TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

SHREEYANTRA COLLEGE

Introduction to Information Technology

B.Sc. CSIT
Lab Report for the Academic Year 2081
(In accordance with TU syllabus)

SUBJECT : Introduction to Information Technology

SUBJECT CODE : CSC114
SEMESTER : First
STREAM : CSIT
STUDENT- NAME : Divya Poudel
ROLL NO : 36

………………………………
Signature of Faculty
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Page Teacher's
S.N. Date Topics
No. Signature

1. 08/19 Components of Hardware 1-3

2. 08/20 Mail Merge 4-6

IP Address, Static IP Address, Ping, and

3. 08/21 7-10
Traceroute Analysis
 COMPONENTS OF HARDWARE
1. Central Processing unit (CPU):
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
It is responsible for executing instructions, performing
calculations, and processing data. The CPU handles the basic
operations of a computer, such as arithmetic and logical
operations, data retrieval, and decision-making tasks. Modern
CPUs are usually multi-core, meaning they contain multiple
processing units (cores) that can handle tasks simultaneously,
improving performance and enabling efficient multitasking. The speed and architecture of
the CPU, often measured in GHz, play a crucial role in the overall performance of the
system.

2. Motherboard:
The motherboard is the primary circuit board that houses the essential components of
the computer and facilitates communication between them.
It provides slots and connectors for the CPU, memory (RAM),
storage devices, and peripheral devices. The motherboard
contains several key components such as the chipset, which
controls data transfer between the CPU, RAM, and other components;
expansion slots for adding additional cards (e.g., graphics or
network cards); and connectors for power from the power supply
unit (PSU). It also includes ports for external devices such as USB, audio, and video
connections.

3. Random Access Memory (RAM):

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of volatile memory that temporarily stores
data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks.
It is much faster than permanent storage devices like hard drives
or SSDs and allows the computer to quickly access and manipulate
data. RAM is essential for multitasking, as it enables the computer
to handle multiple programs or processes at once. When the system
is turned off, any data stored in RAM is lost, which is why it only stores temporary
information. The more RAM a system has, the better it can perform with resource-intensive
applications.

4. Storage Devices (SDD/HDD):

Storage devices, such as Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and
Solid-State Drives (SSDs), are used to store the computer's operating

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system, software, and user files. HDDs use mechanical spinning disks
and magnetic heads to read and write data, making them slower
and more prone to damage due to moving parts. In contrast, SSDs
use flash memory, which makes them faster, quieter, and more reliable,
as there are no moving parts. While SSDs are more expensive per
gigabyte than HDDs, they offer significantly faster boot times, file transfer speeds, and
overall system performance.

5. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):

The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card, is responsible for
rendering graphics and managing visual output. It accelerates
image processing tasks, making it crucial for activities such as gaming,
video editing, 3D modeling, and machine learning. A dedicated GPU
typically has its own memory (VRAM) and processing power,
allowing it to handle complex graphical computations independently
of the CPU. Integrated GPUs, on the other hand, are built into the CPU or motherboard and
share system memory, providing a lower-cost alternative for general computing needs
without the need for additional hardware.

6. Power Supply Unit (PSU):

The Power Supply Unit (PSU) converts electrical energy from an external power
source (such as an electrical outlet) into the correct voltage and
current required by the computer’s components. The PSU provides
power to the motherboard, CPU, storage devices, GPU, and other
peripherals. It is designed to efficiently distribute the required power
while also protecting the system from voltage surges or fluctuations.
A reliable PSU is crucial for maintaining system stability, preventing overheating, and
ensuring that all components receive adequate power to function.

7. Cooling System (Fans/Heat Sinks):

Cooling systems, including fans and heat sinks, are used to dissipate heat generated
by the computer’s components, especially the CPU and GPU. Heat
sinks are metal components that absorb and transfer heat away from
the processor, while fans circulate air to help lower temperatures.
Overheating can cause system instability and potential hardware
damage, so effective cooling is critical for maintaining optimal
performance. In high-performance systems, liquid cooling systems
may also be used to further enhance thermal management, especially in gaming PCs or
workstations with powerful processors.

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8. Network Interface Card (NIC):
The Network Interface Card (NIC) is the hardware that allows a computer to
connect to a network, either through a wired Ethernet connection
or wirelessly via Wi-Fi. NICs are responsible for sending and
receiving data over the network, enabling internet access, file
sharing, and communication between devices. Wired Ethernet
NICs provide faster, more stable connections, while wireless NICs
give users the flexibility to connect to networks without cables. In modern systems, many
motherboards have built-in NICs, but additional expansion cards can be added for improved
performance or additional network interfaces.

9. Expansion Cards:
Expansion cards are additional circuit boards that can be installed into a computer to
enhance or add functionality. Common expansion cards
include graphics cards, sound cards, network interface
cards, and USB expansion cards. These cards are typically
inserted into PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
slots on the motherboard. Expansion cards allow users to
customize their systems to meet specific needs, such as
upgrading graphics for gaming or adding a high-quality sound card for audio production.

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 MAIL MERGE
Introduction:
Mail Merge is a powerful tool that automates the process of creating personalized
documents, letters, emails, or labels for a large group of recipients. Instead of manually
customizing each document or email, mail merge allows you to use a single template and
automatically populate it with information from a data source, like a spreadsheet.

Here is a quick's step-by-step process to using mail merge with google sheets.

Step 1: Prepare Your Google Sheet

• Create a Google Sheet with columns for the data you want to merge (e.g., First Name,
Last Name, Email Address, Discount Code, Discount amt).

Step 2: Install Mail Merge Add-On

• Open your Google Sheet.
• Go to Extensions > Add-ons > Get add-ons.
• Install a mail merge add-on like Mail Merge for Gmail.

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Step 3: Set Up Mail Merge:
• After installing the add-on, go to Extensions > Mail Merge for Gmail > Start

• Select the New Template.

• Choose the email subject and placeholders.
• In your email template, use placeholders like <<First Name>> for personalization and
create a template for your offers the select SAVE AND CLOSE.

Step 4: Configure the settings:

• Select the recipient column (email addresses).
• Choose the email subject and template (Gmail or Google Docs).

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 • Click Send Emails to send personalized emails or create documents
automatically.

Step 6: Check and Verify

• Test with a few entries to ensure everything is working as expected, then proceed with
the full mail merge.

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 IP ADDRESS, STATIC IP ADDRESS, PING, AND
TRACEROUTE ANALYSIS
Introduction:
• IP Address: A unique identifier assigned to devices on a network, enabling them to
communicate with each other.

• Ping: A command-line tool used to test the reachability of a network host and measure
the round-trip time for packets sent from the source to the destination.

• Traceroute: A diagnostic tool used to track the path packets take to reach a
destination, showing each intermediate hop.

Steps to Check IP Address on Windows Using CMD:

• Open Command Prompt:
o Press the Windows key and type cmd or Command Prompt.
o Click on the Command Prompt app that appears.
• Run the ipconfig Command:
o In the Command Prompt window, type the following command and press
Enter:

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Steps to Add a Static IP Address on Windows:
1. Open Network Settings:
o Open Run and type ncpa.cpl, or you can press Windows key + X and then
choose Network Connections.

2. Choose Your Network Adapter:

o Under the "Advanced Network Settings" section, click on Change adapter
options.
o You’ll see a list of network adapters (like Ethernet or Wi-Fi). Right-click on
the adapter you want to assign the IP address to (e.g., Ethernet for a wired
connection or Wi-Fi for wireless).
o Click on Properties.

3. Access TCP/IPv4 Settings:

o In the Properties window, scroll down and select Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IPv4).
o Click on Properties.

4. Assign a Static IP Address:

o In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window:
▪ Select the option Use the following IP address.
▪ Enter the following information:
▪ IP Address: Choose an IP address within your network's IP range
▪ Subnet Mask: This is usually set to 255.255.255.0 for most
home networks.
▪ Default Gateway: This is the IP address of your router, typically
192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1

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 5. DNS Server Settings:
o You can also configure DNS servers (optional but recommended for proper
internet functionality):
▪ Choose Use the following DNS server addresses.
▪ You can use public DNS servers like Google’s DNS:
▪ Preferred DNS server: 8.8.8.8
▪ Alternate DNS server: 8.8.4.4
▪ Or use your router's IP address as the DNS server.

6. Save Settings:
o After entering all the details, click OK to save the settings.
o Close the remaining windows.

Ping Test:

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Traceroute Test:

THE END

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