KOLA PERUMAL CHETTY VAISHNAV SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL
815,Kola Perumal School Street, Periyar EVR Salai,
Arumbakkam, Chennai – 600106
Email – [email protected]
Jai sri Krishna!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost,I would like to thank the Lord Almighty for his
gracious blessings to complete the project successfully.
I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Shri
T.Ramasubramaniam (Principal) Smt.S.SilambuSelvi (Vice Principal)
and Smt.Seema Tiwari (section head) for their great support and guidance
that helped me to complete this task through various stages.
I also take this opportunity to express my profound in debtness and deep
regard to my Chemistry teacher Smt.M.Sivagami for her exemplary
guidance and constant encouragement throughout the course of this
project. The grace, help and guidance given by her time to time will carry
me a long way in this journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also thank my parents and friends for their consistent encouragement
and the unbroken confidence they had in me while undertaking this
project.
I also thank our Chemistry lab assistants Ms.A.L.Selvamani and the
attender Mr.K.Arun kumar for helping me with the required apparatus
whenever needed.

Name: Thanking you

 KOLA PERUMAL CHETTY VAISHNAV SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL
815,Kola Perumal School Street, Periyar EVR Salai,
Arumbakkam, Chennai – 600106
Email – [email protected]
Jai sri Krishna!

Registration number:

Certified bonafied of work done by

C.B. RAJKANNA

During the Acedamic Year 2024-25

Submitted to the Practical Examination held on ,

at the Kolaperumal Chetty Vaishnav Senior Secondary
School,Arumbakkam,Chennai-106.

Internal Examiner

Extrenal Examiner Principal

School Seal
DYEING OF FABRICS
 INTRODUCTION

The process of applying colour to fibre stock, yarn, or fabric is called dyeing. There
may or may not be thorough penetration of the colourant into the fibres or yarns.

Textile dyes include acid dyes, used mainly for dyeing wool, silk, and nylon, and
direct or substantive dyes, which have a strong affinity for cellulose fibres.

Mordant dyes require the addition of chemical substances, such as salts, to give them
an affinity for the material being dyed. They are applied to cellulose fibres, wool, or
silk after such materials have been treated with metal salts.

Sulphur dyes, used to

dye cellulose, are
inexpensive but produce
colours lacking
brilliance. Azoic dyes
are insoluble pigments
formed within the fibre
by padding, first with a
soluble coupling
compound and then with
a diazotized base. Vat
dyes, insoluble in water,
are converted into
soluble colourless
compounds by means of
alkaline
sodium hydrosulphite.

These colourless compounds are absorbed by the cellulose, which is subsequently

oxidised to an insoluble pigment. Such dyes are colourfast.

Disperse dyes are suspensions of finely divided insoluble organic pigments used to
dye hydrophobic fibres such as polyesters, nylon, and cellulose acetates.

Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical
material. Dye molecules are fixed to the fiber by absorption, diffusion, or bonding
with temperature and time being key controlling factors. The bond between the dye
molecule and fiber may be strong or weak, depending on the dye used. Dyeing and
printing are different applications; in printing, color is applied to a localized area with
desired patterns. In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
The primary source of dye, historically, has been nature, with the dyes being
extracted from plants or animals. Since the mid-19th century, however, humans have
produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes
more stable for washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for
different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process, from
loose fibers through yarn and cloth to complete garments.

Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, while nylon and protein fibers such as wool
and silk are dyed with acid dyes, and polyester yarn is dyed with dispersed dyes.
Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic
reactive and direct dyes.
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 PROCESS OF DYEING

3 METHODS OF DYEING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 PROCESS OF DYEING

The dyeing of a textile fibre is carried out in an

aqueous solution known as the dye liquor or dye bath.
For true dyeing to occur, both colouration and
absorption are crucial.
Colouration : The colouration must be relatively
permanent, not readily removed by rinsing in water or
normal washing procedures, and must not fade rapidly upon exposure to light.
Absorption: The process of attaching the dye molecule to the fibre involves
absorption, where dye molecules concentrate on the fibre surface. Four kinds of
forces bind dye molecules to the fibre: ionic forces, hydrogen bonding, Van der
Waals’ forces, and covalent chemical linkages.
The quality of dyeing of any textile material is directly dependent on the quality of
the textile fibers used to manufacture the product. Moreover, to maximize dyeing
process efficiency and color performance properties, the textile fibers involved must
be as clean as possible. The central goal of preparation is the removal of both
naturally occurring impurities and those which are added during yarn or fabric
manufacturing. The dyeing process can be performed on textile fibers, yarns, fabrics
or garments, depending on the properties or for cost control. Preparation can also be
performed at any processing stage depending on the dyeing technique employed.
However, fabric preparation is typically most often used. Additionally, some
commonly used optional preparation processes such as singeing or mercerization can
only be performed on yarns or fabrics.
Complete fiber cleanliness is not easily achieved. The degree of cleanliness of the
textile material is only determined by employing standard accepted testing methods
and properly interpreting the data obtained. However, not all shades require the same
degree of cleanliness to achieve high quality color performance. Deep, dark shades of
green, brown, blue and black do not require the ultimate fiber cleanliness needed by
whites, light pastel and bright medium colors.
Regardless, the often quoted cliché' still applies:
"Well prepared is half dyed."

1. Process of water
2. Singeing of "gassing"
3. Desizing
4. Scouring
5. Bleaching
6. Mercerization
7. Heat setting
8. Cellulase enzyme processing
 METHODS OF DYEING

1. Bale Dyeing 5. Chain Dyeing 9. Jig Dyeing

2. Batik Dyeing 6. Cross Dyeing 10. Raw Stock Dyeing
3. Beam Dyeing 7. Piece Dyeing 11. Solution Dyeing
4. Burl or Speck Dyeing 8. Random Dyeing 12. Yarn Dyeing

1. Bale Dyeing :
A low-cost method to dye cotton cloth. The
material is sent without scouring or singeing
through a cold-water bath where the sized warp
has an affinity for the dye. Imitation chambray
and similar fabrics are often dyed this way.

2. Batik Dyeing :
One of the oldest forms of dyeing,
originated in Java. Portions of the fabric
are coated with wax so that only unwaxed
areas take on the dye matter. The
operation may be repeated several times,
using multiple colours for a mottled or
streaked effect, imitated in
machine printing.

3. Beam Dyeing :
The warp is dyed before weaving by winding it onto
a perforated beam and forcing the dye through the
perforations, saturating the yarn with colour.

4. Burl or Speck Dyeing :

Mostly done on woollens or worsteds.
Coloured specks and blemishes are covered by
using special-coloured inks in many colours
and shades. It is a hand operation.

5. Chain Dyeing :
Used when yarns and cloth are low in tensile
strength. Several cuts or pieces of cloth are tacked
end-to-end and run through a continuous chain in
the dye colour, allowing for high production.
6. Cross Dyeing :
A popular method where varied colour effects are
obtained in one dye bath for cloth containing
fibres with different affinities for the dye used.

7. Piece Dyeing :
The dyeing of fabrics in cut, bolt, or piece
form. It follows the weaving of the goods
and provides a single colour for the
material, such as blue serge
or green organdy.

8. Random Dyeing :
Colouring only certain designated portions of the
yarn. There are three ways of doing this type of
colouring: skeins may be tightly dyed in two or more
places and dyed on one side of the dye with one
colour and the other side with another; colour may be
printed onto skeins spread out on the blanket fabric of
the printing machine; or cones or packages of yarn on
hollow spindles may be arranged to form channels
through which yarn and dyestuff are drawn by suction,
achieving random effects.

9. Jig Dyeing :
Done in a jig, kier, vat, beck, or vessel in an
open formation of the goods. The fabric goes
from one roller to another through a deep dye
bath until the desired shade is achieved.

10.Raw Stock Dyeing :

Dyeing of fibre stock before spinning of the
yarn, following the degreasing of wool
fibres and drying of the stock
 11.Solution Dyeing :
Also called dope dyeing or spun dyeing.
The pigment colour is bonded in the
solution and picked up as the filaments
form in the liquor. Both cellulosic and non-
cellulosic fibres are dyed to perfection by
this method. The colours are bright, clear,
clean, and fast.

12.Yarn Dyeing :
Yarn dyed before weaving, following the
spinning of the yarn. It may involve partial
or total immersion of the yarn.

Acid dyes, like acid blue 40, contain -CO2H or -SO3H groups that bond to the basic -
NH groups of amide linkages, such as those found in nylon, silk, and wool.
Direct dyes, like direct red 23, bond to fibers via hydrogen bonding. They deposit
color onto fibers with numerous –OH groups, such as cotton, linen, rayon, and
viscose.
Disperse dyes, such as disperse yellow, are insoluble in water. Instead, they form a
suspension (dispersion) in the liquid that absorbs onto hydrophobic polymers, such as
polyester. They also attach somewhat to cellulose fibers and other polymers that
accept direct dyes.

Perform the Fabric Dye Chemistry Experiment

Either label the fabric swatches with a permanent marker or else cut them into
distinctive shapes that identify them (e.g., star is cotton, heart is wool, etc.).
Weigh and label two 0.02 g samples of the red and yellow dyes and two 0.03 g
samples of the blue dye.
Prepare the dye bath containing all three chemicals: Dissolve 0.02 g red, 0.02 g
yellow, and 0.03 g blue into 200 ml of water. Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric
acid. Heat the dye mixture to boiling.
Prepare dye baths for the individual colors. In the red bath, use 0.02 g of red dye in
200 ml of water. The yellow bath is 0.02 g of yellow dye in 200 ml of water. The
blue bath is 0.3 g of blue dye in 200 ml of water. Add a few drops of dilute
hydrochloric acid to each container and heat it to boiling.
Dye each fabric sample by simmering it for 5 to 10 minutes in the desired dye bath.
After dyeing, remove fabric strips using tongs or forceps, let excess dye drip back
into the container, and rinse with running water.
Either hang the strips to dry or else place them on paper towels.
Compare the colors of the fabric strips and use what you know about the chemical
structures of the fibers to explain your findings.