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 Unit 3 (Introduction of IoT System)
Internet of Things
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected
objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without
human intervention.
 A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the
driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be
assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Components of IoT
There are four main components of IoT

i. Sensors/Devices
 First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment. This data could be as
simple as a temperature reading or as complex as a full video feed.
 We use “sensors/devices,” because multiple sensors can be bundled together or
sensors can be part of a device that does more than just sense things.
ii. Connectivity
 The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud through a variety of methods
including: cellular, satellite, WiFi, Bluetooth, low-power wide-area networks
(LPWAN), connecting via a gateway/router or connecting directly to the internet
via Ethernet.
 Each option has tradeoffs between power consumption, range, and bandwidth.
Choosing which connectivity option is best comes down to the specific IoT
application, but they all accomplish the same task: getting data to the cloud.
iii. Data Processing
 Once the data gets to the cloud (we’ll cover what the cloud means in our data
processing section)), software performs some kind of processing on it.
 This could be very simple, such as checking that the temperature reading is within
an acceptable range. Or it could also be very complex, such as using computer
vision on video to identify objects (such as intruders on a property).
iv. User Interface
 Next, the information is made useful to the end-user in some way. This could be via
an alert to the user (email, text, notification, etc). For example, a text alert when the
temperature is too high in the company’s cold storage.

 A user might have an interface that allows them to proactively check in on the
system. For example, a user might want to check the video feeds on various
properties via a phone app or a web browser.

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Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Application It used where intensive processing is It used where the task is fixed and
required. It is used in personal computers, predefined. It is used in the
laptops, mobiles, video games, etc. washing machine, alarm, etc.
Structure It has only the CPU in the chip. Other CPU, Memory, I/O port and all
devices like I/O port, memory, timer is other devices are connected on
connected externally. the single chip.
The structure of the microprocessor is The structure is fixed. Once it is
flexible. Users can decide the amount of designed the user cannot change
memory, the number of I/O port and other the peripheral devices.
peripheral devices.
Peripheral The common peripheral interface for the The common peripheral interface
interface microprocessor is USB, UART, and high- for the microcontroller is I2C,
speed Ethernet. SPI, and UART.
Programming The program for the microprocessor can be The program for the
changed for different applications. The microcontroller is fixed once it is
programming of the microprocessor is designed.
difficult compared to the microcontroller.
Cost The cost of the microprocessor is high It is cheaper.
compared to the microcontroller.
Power The power consumption for the The power consumption for the
consumption microprocessor is high. microcontroller is less.
Size The overall size of the system is large. The overall size of the system is
small.

Bluetooth Technology
 Bluetooth technology is a high-speed low powered wireless technology link that is
designed to connect phones or other portable equipment together. It is a specification
(IEEE 802.15.1) for the use of low-power radio communications to link phones,
computers, and other network devices over short distances without wires. Wireless
signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet (10
meters).
 It is achieved by embedded low-cost transceivers into the devices. It supports the
frequency band of 2.45GHz and can support upto 721KBps along with three voice
channels.
 It can connect up to “eight devices” simultaneously and each device offers a unique 48-
bit address from the IEEE 802 standard with the connections being made a point to
point or multipoint.

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WiFi Technology
 WiFi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies to
transfer data. WiFi allows high-speed Internet connections without the use of cables.
 The term WiFi is a contraction of "wireless fidelity" and commonly used to refer to
wireless networking technology. The WiFi Alliance claims rights in its uses as a
certification mark for equipment certified to 802.11x standards.
 WiFi is a freedom – freedom from wires. It allows you to connect to the Internet from
just about anywhere — a coffee shop, a hotel room, or a conference room at work.
 It is almost 10 times faster than a regular dial-up connection. WiFi networks operate in
the unlicensed 2.4 radio bands, with an 11 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data
rate, respectively.
 To access WiFi, you need WiFi enabled devices (laptops or PDAs). These devices can
send and receive data wirelessly in any location equipped with WiFi access.

Concept of Networking
Network

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node
can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.

Network Criteria

A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most important of these are
performance, reliability, and security.

Performance: Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and response time.
Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response
time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.

Reliability: Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to
recover from a failure, and the network's robustness in a catastrophe.

Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data
from damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches
and data losses.

NETWORK CATEGORIES

Local Area Networks (LAN): Local area networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned
networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to
connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources (e.g.,
printers) and exchange information.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A metropolitan area network, or MAN, covers a city. The best-
known example of a MAN is the cable television network available in many cities. This system grew
from earlier community antenna systems used in areas with poor over-the-air television reception.

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Wide Area Network (WAN): A wide area network, or WAN, spans a large geographical area, often a
country or continent. It contains a collection of machines intended for running user (i.e., application)
programs.

Sensor Nodes
• A Sensor node also known as mote, is a node in a sensor network that is capable of performing
some processing. Gathering information and communicating with other connected nodes in a
network.

• Sensors arc designed to specific types of conditions in the physical world & then generate a
signal that can represent the magnitude of the condition being monitored. Those conditions
may be light, heat, sound, distance, pressure etc.

IoT Sensor Node Block Diagram

Concept of Cloud
• An IoT Cloud is a massive network that supports IoT devices and applications.

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•This includes the underlying infrastructure, servers and storage needed for real time operations
and processing.
•An IoT Cloud also includes the services and standards necessary for connecting, managing
and securing different loT devices and applications.

Why IoT Cloud?

• IoT cloud offers an efficient, flexible and scalable model for delivering the infrastructure and
services needed to power IoT devices & applications for businesses with limited resources.
• IoT Cloud offers on-demand, cost efficient services, so organizations can leverage the
significant potential of IoT without having to build underlying infrastructure and services from
scratch.
• Cloud is important for aggregating large amount of data collected by sensors and for
processing of that data.
• Cloud also allows for high scalability.
• The brain of the system is in the cloud as the processing/commanding/analytics takes place
in cloud.

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