C).

- **De Morgan's Theorems**: NOT (A AND B) = NOT A OR NOT B; NOT (A OR B) = NOT A AND

NOT B.

#### Simplifying WFFs

- Use equivalence laws to simplify WFFs into reduced forms.

### Boolean Algebra

#### Basic Postulates

- **Binary Values**: 0 (False), 1 (True).

- **Basic Operations**: AND, OR, NOT.

#### Truth Tables for Operations

- **AND**: True if all inputs are true.

- **OR**: True if at least one input is true.

- **NOT**: Negates the input.

#### Theorems

- **Duality**: Interchange AND and OR and 0 and 1.

- **Idempotence**: A AND A = A; A OR A = A.

- **Absorption**: A OR (A AND B) = A.

#### De Morgan's Theorems

- NOT (A AND B) = NOT A OR NOT B.

- NOT (A OR B) = NOT A AND NOT B.


#### Reducing Boolean Expressions

- **Sum of Products (SOP)**: Expressions in the form of disjunctions of conjunctions.

- **Product of Sums (POS)**: Expressions in the form of conjunctions of disjunctions.

#### Karnaugh Maps (Up to 4 Variables)

- Visual method for simplifying Boolean expressions.

### Computer Hardware

#### Logic Gates

- **Basic Gates**: NOT, AND, OR.

- **Universal Gates**: NAND, NOR.

- **Other Gates**: XOR, XNOR.

#### Applications

- **Half Adders**: Add two binary digits.

- **Full Adders**: Add three binary digits.

- **Encoders/Decoders**: Convert between binary and other forms.

- **Multiplexers**: Select one input from multiple inputs.

### Programming in Java

#### Objects and Classes

- **Objects**: Data (attributes) + behavior (methods).

- **Classes**: Blueprint for objects.

- **Constructors**: Initialize objects.


#### Input/Output

- Use `Scanner` and `Printer` classes for basic input/output.

#### Primitive Types

- Types: `byte`, `int`, `short`, `long`, `float`, `double`, `boolean`, `char`.

- Wrapper Classes: Convert primitives to objects.

#### Variables and Expressions

- **Variables**: Names for values.

- **Expressions**: Arithmetic and logical operations.

#### Statements

- **Conditional Statements**: `if`, `else`, `switch`.

- **Loops**: `for`, `while`, `do-while`.

#### Methods

- **Static Methods**: Shared among all instances of a class.

- **`this` Operator**: Reference the current object.

#### Arrays and Strings

- **Arrays**: Single and multidimensional.

- **Strings**: Methods for substring, concatenation, length, etc.

#### Recursion

- Solve problems by breaking them into smaller subproblems.


### Advanced Topics

#### Inheritance and Polymorphism

- **Inheritance**: Derive new classes from existing ones.

- **Polymorphism**: One interface, multiple implementations.

- **Abstract Classes**: Define common behavior for subclasses.

- **Interfaces**: Define a contract for classes.

#### Data Structures

- **Stacks**: Last In, First Out.

- **Queues**: First In, First Out.

- **Linked Lists**: Sequence of nodes.

- **Binary Trees**: Hierarchical data structure.

#### Computational Complexity

- **Big O Notation**: Measure of algorithm efficiency.

- **Dominant Term**: Determines growth rate.

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