UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION OF IOT

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DATA SCIENCE

& ANALYTICS: IoT
SYLLABUS
UNIT I:

Introduction to Internet of Things: Introduction, Physical Design of IoT, Logical Design of

IoT, IoT Enabling Technologies.

Domain Specific IoTs: Introduction, Home Automation, cities, Environment, Retail,

Agriculture, Industry, Health & Lifestyle.

UNIT II:

IoT and M2M:Introduction, M2M, Difference between IoT and M2M, SDN and NFV for IoT.
IoT System Management with NETCONF-YANG: Need for IoT Systems Management,
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Network Operator requirements, NETCONF,
YANG, IoT System Management with NETCONF-YANG.

UNIT III:

Developing Internet of Things: Introduction, IoT Design Methodology, Case Study on IoT
System for Weather Monitoring.

Case Studies Illustrating IoT Design: Introduction, Home Automation, Cities, Environment,
Agriculture, Productivity Applications.

UNIT IV:

Advanced Topics: Introduction, Apache Hadoop, Using Hadoop Map Reduce for Batch Data
Analysis.

IEEE 802.15.4: The IEEE 802 committee family of protocols, The physical layer, The Media
Access control layer, Uses of 802.15.4, The Future of 802.15.4: 802.15.4e and 802.15.4g.

UNIT V:

ZigBee: Development of the standard, ZigBee Architecture, Association, The ZigBee network
layer, The ZigBee APS Layer, The ZigBee Devices Object (ZDO) and the ZigBee Device
Profile (ZDP), Zigbee Security, The ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL), ZigBee Applications
profiles, The ZigBee Gateway Specifications for network devices.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Internet of Things a Hands-on Approach by Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti. University
Press.

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UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION OF IOT
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION OF IOT
IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet. By 2020 there will
be a total of 50 billion devices /things connected to internet. IoT is not limited to just connecting
things to the internet but also allow things to communicate and exchange data.

Definition:
A dynamic global n/w infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities,
physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user‘s context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable
communication protocols ans can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier(IP
address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange
data with other devices andsystems.

Applications of IoT:

1) Home
2) Cities
3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & Life Style
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UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION OF IOT

PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT:

1) Things in IoT:

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The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected devices
applications. It collects data from other devices and process data either locally or remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired
and wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/video interfaces.
2) IoTProtocols:
a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s
physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the
same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer
determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over the medium to
which the host is attached.

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Protocols:
 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer. Eg:
802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber
optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.
 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz band,
802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band,
802.11ac operates in 5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including
exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destinationaddress.

Protocols:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows 2**128
addresses.

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 6LOWPAN:(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operatesin
2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and
HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP
Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of protocols in
order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestioncollapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive
applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless protocol.
Does not provide guaranteeddelivery.
D) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to
send data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication usingports.
Protocols:
 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request-
response model Statelessprotocol.
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M) applications
with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client- server
architecture.
 WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socketconnection.
 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based on
publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.
 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and
streaming XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device
or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribemodel.
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol for
business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribemodel.

LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT:

Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes without going into the low level
specifies of implementation.
1) IoT Functional Blocks 2) IoT Communication Models 3) IoT Comm. APIs

1) IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication andmanagement.
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 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and controlfunctions.
 Communication: handles the communicationfor IoTsystem.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
services for devicediscovery.
 Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoTsystem.
 Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,authorization,
message and context integrity and datasecurity.
 Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of IoTsystem.

2) IoT CommunicationModels:

1) Request-Response 2) Publish-Subscibe 3)Push-Pull 4) ExclusivePair

1) Request-Response Model:

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In which the client sends request to the server and the server replies to requests. Is a
stateless communication model and each request-response pair is independent of others.

2) Publish-SubscibeModel:

Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data to
the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers
subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a topic
from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribedconsumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers pull data
from the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in
decoupling the message between the producers andconsumers.

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4) Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a

persistent connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it remains
open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful communication
model and server is aware of all the open connections.

3) IoT CommunicationAPIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response BasedModel)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBasedModel)
a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which we can design web services and web APIs that focus on a
system‘s resources and have resource states are addressed andtransferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows communication between client server with
REST APIs.

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Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.

Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to understand the
request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or
explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able, then a client cache
is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests.
Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.
User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and a
server must be uniform.
Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

Request-Response model used by REST:

RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs. RESTful web
API has a base URI(e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these URIs
using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A RESTful
web service can support various internet media types.
b) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full
duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive
pair communicationmodel.

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IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud
Computing, Big Data Analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures,
Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile internet and semantic search engines.

1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors which

are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is one of the most
popular wireless technologies used byWSNs.
WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows:
 Weather Monitoring System: in which nodes collect temp, humidity and other
data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems: to collect data on the indoor air quality and
concentration of various gases.
 Soil Moisture Monitoring Systems: to monitor soil moisture at variouslocations.
 Surveillance Systems: use WSNs for collecting surveillance data(motiondata
detection).
 Smart Grids : use WSNs for monitoring grids at variouspoints.

 Structural Health Monitoring Systems: Use WSNs to monitor the health of

structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibrations from sensor nodes deployed
at various points in thestructure.

2) Cloud Computing: Services are offered to users in differentforms.

 Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS):provides users the ability to provision computing
and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users as a virtual
machine instances and virtualstorage.
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 Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS): provides users the ability to develop and deploy
application in cloud using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and
services provided by the cloud serviceprovider.
 Software-as-a-Service(SaaS): provides the user a complete software application or
the user interface to the applicationitself.

3) Big Data Analytics: Some examples of big data generated by IoTare

 Sensor data generated by IoTsystems.
 Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in industrial and energy
systems.
 Health and fitness data generated IoTdevices.
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and trackingvehicles.
 Data generated by retail inventory monitoringsystems.

4) Communication Protocols: form the back-bone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling toapplications.
 Allow devices to exchange data overnetwork.
 Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing schemes for device and
routing of packets from source todestination.
 It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lostpackets.

5) Embedded Systems: is a computer system that has computer hardware and software
embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from low cost miniaturized
devices such as digital watches to devices such as digital cameras, POS terminals, vending
machines, appliancesetc.,

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

1) IoT Level1: System has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and host the application as shown in fig. Suitable for modeling low cost
and low complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and analysis requirement
are not computationally intensive. An e.g., of IoT Level1 is Home automation.

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2) IoT Level2: has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuating and local analysis as
shown in fig. Data is stored in cloud and application is usually cloud based. Level2 IoT
systems are suitable for solutions where data are involved is big, however, the primary
analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself. An
e,g., of Level2 IoT system for SmartIrrigation.

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3) IoT Level3: system has a single node. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud application
is cloud based as shown in fig. Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data
involved is big and analysis requirements are computationally intensive. An example of
IoT level3 system for tracking package handling.

4) IoT Level4: System has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud and application is cloud based as shown in fig. Level4 contains local and cloud based
observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from
IoT devices. An example of a Level4 IoT system for Noise Monitoring.

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5) IoT Level5: System has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node as shown in fig. The
end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation. Coordinator node collects data from the
end nodes and sends to the cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud based. Level5 IoT systems are suitable for solution based on wireless
sensor network, in which data involved is big and analysis requirements are
computationally intensive. An example of Level5 system for Forest Fire Detection.

6) IoT Level6: System has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or
actuation and sensed data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud
based as shown in fig. The analytics component analyses the data and stores the result in
the cloud data base. The results are visualized with cloud based application. The centralized
controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to nodes.
An example of a Level6 IoT system for Weather Monitoring System.

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DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs:

1) Home Automation:
a) Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient
conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed.
b) Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status information
to the users remotely.
c) Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors)
to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to
the user.
d) Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect
smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in
the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of
harmful gases such as CO, LPGetc.,

2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots
and send information over internet to smart application back ends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition,
travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition
and accidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration

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levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud
based scalable storage solution.

f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection
can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures.

3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send
the data to cloud based applications and storage back ends. The data collected in cloud
can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud based applications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO,
NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control
approaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities
have increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based noise
pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems that are deployed
at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is collected on
servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property and
human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in minimizing damage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human resources
and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level
and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a no. of sensor nodes that
monitor the water level and flow rate sensors.

4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that
collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information
and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to
manage power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies, the health
of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at
the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is
fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate
the voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and
provides power support.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using
specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the
substations. The information received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for
estimating the state of the system and for predictingfailures.
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5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using
data collected by RFID readers.
a) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
b) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines
monitors its operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for
predictivemaintenance.

6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can
provide first response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto
serve a large transportationnetwork.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors
such as temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud,
where it can be analyzed to detect foodspoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for
collecting data on Vehicle operaions(speed, RPMetc.,) and status of
various vehicle subsystems.

7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to detemine moisture amount insoil.
b) Green House Control: to improveproductivity.

8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis andprognosis
b) Indoor Air QualityMonitoring

9) Health and LifeStyle:

a) Health & FitnessMonitoring
b) WearableElectronics.

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