COMPLEX ALGEBRA (Here a = r. cos θ; b = r.

sin θ; r = |z|= √ a2 +b 2 and θ = arg

z = a + bi where a, b ∈ R
z)
● Complex numbers:
2
and i = √−1 is called complex number.
Notes: iii. Euler’s/Exponential Form: z = r e iθ. (Here r
i. a = Real part of Z (Re Z) and b = Imaginary part of Z (Im = |z|)
Z) (Euler’s formula: eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ and e–iθ = cos θ – i sin
ii. z is a purely real number when b = 0 and is a purely θ.
imaginary number when a = 0.
iθ −i θ iθ −iθ
iii. Since 0 = 0 + i.0, hence 0 is both purely real as well as Euler’s identities: cos θ =
e +e and sin θ =
e −e )
purely imaginary. 2 2i

● Conjugate of z = a + ib is: z = a – ib iv. Vector Form: ⃗

OP = z.
Every complex number z can be expressed as the
● Modulus of z =|z|= √ ¿ ¿ = | z |= Modulus of z . position vector of a point P. Here ⃗
OP = z.
● The sum of four consecutive power of i is zero. Notes:
in + in+1 + in+2 + in+3 = 0 –1
b
a. θ = Argument z = tan ( ).
a
● Representation of complex number (θ is not unique as θ = 2n π + θ, ∀ n ∈ I)

b. When – π < θ ≤ π, value of θ is called Principal value or

Amplitude θ.

c. If a + i. b = c + i. d if and only if (iff), a = c and b = d and

if a + ib = 0, then a = b = 0.

d. If z1 = a ± ib and z2 = c ± id, then z1 ± z2 = (a ± b)

+ i(c ± d)

e. If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id, then

i. (a + ib) (c + id) = (ac − bd) + i. (ad + bc)

a+i b ac+ bd bc−ad

i. Cartesian Form: z = a + ib ii. = 2 2 + i. 2 2
c+ id c +d c +d
b
(Here, |z|= √ a2 +b 2, θ = argument z = tan–1 a ) 1 1
f. If z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) then = (cos θ – i sin θ)
z r
ii. Trigonometric /Polar Form: z = r (cos θ + i sin
θ)
 g. If z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2) [In general, z 1+ z 2 … .+ z n = z 1 + z 2 +…. + z n.]
then
i. z1 z2 = r1. r2 [cos (θ1 + θ2) + i sin (θ1 + θ2)] 7. z 1−z 2 = z 1 − z 2 .

z1 r1 8. z 1 . z 2 = z 1. z 2.
ii. = [cos (θ1 – θ2) + i sin (θ1 – θ2)]
z2 r2 z1 z1
9. ( )= , z2 ≠ 0
h. If z1 = r1eiθ1 and z2 = r2eiθ2, then z2 z2
i. z1.z2 = r1r2 e i(θ1+θ2)
10. z 1 . z2 + z1. z 2 = 2Re ( z 1 . z2)
z1 r 1 i(θ1 – θ2) = 2Re (z1. z 2 ) = 2|z1|. |z2| cos (θ1 – θ2)
ii. = e
z2 r2
11. z 1 . z2 − z1. z 2 = 2i. Im ( z 1 . z2)
= 2i. Im (z1. z 2 ) = 2i.| z1|. |z2| sin (θ1 – θ2)
3
n
● Conjugate of complex number
12. (z ) = ( z )n.

Conjugate of z = a + ib is = a – ib. 13. If α = f(z), then α = f (z) = f ( z ).

| | | |
Conjugate of z = re iθ
is = |z| e – iθ
.
a1 a 2 a 3 a1 a 2 a 3
Conjugate of z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) is = r (cos θ 14. If z = b 1 b 2 b 3 then z = b 1 b 2 b 3
– i sin θ).
c1 c 2 c3 c1 c 2 c3
● Properties of Conjugate of Complex
4
Number
1. is the mirror image of z in the real axis. ● Properties of modulus of complex number

z+ z 1. |z| = √(ℜ(z))2 +(ℑ(z ))2 = | z |

2. z= z iff z is purely real. i.e., Re z =
2 (Also |z| = |– z| = |– z |), z > 0.
.
2. |z|  0  z = 0
z−z
3. z=− z iff z is purely imaginary. i.e., Im z =
2i 3. – |z|  Re(z)  |z| and – |z|  Im(z)  |z|
.
4. z. z = |z|2 = | z |2
4. (z ) = z.
5. |z1. z2| = |z1|. |z2|.
5. iz = i z . (In general, |z1. z2 …. z n| = |z1|. |z2|…. |z n|).

6. z 1+ z 2 = z 1 + z 2 .
 z1 ¿ π
6. | | = ¿ z 1∨ ¿ 5. arg (z – z ) = ± .
z2 ¿ z 2∨¿ ¿ 2

7. |z1 ± z2|2 = (z1 ± z2) ( z 1 ± z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 ± 2Re z1. z 2 6. arg (z1. z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2k, k ∈ I.

= |z1|2 + |z2|2 ± (z1. z 2 ) ± ( z 1 .z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) when θ ∈ (– π, π]

{In general amp (z1.z2 … z n) = amp z1 + amp z2 + …. + amp z
8. |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2| (Triangle inequality) n}

9. |z1 – z2| ≥ ||z1| – |z2|| (Triangle inequality) 7. arg (z1. z 2 ) = arg(z1) – arg(z2)

) = arg(z1) – arg(z2) + 2k, k ∈ I.

10. |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)
z1
8. arg (
1 z2
when θ ∈ (– π, π]
11. If |z + |= a, (a > 0), then
z = arg (z1) – arg (z2)

a+ √ a2 + 4 −a+ √ a 2+ 4
) = 2k – θ, k ∈ I.
|z| = , |z| =
z1 z2
max min 9. If arg ( ) = θ, then arg (
2 2 z2 z1
12. If |z|  1, then z is called uni-modular complex 10. arg (z n) = n. arg (z) + 2k, k ∈ I. arg (z n)
= n. amp (z) when θ ∈ (– π, π].
number.
z
Thus is always uni-modular if z ≠ 0.
¿ z∨¿ ¿ 11. arg ( z ) = – arg (z)

● Properties of Argument of Complex z

12. arg ( ) = arg (z) – arg ( z )
Number ❑
1. If arg (z) = 0, ⇒ z is purely real and + ve number.
= θ – (– θ) = 2θ = 2arg (z)

2. If arg (z) = π, ⇒ z is purely real and – ve number. Notes:

5 π π
i. Value of i: i = (cos + i sin ).
2 2
⇒ z is purely imaginary and
π
3. If arg (z) = , ii. If z = 0, the argument (z) is not defined.
2
iii. If |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2| ⇔ arg z1 – arg z2 = 0 or 2nπ, n ∈
+ ve.

⇒ z is purely imaginary and – ve.

π I.

iv. If |z1 – z2| = |z1| – |z2| ⇔ arg z1 – arg z2 = 2nπ, n ∈ I.

4. If arg (z) = – ,
2
v. If |z1 + z2| = |z1 – z2| ⇔ ,n∈
π 1
arg z1 – arg z2 = (2n+1) 1. √i =± (1+ i)
2 √2
[Let √ i = x + iy. ⇒ ⇒ x2 – y2 = 0 and
I.
i = x2 – y2 + 2ixy
6 1
xy= .
2
⇒ x2 – y2 = 0 and
● Square Root of a Complex Number a + ib (
Now x2 + y2 = [(x2 – y2)2 + (2x y)2] = 1.
√ a+ib): x2 + y 2 = 1

⇒ x2 = ⇒ x=±
1 1 1 1 1
i. = ±
√2 √ √ a +b + a + i √ √ a +b + a] for b > 0
[ 2 2 2 2
2
and y2 =
2 √2
; and y = ±
√2
⇒
1 1 1 1
ii. =±
√2 √ √ a +b + a – i √ √ a +b + a] for b < 0
[ 2 2 2 2 √ i = x + iy = ± [ 2 + i 2 ] = ± 2 (1+ i)]
√ √ √
[Let √ a+ib = x + iy 1
√−i = ± 2
⇒ a + ib = (x + iy)2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy
2. (1– i).
√
⇒ x2 – y2 = a, 2xy = b.
Now, (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + (2x y)2 = a2 + b2.
3. √ i + √−i = ± √ 2
Thus x2 + y2 = √ a2 +b 2 4. √ i – √−i = ± i √ 2
2 2
and solving it with x – y = a, we get, 7
1 1
x2 =
2 √ a2 +b 2 + a)
( and y2 =
2
( √ a2 +b 2 – a) (2 π ) (2 π )
● The value of ω: ω = cos + i sin .
3 3
⇒
1 1
x=±
√2 √ √ a +b + a and y = ± √2 √ √ a +b −a
2 2 2 2
1 √3 and 1 √3
i.e., ω=- +i ω2 = - -i
If b is +ve, then by relation 2xy = b, x and y are of same 2 2 2 2
sign.
1 ● Cube Root of Unity: √3 1 = 1, ω, ω .2

Hence √ a+ib = ± 2
√
[ √ √ a +b
2 2
+ a+ i √ √ a +b 2 2
+ a] for b >
0. −1+ i √ 3 −1−i √ 3
[Solutions to z3 = 1 are 1, , ]
If b is –ve, then by relation 2xy = b, x and y are of opposite 2 2
sign.
1 ● Cube root of –1: √3 −1 = –1, – ω, – ω . 2

Hence √ a+ib = ± 2
√ √ √ a +b + a – i√ √ a +b + a] for b <
[ 2 2 2 2

1+ i √ 3 1−i √3
0.] [Solutions to z3 = -1 are -1, , . i.e., -1, - ω2, -
2 2
● Square Root of i: ω]
● Properties of Cube Root of Unity: 12. x2 + xy + y2 = (x – yω) (x – yω2)

13. x2 + y2 + z2 –xy –yz –zx = (x+ yω+ zω2) (x+yω2+

1. 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
zω)
2. (1). (ω). (ω2) = ω3 = 1.
14. Cube root of any number N = 3 √ N , √3 N ω, √3 N ω . 2

[i.e., The product of three cube roots of unity is 1]

● De Moivre’s Theorem: If n be any integer, then,
3. Each complex cube root of unity is the reciprocal of the
other. (cos θ – i sin θ) n
= cos (n θ) – i sin (n θ)

1 1 [(cos θ – i sin θ) = (ei θ) n = ei nθ = cos (nθ) – i sin (nθ)]

n
1
i.e., ω = 2 , ω2 = and 1 = 3 2
[As ω. ω = ω 3

ω ω ω i. (cos θ1 – i sin θ1). (cos θ2 – i sin θ2) …. (cos θn – i

= 1] sin θn)
= cos (θ1+ θ2+ … θn) – i sin (θ1+ θ2+ … θn)
4. √ ω = ± ω , √ ω2= ± ω.
2

[LHS = (ei θ1. ei θ2 …. ei θn) = ei (θ1+ θ2+… θn) = RHS]

ii. If p, q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0, then

5. The period of ω is 3.

[i.e., ω3n = 1, ω3n+1 = ω, ω3n+2 = ω2, n ∈ I.]

( 2 kπ +θ ) p ( 2 kπ +θ ) p
(cos θ – i sin θ) p/q
= cos – i sin
6. 1+ω n
+ ω2n = {0 3, when
, when n is a multiple of 3 ,
nis not a multiple of 3. [(cos θ – i sin θ) p/q
q
= {cos (2kπ + θ) – i sin (2kπ + θ)}
q
p/q
= {ei
(2kπ + θ)
} p/q
]
7. ω n
+ ωn+1 + ωn+2 = 0.
[ω n (1+ ω + ω2) = ω n × 0 = 0] ● Roots of complex numbers:

8. ω = ω2 and ω 2 = ω.

9. If a + bω + cω2 = 0 and a, b, c are real, then, a = b = c.

9. Cube roots of unity lie on vertices of an equilateral

triangle inscribed on a unit circle.

● nth Roots of Unity: 1, ω, ω 2…… ω n–1

(2 π ) (2 π )
11. x2 – xy + y2 = (x + yω) (x + yω2) Where ω = e i (2π)/n
= cos + i sin .
n n
[Let zn = 1. Now 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2k + i sin 2k x 5. In the complex plane, the nth roots of unity are

⇒ z = {cos 2k + i sin 2k}1/n = (ei 2kπ)1/n = ei (2kπ)/n.

located on the circumference of the unit circle and
(k = 0, 1, divide it into n equal arcs.
2 ...., (n -1)).
[Because the nth roots all have the same modulus 1, they will
Then nth roots of unity are = ei 0, ei (2π)/n, ei 2(2π)/n, ei 3(2π)/n, …, ei (n- lie on a circle of radius 1 with center at the origin.
1) (2π)/n
. Furthermore, the n roots are equally spaced along the circle,
because successive nth roots have arguments that differ by
(2 π ) (2 π )
or z = 1, ω, ω2…… ωn–1. Where ω = ei (2π)/n = cos +i
n .]
n
(2 π )
sin ] 10
n
6. If 1, ω, ω2…… ω n–1
. be the nth roots of unity, then,
● Properties of the nth Roots of Unity:
1. The nth roots of unity are in GP
(2 π ) (4 π ) 2(n−1)π
i. cos + cos + …. + cos =0
n n n
i.e., 1, ω, ω , …… ω
2 n–1
are in GP.
(2 π ) (4 π ) 2(n−1)π
2. The sum of the nth roots of unity is zero ii. sin + sin + …. + sin =0
n n n
i.e., 1 + ω + ω2 + …… + ω n–1
= 0.
iii. x n–1
= (x – 1) (x – ω) (x – ω2) … (x – ω n–1
)
th
3. Sum of the p power of nth roots of unity is also
zero. ● Distance between z1 and z2: |z1 – z2|.

i.e., 1+ ω p+ ω 2p
+…… + ω (n–1) p
= 0. ● Equation of straight line passing through z:
p 2p (n–1) p
[Let S = 1+ ω + ω +…… + ω
az + a z + k = 0
= 1+ ω p+ (ωp)2+…… + (ωp) (n–1)

⇒
z+ z z−z
np (2 π ) ( 2 π ) np [If z = x + iy then z = x – iy x= and y = .
1−ω 1−(cos + isin ) 2 2i
= p
= n n = 1−¿ ¿ = Let Cartesian equation of line be ax + by + c = 0.
1−ω p

⇒ ⇒
1−ω z+ z z−z z+ z z−z
1−1 a.
2
+ b.
2i
+c=0 a
2
− ib
2
p = 0]
1−ω +c=0
⇒ (a − ib) z + (a + ib) z + 2c = 0
⇒ α z + α z + k = 0, k is a real number, represents equation
n–1
4. Product of nth roots of unity is (–1) .
i.e., 1. ω. ω2.… ω (n–1)
= (–1) n–1
of straight line in complex plane.]
[Let S = 1. ω. ω2.… ω (n–1)
=ω n(n-1)/2
= (ω n/2
) (n-1)

● Equation of the line passing through z1 and z2:

(2 π ) ( 2 π ) n/2 (n-1)
or S = {(cos + i sin ) } = (cos π + i. sin π) n–1 (z z 1 − z1 z ) − (z z 2 − z2 z ) + (z1 z 2 − z2 z 1) = 0
n n
n–1
= (–1) ]
 | |
z z 1 ● Non-parametric form:

| |
or z 1 z 1 1 = 0. z z 1
z2 z2 1 z −z 1 z −z 1
 or z 1 z 1 1 = 0.
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
[Let z (x, y), z1 (x1, y1) and z2 (x2, y2) be 3 points on a straight line
z2 z2 1
then area of triangle formed by the lines joining z, z 1, z2 is zero.
[Let z, z1 and z2 be 3 points on a straight line. Let ‘t’ be a
1 purely real scalar in equation z = z1 + t. (z2 – z1).
i.e., {(xy − x y) + (x y − x y ) + (x y − xy )} = 0.
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
2
z −z 1
⇒
1 ( z z 1−z 1 z ) ( z 1 z 2−z 2 z 1) So is purely real.
{ + + z 2−z 1
2 2i 2i
⇒ (Because z is real ⇒ z = z )
( z 2 z−z z 2) z −z 1 z −z 1
=
} = 0. z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
2i
⇒ (z z 1 − z1 z ) − (z z 2 − z2 z ) + (z1 z 2 − z2 z 1) = 0 … ⇒ z (z 2 − z 1 ) − z (z2 − z1) + ( z 1 z2 − z1 z 2) = 0
(1) ⇒ z (z 1 − z 2 ) − z (z1 − z2) + (z1 z 2 − z 1 z2) = 0

| | | |
z z 1
⇒
z z 1
⇒
z1 z1 1 = 0.
z1 z1 1 = 0]
z2 z2 1
z2 z2 1
Simplifying (1) further z ( z 1 − z 2 ) − z (z1 – z ) + (z1 z 2 − z 1 z 2)
2

= 0. ● Argument form of equation of straight line:

⇒ z (z 1 − z 2 ) − z (z – z ) + 2i. Im (z z 2 ) = 0
z −z 1
1 2 1

⇒ z (i( z 1 − z 2 )) − z (i(z – z )) − 2.Im(z z 2 ) = 0 arg  0 or .

1 2 1
z 2−z 1
⇒ α z + α z + k = 0 {where α = − i. (z – z ); α = i. ( z 1 − z 2 ) and
1 2
[Let z, z1 and z2 be 3 points on a straight line. So, the angle
k is real.}]
between lines z−z1 and z1−z2 will be either 0 or π, according
11 to as z is on one side or between z1 and z2.
⇒ arg (z − z1) − arg (z2 − z1) = 0 or π.
● Equation of straight line in Parametric form:
⇒ ⇒ is purely real. ⇒
z −z 1 z −z 1
z = z1 + t. (z2 – z1) arg = 0 or π
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
z −z 1 z −z 1
= ,
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
which is the equation of straight line (as shown previously for
non-parametric form)]

[⃗
AP = t. ⃗
AB . ⇒ ⃗
OA + ⃗
OP = t. (⃗
AO + ⃗
OB ). 12
⇒ z − z1 = t (z2 − z1) ⇒ z = z1 + t. (z2 – z1)]
Case i. arg (z) = θ.
 ⇒ µ=
This is equation of a ray originating from the origin (but −α z 1−z 2
excluding origin) inclined at an angle θ with real axis. =
α z 1−z 2
[Because argument of z = 0 is not defined hence origin iθ
is excluded.] ¿ z 1−z 2∨. e
= −i θ
= ei(2θ).]
Case ii. arg (z – z1) = θ. ¿ z 1−z 2∨. e
This is equation of straight line passing through the z 1
and inclined at an angle θ with real axis. 13

● Real slope of line: ● Relation between Real and Complex slope:

−ℜ a α+α i(1−µ)
m= = m= .
ℑa i(α −α ) 1+ µ
⇒ α z + k = 0.
[Let the line be z+α
[Let line be α z+α z+k=0 α (x + iy) + α (x – iy) +
k=0 α
+1
⇒ (α + α) x + i (α – α) y + k = 0 Then m =
−ℜ a
=
α+α
=
α
=
−µ+1
=
ℑa i(α −α ) α i(−µ−1)
⇒ Real slope m = tan θ = −
(α + α ) −ℜ α i( −1)
= = α
i.(α−α ) ℑα i(1−µ)
(α + α ) ]
] 1+ µ
i.(α−α )
● Condition for parallel lines: µ 1 = µ2.
● Complex slope of line α z+α z +k = 0
[Let real slopes be m1 = tan θ1 and m2 = tan θ2.
−coefficient of z −α The complex slopes are µ1 = e i(2θ1)
and µ2 = e i(2θ2)
.
For parallel lines, θ1 = θ2. ⇒ e ⇒
µ= = = ei(2θ).
coefficient of z α i(2θ1)
=e i(2θ2)
µ1 = µ 2

⇒
● Complex slope of line joining z1 and z2: −α 1 −α 2 α1 α2
Hence, = = .
−α z 1−z 2 α1 α2 α1 α2
µ= = = ei(2θ). Hence a parallel line to a z – a z + k = 0 in complex plane
can be given by a z – a z + λ = 0, λ ∈ R]
α z 1−z 2

[Let z1, z2 be two points on straight line α z+α z + k = 0.

● Condition for perpendicular lines: µ1 + µ2 = 0.
Hence α z1 + α z 1 + k = 0 … (i)
[Let real slopes be m1 = tan θ1 and m2 = tan θ2.
and α z1 + α z 1 + k = 0 … (ii) The complex slopes are µ1 = e i(2θ1)
and µ2 = e i(2θ2)
.
Subtracting second eqation from first equation, π
For perpendicular lines θ1 – θ2 = .
α (z1 − z2) + α ( z 1 − z 2 ) = 0. 2
⇒
µ 1 e2 i θ 1 ● Locus of z when it lies between z1 and z2:
= = e2i (θ1– θ2) = e2i.(π/2) = e iπ
= –1.
µ 2 e2 i θ 2
⇒ µ1 = – µ2. ⇒ µ1 + µ2 = 0.]

● Perpendicular at z1 to line α z + α z + k = 0 :
α z - α z + iλ = 0, λ ∈ R
● Locus of z when it does not lie between z1 and
−α z2:
[Complex slope of line a z + a z + k = 0 is µ1 = .
α
z−z 1
Complex slope of the perpendicular line is µ2 = .
z−z 1
But µ1 + µ2 = 0 for ⊥ lines.
−α z−z 1
Hence + = 0, ● Angle between two lines in complex plane:
α z−z 1
⇒ α z – α z + (α z 1 –α z1) = 0. z 3−z 1 z 3−z 1
⇒
θ = arg = tan−1
α z – α z + 2i. Im (α z 1 ) = 0. z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
Therefore, a perpendicular line to a z + a z + k = 0, in
complex plane,
can be given by a z – a z + iλ = 0, λ ∈ R.]
14
[θ = θ2 – θ1 = arg (z3 – z1) – arg (z2 – z1)
● Section formula: Let z divide line (z1z2) internally/ z 3−z 1 z 3−z 1
externally in the ratio m: n. i.e., PA/PB = m/n. = arg = tan−1 ]
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
z 2+ z 1
(Midpoint of A B in both cases is = ) 15
2
mz 2+nz 1 ● Concept of Rotation: Rotation of PR (|z3 − z1 |)
i. Internal Section: z = ;
m+n by an angle θ along direction PQ (|z2 − z1|) is given by,

z 3−z 1 ¿ z 3−z 1∨ ¿ ¿ eiθ

=
z 2−z 1 ¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿
mz 2−nz 1
ii. External Section: z = .
m−n
[PQ = |z2− z1 |, PR = |z3 − z1 |. Unit vector along PQ = Thus, necessary and sufficient condition for lines to be parallel is
z 2−z 1 that.
.
¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿ z 4−z 3
is purely real.]
z 2−z 1 iθ
z 2−z 1
Rotating this unit vector along PR = e =
¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿ 16
Unit vector along AC.
z 3−z 1 z 2−z 1 ● Condition for two lines to be
i.e., = eiθ,
¿ z 3− z 1∨¿ ¿ ¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿ perpendicular:
z 3−z 1 ¿ z 3−z 1∨ ¿ ¿ z 4−z 3 z 4−z 3
or = eiθ. arg = ± π/2i.e., is purely
z 2−z 1 ¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿ z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
π z 3−z 1 imaginary.
When θ = ± then is purely imaginary (as tan θ
2 z 2−z 1
0
= ).
1
⇒
z 3−z 1 z 3−z 1 [Let AB (z2 - z1) & CD (z4 - z3) be two lines in the complex
=− (z is purely imaginary if z = – z ) plane which are perpendicular to each other.
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
arg(z4 − z3) − arg(z1 − z2) = ± π/2,
z 3−z 1
=
⇒
Alternatively,
z 2−z 1 z 4−z 3
arg = ± π/2

¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿ e = − ik, k ∈ R − {0}.

¿ z 3−z 1∨ ¿ ¿ iπ/2 z 2−z 1

⇒ ⇒
z 4−z 3
z3–z1 = ik (z2–z1).] = tan (± π/2) which is imaginary.
z 2−z 1
● Condition for two lines to be parallel: Therefore, the necessary and sufficient condition for the two
z 4−z 3
z 4−z 3 z 4−z 3 lines being perpendicular is that is purely
arg = 0 or π i.e., is z 2−z 1
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1 imaginary.]
purely real.
● Equation of perpendicular bisector joining z1
and z2:
[Let AB (z2 - z1) & CD (z4 - z3) be two lines in the complex
plane which are parallel to each other.
arg(z4 − z3) − arg(z1 − z2) = 0 or π [P is equidistant from A and B hence its locus is ⊥ bisector of

⇒ = 0 or π. ⇒
AB,
z 4−z 3 z 4−z 3
⇒ |z − z1|2 = |z − z2|2
arg . Which is purely real.
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
⇒ (z − z1) ( z − z 1 ) = (z − z2) ( z − z 2 )
 ⇒ zz − z z 1 − z1 z + z1 z 1 − z z + z z 2 + z2 z − z2 z 2 = 0 z 1−z 2 z 2−z 3 z 3−z 1
⇒ z (z 1 −
= =
z 2 ) + (z1 − z2) z + (z2 z 2 − z1 z 1 ) = 0 z 1−z 2 z 2−z 3 z 3−z 1
⇒ z (z 1 −

| |
z1 z1 1
⇒
z 2 ) + (z1 − z2) z + (z22 − z12) = 0.
z2 z2 1 = 0.
This is of form α z + α z + k = 0, which is equation of a
z3 z3 1
straight line in complex plane. Here α = z1 − z2, α = z 1 − z2
and k = z22 − z12. Method 2; As angle θ between AC and AB is either 0 or π.

Hence |z − z1| = |z − z2| is equation of ⊥ bisector.] ⇒

z 3−z 1
is real.
z 2−z 1

| |
● Distance of a point from a line: z1 z1 1
⇒ ⇒
z 3−z 1 z 3−z 1
= z2 z2 1 = 0]
z 2−z 1 z 2−z 1
z3 z3 1

17 ● Important points
1. Condition for 4 non collinear points to
[Let point P(z1) be at a distance p from line L ≡ α z + α z represent vertices of a Parallelogram:
+ k = 0.
z1 + z3 = z2 + z4 (Diagonals bisect each-other.)
Let z1 = x1 + iy1. Putting z = x + iy we get
L≡ α (x + i y) + α (x – i y) + k = 0.
⇒ L≡ (α + α ) x + i (α − α ) y + k = 0.
So perpendicular p from P (x1, y1) on L≡ 0 is given by,
p = ¿(α + α )x 1+i(α −α ) y 1+ k∨
¿ ¿=
√¿¿¿
¿ ¿ 18
¿ α z 1+α z 1+ k∨
√¿¿¿
¿ ¿ [Let position vector of A, B, C, D be Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 respectively.
or p = ¿ α z 1+α z 1+ k∨ ⃗
√ ¿ ¿¿
4 Let MD = μc. Hence ⃗
AM = λ. d and ⃗ AM = ⃗
AD – ⃗
MD
¿ ⇒ λ. d = b – μ c
⇒
or p = ¿ α z 1+α z 1+ k∨ ¿
2∨α ∨¿ ¿ ] λ. (b – a) = b – μ (b + a)
⇒ λ b – λ a = (1 – μ) b – μ a
● Condition for collinearity of 3 points z1, z2, z3: Equating coefficients of a and b on both sides,

| |
λ = (1 – μ) and λ = μ
⇒
z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1 = 0 λ = μ = 1/2

z3 z3 1 ⇒ ⃗
AM = (1/2) d and ⃗
BM = (1/2) c.
Hence point M bisects the diagonals.
[Complex slope of AB = Complex slope of BC = Complex
slope of AC.
 Coordinates of mid-point of AC = Coordinates of mid-point of Multiplying a complex number z by i is equivalent to
BM rotating the image of z in Argand plane by 900 about
z 1+ z 3 z 2+ z 4 origin, anticlockwise.
i.e., =
2 2
⇒ z1 + z3 = z2 + z4]

2. Condition for 4 non collinear points to

represent vertices of a rhombus:
i. z1 + z3 = z2 + z4 and zi = r e i(θ + π/2)

ii. |z1 – z2| = |z3 – z2| π π

[Let z = r eiθ. Now i = cos + i. sin = eiπ/2
2 2
⇒ zi = r e iθ
.e iπ/2
=re i(θ + π/2)
]

● Relation between z & z :

z is mirror image of z on real axis.

In a rhombus i. Diagonals bisect,

ii. Adjacent sides are equal.

3. Condition for 4 non collinear points to

represent vertices of a Square:
i. Diagonals bisect. z1 + z3 = z2 + z4 If z = r e iθ
then z = re− iθ.
Thus z is mirror image of z on real axis.
ii. Adjacent sides are equal |z1 – z2|=|z3 – z2|

iii. Diagonals are equal. |z4 – z2|=|z3 – ● Relation between {z & ω z} and {z & ω2z}:
z1| i. ω z = r e iθ. ei2π/3 = r e i(θ + 2π/3)
.
19 ii. ωz=re .e2 iθ i4π/3
=re i(θ + 4π/3)
.
4. Condition for 4 non collinear points to Multiplying a complex number z by ω is equivalent to rotating
represent vertices of a Rectangle: the image of z in Argand plane by 1200 about origin,
anticlockwise.
i. Diagonals bisect z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
20
ii. Diagonals are equal. |z4 – z2|=|z3 – z1|

● Relation between z and iz:

 bz 2+ cz 3 c (z 3−z 2)
or |AI|: |ID| = c: | - z2| = c:
b+c b+c
bz 2+cz 3 c (z 3−z 2)
cz d +(ID)z 1 c( )+ z1
⇒ Point I =
b+c b+c
c (z 3−z 2) =
c+ a
Multiplying a complex number z by ω2 is equivalent to b+ c c (1+ )
rotating the image of z in Argand plane by 2400 about origin,
b +c
anticlockwise. bz 2+ cz 3+ az 1
= .
a+ b+c
1 Here (z3 - z2) = a]
● Centroid of triangles in a complex plane: (z1 +
3
z2 + z3) 21

Where A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3) be vertices of a triangle ● Area of a triangle in complex plane:
ABC.
Area of triangle ABC with vertices A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3)
is given by,

● Incentre of triangles in a complex plane:

az 1+ bz 2+cz 3 ● Condition for z1, z2, z3 to form an
a+ b+c equilateral triangle.

[In ∆ABC point D divides BC, hence |BD|: |DC| = c: b. π

[For equilateral triangle θ =
⇒ Point D = zd =
bz 2+ cz 3 3
.
b+c Since sides are equal hence |z3−z1| = |z2−z1| = |z3−z2|.
In ∆ABD point I divides AD, hence |AI|: |ID| = c: |BD|
 z 3−z 1 The result in equation (5) can also be obtained as follows,
Rotating ⃗
AB to ⃗
AC ; =
z 2−z 1 Rewriting equation (1),
¿ z 3−z 1∨ ¿ ¿ i π/3 iπ/3
1 1 1 π π
¿ z 2−z 1∨¿ ¿ e = e = eiπ/3 = (cos + i.sin )
⇒ iπ/3
z 2−z 1 z 3−z 1 z 3−z 1 3 3
z3−z1 = (z2−z1) e … (1) … (6)
z 1−z 3 Rewriting equation (2),
Rotating ⃗
CB to ⃗
CA (clockwise); =
z 2−z 3 1 1 1 π π
¿ z 1−z 3∨ ¿ ¿ −iπ/3 = e-iπ/3 = (cos - i. sin )
¿ z 2−z 3∨¿ ¿ e = e
−iπ/3
z 3−z 2 z 3−z 1 z 3−z 1 3 3
⇒
… (7)
z1−z3 = (z2−z3) e−iπ/3 … (2)
Adding equations (6) and (7) we get,
Multiplying equations (1) and (2) we get:
1 1 1 π π
– (z3 – z1)2 = (z2 – z1) (z2 – z3). e0. + = (cos + cos )=

⇒
z 2−z 1 z 3−z 2 z 3−z 1 3 3
(z3 – z1)2 = (z1 – z2) (z2 – z3) 1 1 1
⇒
( + )
z32 + z12 – 2z3z1 = z1z2 + z2z3 – z3z1 – z22 z 3−z 1 2 2
⇒ z12 + z22 + z32 – z1z2 – z2z3 – z3z1 = 0 … (3)
−1 −1 1
+ =
[Condition (i) proved]. z 1−z 2 z 2−z 3 z 3−z 1
22 1 1 1
+ + = 0 which is the
Equation (3) can be written as, ( z 1−z 2) ( z 2−z 3) ( z 3−z 1)
2z12 + 2z22 + 2z32 – 2z1z2 –2z2z3 – 2z3z1 = 0 required condition (iii).]

or (z – 2z1z2 + z ) + (z – 2z2z3 + z ) + (z – 2z3z1 +

1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2

z12) = 0 ● Equation of circle with center z0 and radius r:

⇒ 2 2
(z1 – z2) + (z2 – z3) + (z3 – z1) = 0 2
… 1. |z – z0| r,
(4)
(z max = |z0|+ r and z min = |z0|– r.)
[Condition (ii) proved].
Equation (3) can also be written as,
(z1 – z2) (z2 – z3) + (z3 – z1) (z1 – z2) + (z2 – z3) (z3 –
z1) = 0
Dividing both sides by (z1 – z2) (z2 – z3) (z3 – z1) we get,

1 1 1 23
+ + =0
( z 1−z 2) ( z 2−z 3) ( z 3−z 1)
… (5) [Let there be a point z (x, y) on the circle with center z0
(x0, y0).
[Condition (iii) proved].
The equation of circle is (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = r2.
⇒ |(x – x0) + i.(y – y0)|= r ⇒ z z − z 1 z − z 1 z + z 1 z 1 = r2
⇒ |(x + iy) – (x0 + iy0)|= r. ⇒ z z − z1 z − z 1 z + (|z1|2 −r2) = 0.
⇒ |z – z0|= r represents a circle. Put b = (|z1|2 −r2) we get z z − z1 z − z 1z + b = 0.
Now |z – z0| ≥ |z| – |z0|
⇒
This can be written in form z z + α z + α z + b = 0
r ≥ |z| – |z0|
⇒
which is the equation of a circle in complex plane.
|z| – |z0| ≤ r
⇒
Center of circle = − α = z1 and Radius r =
– r ≤ |z| – |z0| ≤ r √ z 1 z 1−b .
⇒ |z0| – r ≤ |z| ≤ |z0| + r
For the circle to be real we must have z1 z 1 −b ≥ 0]
Hence z max = |z0| + r and z min = |z0| – r].
● Diameter form of circle: (z is a circle with z1 and
2. z = z0 + r e iθ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π (parametric form) z2 as extremities of diameter.)
[For all complex numbers satisfying |z – z0|= r, the
modulus
|z – z0| is constant and its argument is variable.
Let argument be θ, then we can write z – z0 = rei θ.
Here θ is called parameter and z = z0 + rei θ is called
parametric equation of circle.].
1. |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2
● General equation of circle in complex plane: [∠APB = /2 ⇒ AP2 + BP2 = AB2
i.e., |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2]

2. (z – z1) ( z – z 2 ) + (z – z2) ( z – z 1 ) = 0.
z 2−z
[Applying rotation (⃗
PA → ⃗
PB ), we get =
z 1−z

¿ z 1−z∨¿ ¿ eiπ/2 = ik, k ∈ R

¿ z 2−z∨ ¿ ¿

⇒ is purely imaginary. ⇒
Here z1 = − α is a complex number and b = (|z1|2 − r2) z−z 1 z−z 1 z – z 1
is a real number. + =0
z−z 2 z−z 2 z – z 2
[In the complex plane let a circle have center at C(z1)
⇒
z−z 1 z−z 1
and radius r. If P(z) is any point on its circumference, + =0
then CP = z − z1. z−z 2 z−z 2
Therefore, |CP|= Radius r =|z − z1| ⇒ (z – z1) ( z – z 2 ) + ( z – z 1 ) (z – z2) = 0 is the equation of
⇒ |z − z1|2 = r2 circle.]

⇒ (z − z1) ( z − z 1 ) = r2 z−z 1
24 3. arg   (/2)
z−z 2
 z−z 1 z 3−z 2 z−z 1
[Since Arg   (/2) or arg + arg = π]
z−z 2 z 3−z 1 z−z 2
⇒
z−z 1
is purely imaginary. ● Condition for four points to be concyclic:
z−z 2
⇒
z−z 1 z−z 1
+ =0
z−z 2 z−z 2
⇒ (z – z1) ( z – z 2 ) + ( z – z 1 ) (z – z2) = 0 is the equation of a
circle.]
25

● Circle passing through three non-collinear

points.
Let P(z) be any point on the circle through points A(z 1),
B(z2) and C(z3).

26

● Logarithm of a Complex Number:

1
If z = x + iy, then loge z  loge (x2 + y2) + i. arg
2
z 3−z 2 z−z 1 (z)
arg [( )( )] = 0 or π.
z 3−z 1 z−z 2 [Let z = |z|(e) i
⇒ loge z  loge |z| + loge (e)
⇒
z 3−z 2 z−z 1 i
 loge (x2 + y2)1/2 + i θ
( )( ) is purely real.
z 3−z 1 z−z 2
⇒ loge z 
1
⇔
loge (x2 + y2) + i. arg (z)]
z 3−z 2 z−z 1 z 3−z 2 z−z 1 2
( )( )=( )( )
z 3−z 1 z−z 2 z 3−z 1 z−z 2
[We have either ∠APB = ∠ACB = θ (Angles in the same arc
segment)
or ∠APB + ∠ACB = π (when angles are in the opposite
segment).

⇒ Either arg
z 3−z 2 z−z 1
− arg = 0,
z 3−z 1 z−z 2